Aquaponics has the potential to produce sustainable, high‐quality food through integration of hyd... more Aquaponics has the potential to produce sustainable, high‐quality food through integration of hydroponics and aquaculture, but its commercialization is stalled by bottlenecks in pest and disease management. We reviewed integrated pest and disease management steps and techniques in hydroponics to qualify as suitable techniques for different aquaponic designs. Non‐chemical prophylactic measures are highly proficient for pest and disease prevention in all designs. Still, the use of chemical control methods remains highly complicated for all systems. We simulated 10–20% runoff concentrations of 9 pesticides in the common UVI design and compared them with NOEC, LC50 of fish. Endosulfan seems most toxic with runoff AI (20.7 μg L−1) exceeding LC50 (10.2 μg L−1) and NOEC (0.05 μg L−1). At 20% runoff, most chemical pesticides pose risks in aquaponic systems. Natural pesticides were also discussed as potential alternatives with low acute toxicity to fish, but little is known about their effec...
Climate Change and Agriculture in India: Impact and Adaptation, 2018
India has crossed the fisheries production of 10 million tonnes in 2015 and presently on its way ... more India has crossed the fisheries production of 10 million tonnes in 2015 and presently on its way to achieve the second blue revolution. Among all the major factors impeding sustainability of fisheries, factor of climate change is the recent addition. Climate change trends along major river basins of India have revealed a warming trend (0.2–0.5 °C), declining rainfall (257–580 mm) and shifting seasonality of rainfall occurrence. Rising sea levels (1.06–1.75 mm/year), receding Himalayan glaciers and frequent occurrence of extreme weather events are also a matter as per IPCC AR5. The present article discusses the contributions made by ICAR-CIFRI since 2004 on climate change vulnerability assessment framework, changes in breeding phenology of fishes, models on fish reproduction and diversity, thermal tolerance of fishes, carbon sequestration potential of wetlands and indigenous climate smart fisheries adaptation strategies. In addition, understanding the response and adaptation capacity of fishing and fishers to the physical and biological changes have also been discussed in the chapter.
Abstract Minnows are the most ignored yet indispensable group of freshwater fishes in Asian inlan... more Abstract Minnows are the most ignored yet indispensable group of freshwater fishes in Asian inland waters. The reproductive resilience of minnows facing climatic variability, using a wetland inhabiting species Amblypharyngodon mola (Mola carplets) in lower Indo-Gangetic floodplains, was validated. Results revealed that spawning decision in females (threshold gonadosomatic index ≥ 5 units) is neither cued by water temperature nor rainfall. They can maintain pre-spawning fitness (condition factor 1.12–1.25 units) within a broad temperature (22–33 °C) and rainfall (0–800 mm) window by active feeding, thus no risk of skipped spawning decisions while facing future climatic variabilities. Present breeding phenology (May-December) might have prolonged in the recent decade, especially the tail-end, concomitant with increasingly hot and rainy monsoon (May-August) and warmer post-monsoon months (September-December). Minnows are expected to prosper in a future climatic scenario, contributing to ecosystem balance (algal grazers) and regional food security. Female first maturity (♀ puberty) was encountered at 4.7–5.1 cm total length, hinting at a probable increase in the recent decade. Climate-favored prolonged recruitment window, in absence of extreme fishing pressure (currently), might have led to such pattern. However, this state might be temporary and labile. Minnows may soon get altered to earlier puberty (=warning sign of stock collapse) if fishing pressure intensifies under a reproductively favoring climate progression. Threshold body girth for spawning females was estimated at 3.2–3.4 cm (+17% than non-breeding ones). Fishing nets having mesh sizes (=total circumference) at least > 32–34 mm will most likely be the key to minnows’ endurance or survival in the coming decades.
EPA + DHA intake in land-locked central Europe (CE) is barely fulfilled. Imported marine fish/far... more EPA + DHA intake in land-locked central Europe (CE) is barely fulfilled. Imported marine fish/farmed salmonids are likely the backbone of an ailing EPA + DHA security. Supplementing with captured marine fish oil capsules (~0.5 g up to 1.6 g CO2-eq. mg EPA + DHA−1) could be comparable in GHG emissions with fish consumption itself (~1 g to as low as 0.6 g CO2-eq. mg EPA + DHA−1). But synergistic benefits of EPA + DHA intake by consuming fish protein need consideration too. Taking semi-intensive pond carp and intensively farmed salmon as models, we analyzed footprint, eco-services, and resource use efficiency perspectives of achieving EPA + DHA security in a CE region. Despite a lower production footprint, pond-farmed fish greatly lag in EPA + DHA supply (carp 101–181 mg 100 g−1 < salmon 750–1300 mg 100 g−1). It doubles-to-quadruples footprint ‘per mg’ of EPA + DHA: nitrogen (carp 18.3 > salmon 8.7 mg N), phosphorus (carp 6.8 > salmon 1.6 mg P), and climate change (carp 1.84 &...
Abstract Background Presently, ~68.6 million tons of chilled-stored seafood are available globall... more Abstract Background Presently, ~68.6 million tons of chilled-stored seafood are available globally for human consumption, worth ~129.5 billion €. At least ~13.7 million tons (worth 25.8 billion €) are probably spoilt each year, from post-catch till consumption. A growing interest in essential oils (EOs) as bio-preservatives in chilled-stored seafood is recently visible – prolific research during 2015–2020. Scope and approach Data from 180 scientific articles were reviewed and meta-analyzed. Our data-driven review aims to corroborate the promises of EOs in the chilled-stored seafood industry– where we stand and where to go (?). Key findings and conclusions Microbial load explain 60–90% of spoilage indicators’ progression in chilled-stored fish flesh. Beyond TVC 5–7 log CFU g−1, spoilage progresses exponentially. We identified 6 EOs with extraordinary TVC reduction potential (>4.61 log CFU g−1 per % concentration) that can ensure compliance with EU safety standards for raw fish – citrus, mentha, origanum, thymus, zataria, and zingiberaceae (probably chamomile and star anise in future). Not all EOs can suppress all specific microbes, especially anaerobic H2S producing bacteria. Only origanum, zingiberaceae, and thymus have complete-spectrum efficacy. Their right application method is essential (hurdle technology; active film-nanonemulsion; special packaging). 0.5–1% concentration of most EOs impart little interference on the natural odor of fresh fish. The rate of sensory score deterioration in EO treated fish flesh is ~2.5–5 times slower than normal refrigerated ones. Selected EOs at mild concentrations with the right application method can promote safety, sensory and shelf-life agendas of chilled-stored seafood. The guidelines, warnings, knowledge gaps, and research needs are discussed.
Phytoplankton and zooplankton are integral part of any aquatic ecosystem. They not only serve as ... more Phytoplankton and zooplankton are integral part of any aquatic ecosystem. They not only serve as food for aquatic animals, but also play important role in maintaining the biological balance and quality of the aquatic ecosystem. Raipur is a district of Chhattisgarh which is having about 58,514 ponds covering an area of about 0.744 lakh ha and these ponds have high plankton diversity. The present work has been conducted to enlist phytoplankton and zooplankton genera occurring in a few perennial unmanaged urban and rural ponds of Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Among phytoplankton, a total of 67 algal genera belonging to the classes Chlorophyceae (29 genera), Bacillariophyceae (18 genera), Cyanophyceae (15 genera), Chrysophyceae (2 genera), Euglenophyceae (2 genera) and Dinophyceae (1 genus) have been recorded from the studied ponds while among zooplankton, a total of 24 genera belonging to the classes Rotifera (11 genera), Copepoda (7 genera), Protozoa (3 genera), Cladocera (2 genera) and Ostra...
This article showcases a model performa for benchmarking the potential fisheries cooperatives inv... more This article showcases a model performa for benchmarking the potential fisheries cooperatives involved in inland waters for quantitatively assessing their suitability and viability which can be used by the government or competent authorities in rendering technological and/or financial assistance. [UNPUBLISHED]
Introduction: Chlorophyll a concentration proxies the phytoplankton biomass which directly involv... more Introduction: Chlorophyll a concentration proxies the phytoplankton biomass which directly involves in signifying the production functions of aquatic ecosystem. Thus, it is imperative to understand their spatio-temporal kinetics in lotic environment with reference to regional climatic variabilities in the tropical inland waters. Objective: In-situ studies were conducted to examine the changes in phytoplankton biomass in lower Ganga basin as influenced by various environmental parameters under regional climatic variability during 2014-2016. Methods: Firstly, the most key influential environmental parameters on riverine Chl-a concentration were determined. Then the direct cascading effect of changing climatic variables on key environmental parameters were derived through modeling and quantified probable changes in mean Chl-a concentration in the lower stretch of river. Results: Only five environmental parameters namely water temperature, total dissolved solid, salinity, total alkalini...
Floodplain wetlands are considered as biologically sensitive habitats and predicted to be the mos... more Floodplain wetlands are considered as biologically sensitive habitats and predicted to be the most impacted through climate change. They form an important fishery resource in West Bengal, India. Analysis of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) derived climatic data has revealed a unanimous warming trend (0.18–0.28 °C) and decreasing rainfall (135.6–257 mm) among the studied districts (North 24 Parganas, Nadia and Kolkata) of West Bengal over the last three decades. Four floodplain wetlands under cooperative fisheries management were studied during February 2015 and December 2015. Data were collected through a structured communication process involving multiple interviews through multiple rounds of surveys and also from secondary sources. Six climate smart fishery strategies could be identified, namely Temporary pre-summer enclosure, Submerged branch pile (Kata) refuge, Autumn stocking, Torch light fishing, Deep pool (Komor) refuge and Floating aquatic macrophyte refuge fishery (Pa...
Screening of novel feedstuffs, that too for data-deficient (nutritionally) animals, is somewhat a... more Screening of novel feedstuffs, that too for data-deficient (nutritionally) animals, is somewhat ambiguous or problematic. Through systematic meta-analyses, the present study formulated most up-to-date crayfish nutritional standards, against which a recyclable waste (biofloc biomass, BM) from intensive aquaculture systems was assessed as a novel protein source. Growth trajectory dependencies and thermal growth coefficient qualifying for good growth in crayfish (TGC 0.5–0.64 units) were benchmarked. Using these standards and a 7-week growth trial, BM's suitability as a novel protein source for red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii was evaluated through its graded inclusions in a commercial feed. Results suggest that BM can elevate growth at 33–66% inclusion in existing feed formulations. Beyond 66% inclusion, BM can deteriorate growth in crayfish due to high ash content (exceeding physiological limit > 14%), arginine deficiency (~ 14–20% lower than an optimum requirement), and...
Aquaponics has the potential to produce sustainable, high‐quality food through integration of hyd... more Aquaponics has the potential to produce sustainable, high‐quality food through integration of hydroponics and aquaculture, but its commercialization is stalled by bottlenecks in pest and disease management. We reviewed integrated pest and disease management steps and techniques in hydroponics to qualify as suitable techniques for different aquaponic designs. Non‐chemical prophylactic measures are highly proficient for pest and disease prevention in all designs. Still, the use of chemical control methods remains highly complicated for all systems. We simulated 10–20% runoff concentrations of 9 pesticides in the common UVI design and compared them with NOEC, LC50 of fish. Endosulfan seems most toxic with runoff AI (20.7 μg L−1) exceeding LC50 (10.2 μg L−1) and NOEC (0.05 μg L−1). At 20% runoff, most chemical pesticides pose risks in aquaponic systems. Natural pesticides were also discussed as potential alternatives with low acute toxicity to fish, but little is known about their effec...
Climate Change and Agriculture in India: Impact and Adaptation, 2018
India has crossed the fisheries production of 10 million tonnes in 2015 and presently on its way ... more India has crossed the fisheries production of 10 million tonnes in 2015 and presently on its way to achieve the second blue revolution. Among all the major factors impeding sustainability of fisheries, factor of climate change is the recent addition. Climate change trends along major river basins of India have revealed a warming trend (0.2–0.5 °C), declining rainfall (257–580 mm) and shifting seasonality of rainfall occurrence. Rising sea levels (1.06–1.75 mm/year), receding Himalayan glaciers and frequent occurrence of extreme weather events are also a matter as per IPCC AR5. The present article discusses the contributions made by ICAR-CIFRI since 2004 on climate change vulnerability assessment framework, changes in breeding phenology of fishes, models on fish reproduction and diversity, thermal tolerance of fishes, carbon sequestration potential of wetlands and indigenous climate smart fisheries adaptation strategies. In addition, understanding the response and adaptation capacity of fishing and fishers to the physical and biological changes have also been discussed in the chapter.
Abstract Minnows are the most ignored yet indispensable group of freshwater fishes in Asian inlan... more Abstract Minnows are the most ignored yet indispensable group of freshwater fishes in Asian inland waters. The reproductive resilience of minnows facing climatic variability, using a wetland inhabiting species Amblypharyngodon mola (Mola carplets) in lower Indo-Gangetic floodplains, was validated. Results revealed that spawning decision in females (threshold gonadosomatic index ≥ 5 units) is neither cued by water temperature nor rainfall. They can maintain pre-spawning fitness (condition factor 1.12–1.25 units) within a broad temperature (22–33 °C) and rainfall (0–800 mm) window by active feeding, thus no risk of skipped spawning decisions while facing future climatic variabilities. Present breeding phenology (May-December) might have prolonged in the recent decade, especially the tail-end, concomitant with increasingly hot and rainy monsoon (May-August) and warmer post-monsoon months (September-December). Minnows are expected to prosper in a future climatic scenario, contributing to ecosystem balance (algal grazers) and regional food security. Female first maturity (♀ puberty) was encountered at 4.7–5.1 cm total length, hinting at a probable increase in the recent decade. Climate-favored prolonged recruitment window, in absence of extreme fishing pressure (currently), might have led to such pattern. However, this state might be temporary and labile. Minnows may soon get altered to earlier puberty (=warning sign of stock collapse) if fishing pressure intensifies under a reproductively favoring climate progression. Threshold body girth for spawning females was estimated at 3.2–3.4 cm (+17% than non-breeding ones). Fishing nets having mesh sizes (=total circumference) at least > 32–34 mm will most likely be the key to minnows’ endurance or survival in the coming decades.
EPA + DHA intake in land-locked central Europe (CE) is barely fulfilled. Imported marine fish/far... more EPA + DHA intake in land-locked central Europe (CE) is barely fulfilled. Imported marine fish/farmed salmonids are likely the backbone of an ailing EPA + DHA security. Supplementing with captured marine fish oil capsules (~0.5 g up to 1.6 g CO2-eq. mg EPA + DHA−1) could be comparable in GHG emissions with fish consumption itself (~1 g to as low as 0.6 g CO2-eq. mg EPA + DHA−1). But synergistic benefits of EPA + DHA intake by consuming fish protein need consideration too. Taking semi-intensive pond carp and intensively farmed salmon as models, we analyzed footprint, eco-services, and resource use efficiency perspectives of achieving EPA + DHA security in a CE region. Despite a lower production footprint, pond-farmed fish greatly lag in EPA + DHA supply (carp 101–181 mg 100 g−1 < salmon 750–1300 mg 100 g−1). It doubles-to-quadruples footprint ‘per mg’ of EPA + DHA: nitrogen (carp 18.3 > salmon 8.7 mg N), phosphorus (carp 6.8 > salmon 1.6 mg P), and climate change (carp 1.84 &...
Abstract Background Presently, ~68.6 million tons of chilled-stored seafood are available globall... more Abstract Background Presently, ~68.6 million tons of chilled-stored seafood are available globally for human consumption, worth ~129.5 billion €. At least ~13.7 million tons (worth 25.8 billion €) are probably spoilt each year, from post-catch till consumption. A growing interest in essential oils (EOs) as bio-preservatives in chilled-stored seafood is recently visible – prolific research during 2015–2020. Scope and approach Data from 180 scientific articles were reviewed and meta-analyzed. Our data-driven review aims to corroborate the promises of EOs in the chilled-stored seafood industry– where we stand and where to go (?). Key findings and conclusions Microbial load explain 60–90% of spoilage indicators’ progression in chilled-stored fish flesh. Beyond TVC 5–7 log CFU g−1, spoilage progresses exponentially. We identified 6 EOs with extraordinary TVC reduction potential (>4.61 log CFU g−1 per % concentration) that can ensure compliance with EU safety standards for raw fish – citrus, mentha, origanum, thymus, zataria, and zingiberaceae (probably chamomile and star anise in future). Not all EOs can suppress all specific microbes, especially anaerobic H2S producing bacteria. Only origanum, zingiberaceae, and thymus have complete-spectrum efficacy. Their right application method is essential (hurdle technology; active film-nanonemulsion; special packaging). 0.5–1% concentration of most EOs impart little interference on the natural odor of fresh fish. The rate of sensory score deterioration in EO treated fish flesh is ~2.5–5 times slower than normal refrigerated ones. Selected EOs at mild concentrations with the right application method can promote safety, sensory and shelf-life agendas of chilled-stored seafood. The guidelines, warnings, knowledge gaps, and research needs are discussed.
Phytoplankton and zooplankton are integral part of any aquatic ecosystem. They not only serve as ... more Phytoplankton and zooplankton are integral part of any aquatic ecosystem. They not only serve as food for aquatic animals, but also play important role in maintaining the biological balance and quality of the aquatic ecosystem. Raipur is a district of Chhattisgarh which is having about 58,514 ponds covering an area of about 0.744 lakh ha and these ponds have high plankton diversity. The present work has been conducted to enlist phytoplankton and zooplankton genera occurring in a few perennial unmanaged urban and rural ponds of Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Among phytoplankton, a total of 67 algal genera belonging to the classes Chlorophyceae (29 genera), Bacillariophyceae (18 genera), Cyanophyceae (15 genera), Chrysophyceae (2 genera), Euglenophyceae (2 genera) and Dinophyceae (1 genus) have been recorded from the studied ponds while among zooplankton, a total of 24 genera belonging to the classes Rotifera (11 genera), Copepoda (7 genera), Protozoa (3 genera), Cladocera (2 genera) and Ostra...
This article showcases a model performa for benchmarking the potential fisheries cooperatives inv... more This article showcases a model performa for benchmarking the potential fisheries cooperatives involved in inland waters for quantitatively assessing their suitability and viability which can be used by the government or competent authorities in rendering technological and/or financial assistance. [UNPUBLISHED]
Introduction: Chlorophyll a concentration proxies the phytoplankton biomass which directly involv... more Introduction: Chlorophyll a concentration proxies the phytoplankton biomass which directly involves in signifying the production functions of aquatic ecosystem. Thus, it is imperative to understand their spatio-temporal kinetics in lotic environment with reference to regional climatic variabilities in the tropical inland waters. Objective: In-situ studies were conducted to examine the changes in phytoplankton biomass in lower Ganga basin as influenced by various environmental parameters under regional climatic variability during 2014-2016. Methods: Firstly, the most key influential environmental parameters on riverine Chl-a concentration were determined. Then the direct cascading effect of changing climatic variables on key environmental parameters were derived through modeling and quantified probable changes in mean Chl-a concentration in the lower stretch of river. Results: Only five environmental parameters namely water temperature, total dissolved solid, salinity, total alkalini...
Floodplain wetlands are considered as biologically sensitive habitats and predicted to be the mos... more Floodplain wetlands are considered as biologically sensitive habitats and predicted to be the most impacted through climate change. They form an important fishery resource in West Bengal, India. Analysis of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) derived climatic data has revealed a unanimous warming trend (0.18–0.28 °C) and decreasing rainfall (135.6–257 mm) among the studied districts (North 24 Parganas, Nadia and Kolkata) of West Bengal over the last three decades. Four floodplain wetlands under cooperative fisheries management were studied during February 2015 and December 2015. Data were collected through a structured communication process involving multiple interviews through multiple rounds of surveys and also from secondary sources. Six climate smart fishery strategies could be identified, namely Temporary pre-summer enclosure, Submerged branch pile (Kata) refuge, Autumn stocking, Torch light fishing, Deep pool (Komor) refuge and Floating aquatic macrophyte refuge fishery (Pa...
Screening of novel feedstuffs, that too for data-deficient (nutritionally) animals, is somewhat a... more Screening of novel feedstuffs, that too for data-deficient (nutritionally) animals, is somewhat ambiguous or problematic. Through systematic meta-analyses, the present study formulated most up-to-date crayfish nutritional standards, against which a recyclable waste (biofloc biomass, BM) from intensive aquaculture systems was assessed as a novel protein source. Growth trajectory dependencies and thermal growth coefficient qualifying for good growth in crayfish (TGC 0.5–0.64 units) were benchmarked. Using these standards and a 7-week growth trial, BM's suitability as a novel protein source for red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii was evaluated through its graded inclusions in a commercial feed. Results suggest that BM can elevate growth at 33–66% inclusion in existing feed formulations. Beyond 66% inclusion, BM can deteriorate growth in crayfish due to high ash content (exceeding physiological limit > 14%), arginine deficiency (~ 14–20% lower than an optimum requirement), and...
This article showcases a model performa for benchmarking the potential fisheries cooperatives inv... more This article showcases a model performa for benchmarking the potential fisheries cooperatives involved in inland waters for quantitatively assessing their suitability and viability which can be used by the government or competent authorities in rendering technological and/or financial assistance. [UNPUBLISHED]
In the present study an investigation has been made on physico-chemical characteristics, primary ... more In the present study an investigation has been made on physico-chemical characteristics, primary productivity parameters, nutrient dynamics, plankton diversity and abundance of an urban and peri urban pond, located in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. The study was conducted during April 2013 to March 2014. The samples were analysed at monthly intervals. In the urban and peri urban pond, mean value of physico-chemical parameters such as transparency was 47.86 cm and 16.68 cm respectively, pH (7.76 and 8.27 respectively), temperature (24.38°C and 24.52°C respectively), EC (0.46 mS/cm and 0.45 mS/cm respectively), TDS (0.44 ppt and 0.29 ppt respectively), salinity (0.34 ppt both), Free CO2 (1.75 ppm and 0.58 ppm respectively), CO32- (3.33 ppm and 7.33 ppm respectively), HCO3- (156.67 ppm and 180.50 ppm respectively), total alkalinity (160 ppm and 187.83 ppm respectively), total hardness (113 ppm and 76.50 ppm respectively) and DO (4.63 ppm and 5.12 ppm respectively). All the parameters except DO were found within the optimum range recommended for fish culture. The mean primary productivity values in the urban and peri urban pond such as GPP was 2287.50 mg C/m2/day and 2562.50 mg C/m2/day respectively, NPP (1768.75 mg C/m2/day and 1231.25 mg C/m2/day respectively) and community respiration (518.75 mg C/m2/day and 1331.25 mg C/m2/day respectively). The urban pond was mesotrophic in nature while the peri urban pond is showing signs of progressive eutrophication as evident from the primary productivity values. The mean value of dissolved nutrients of pond water and soil parameters in the urban and peri urban pond such as NH3-N were 0.09 ppm and 0.12 ppm respectively, NO3-N (0.40 ppm and 0.11 ppm respectively), O-PO4 (0.04 ppm and 0.08 ppm respectively), soil pH (6.84 units both), soil EC (0.44 mS/cm and 0.50 mS/cm respectively), soil available-N (345.85 kg/ha and 381.25 kg/ha), soil available-P (15.13 kg/ha and 12.08 kg/ha respectively), soil available-K (436.16 kg/ha and 468.74 kg/ha respectively) and soil organic carbon (0.56 percent and 1.00 percent respectively). Except soil pH, soil EC and soil available-K, all the nutrient parameters were at sub-optimal levels and need amendment through adoption of soil based fertilisation packages. Nutrient wise, the peri urban pond had greater fertility than the urban pond. The Menhinik generic diversity index of phytoplankton was higher in the urban pond (1.87 units) than the peri urban pond (0.88 units). The phytoplankton abundance was greater in the peri urban pond (1853500.67 no. of individuals/lit) than its urban counterpart (333174.67 no. of individuals/lit). Similarly, Menhinik generic diversity index as well as abundance of zooplankton was higher in the peri urban pond (6.19 units and 3225 no. of individuals/lit respectively) than its urban counterpart (5.73 units and 1825 no. of individuals/lit). A total of 62 genera of phytoplankton and 21 genera of zooplankton were found in the urban pond. In the peri urban pond, 64 phytoplankton genera and 22 zooplankton genera were noted. Among phytoplankton, members of Chlorophyceae dominated in either of the ponds (40.58 percent and 38.11 percent respectively). Among zooplankton, rotifers dominated in the urban pond (46.69 percent) while copepods dominated in the peri urban pond (46.29 percent). The peri urban pond is better in plankton status as compared to its urban counterpart and can support higher fish yield if managed properly. Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between EC and salinity, EC and O-PO4, HCO3- and total alkalinity, HCO3- and GPP, HCO3- and soil organic carbon, DO and zooplankton count, NPP and GPP, O-PO4 and soil available-N, soil pH and soil EC while significant negative correlations were found between temperature and NPP, temperature and GPP, temperature and zooplankton count, temperature and Menhinik diversity index of zooplankton, EC and DO, salinity and DO, free CO2 and CO32-, DO and Menhinik diversity index of zooplankton, NPP and Menhinik diversity index of phytoplankton, NH3-N and NO3-N, Phytoplankton count and Menhinik diversity index of phytoplankton, Zooplankton count and Menhinik diversity index of zooplankton. Most of the limnological parameters reached their peak during the winter months and were within the optimum range for freshwater semi intensive fish culture practices. It was concluded that the present extensive fish culture practices should be upgraded to semi intensive methods in these water bodies based on recommendations.
India has crossed the fisheries production of 10 million tonnes in 2015 and presently on its way ... more India has crossed the fisheries production of 10 million tonnes in 2015 and presently on its way to achieve the second blue revolution. Among all the major factors impeding sustainability of fisheries, factor of climate change is the recent addition. Climate change trends along major river basins of India have revealed a warming trend (0.2–0.5 °C), declining rainfall (257–580 mm) and shifting seasonality of rainfall occurrence. Rising sea levels (1.06–1.75 mm/year), receding Himalayan glaciers and frequent occurrence of extreme weather events are also a matter as per IPCC AR5. The present article discusses the contributions made by ICAR-CIFRI since 2004 on climate change vulnerability assessment framework, changes in breeding phenology of fishes, models on fish reproduction and diversity, thermal tolerance of fishes, carbon sequestration potential of wetlands and indigenous climate smart fisheries adaptation strategies. In addition, understanding the response and adaptation capacity of fishing and fishers to the physical and biological changes have also been discussed in the chapter.
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Papers by KOUSHIK ROY
In the urban and peri urban pond, mean value of physico-chemical parameters such as transparency was 47.86 cm and 16.68 cm respectively, pH (7.76 and 8.27 respectively), temperature (24.38°C and 24.52°C respectively), EC (0.46 mS/cm and 0.45 mS/cm respectively), TDS (0.44 ppt and 0.29 ppt respectively), salinity (0.34 ppt both), Free CO2 (1.75 ppm and 0.58 ppm respectively), CO32- (3.33 ppm and 7.33 ppm respectively), HCO3- (156.67 ppm and 180.50 ppm respectively), total alkalinity (160 ppm and 187.83 ppm respectively), total hardness (113 ppm and 76.50 ppm respectively) and DO (4.63 ppm and 5.12 ppm respectively). All the parameters except DO were found within the optimum range recommended for fish culture.
The mean primary productivity values in the urban and peri urban pond such as GPP was 2287.50 mg C/m2/day and 2562.50 mg C/m2/day respectively, NPP (1768.75 mg C/m2/day and 1231.25 mg C/m2/day respectively) and community respiration (518.75 mg C/m2/day and 1331.25 mg C/m2/day respectively). The urban pond was mesotrophic in nature while the peri urban pond is showing signs of progressive eutrophication as evident from the primary productivity values.
The mean value of dissolved nutrients of pond water and soil parameters in the urban and peri urban pond such as NH3-N were 0.09 ppm and 0.12 ppm respectively, NO3-N (0.40 ppm and 0.11 ppm respectively), O-PO4 (0.04 ppm and 0.08 ppm respectively), soil pH (6.84 units both), soil EC (0.44 mS/cm and 0.50 mS/cm respectively), soil available-N (345.85 kg/ha and 381.25 kg/ha), soil available-P (15.13 kg/ha and 12.08 kg/ha respectively), soil available-K (436.16 kg/ha and 468.74 kg/ha respectively) and soil organic carbon (0.56 percent and 1.00 percent respectively). Except soil pH, soil EC and soil available-K, all the nutrient parameters were at sub-optimal levels and need amendment through adoption of soil based fertilisation packages. Nutrient wise, the peri urban pond had greater fertility than the urban pond.
The Menhinik generic diversity index of phytoplankton was higher in the urban pond (1.87 units) than the peri urban pond (0.88 units). The phytoplankton abundance was greater in the peri urban pond (1853500.67 no. of individuals/lit) than its urban counterpart (333174.67 no. of individuals/lit). Similarly, Menhinik generic diversity index as well as abundance of zooplankton was higher in the peri urban pond (6.19 units and 3225 no. of individuals/lit respectively) than its urban counterpart (5.73 units and 1825 no. of individuals/lit). A total of 62 genera of phytoplankton and 21 genera of zooplankton were found in the urban pond. In the peri urban pond, 64 phytoplankton genera and 22 zooplankton genera were noted. Among phytoplankton, members of Chlorophyceae dominated in either of the ponds (40.58 percent and 38.11 percent respectively). Among zooplankton, rotifers dominated in the urban pond (46.69 percent) while copepods dominated in the peri urban pond (46.29 percent). The peri urban pond is better in plankton status as compared to its urban counterpart and can support higher fish yield if managed properly.
Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between EC and salinity, EC and O-PO4, HCO3- and total alkalinity, HCO3- and GPP, HCO3- and soil organic carbon, DO and zooplankton count, NPP and GPP, O-PO4 and soil available-N, soil pH and soil EC while significant negative correlations were found between temperature and NPP, temperature and GPP, temperature and zooplankton count, temperature and Menhinik diversity index of zooplankton, EC and DO, salinity and DO, free CO2 and CO32-, DO and Menhinik diversity index of zooplankton, NPP and Menhinik diversity index of phytoplankton, NH3-N and NO3-N, Phytoplankton count and Menhinik diversity index of phytoplankton, Zooplankton count and Menhinik diversity index of zooplankton.
Most of the limnological parameters reached their peak during the winter months and were within the optimum range for freshwater semi intensive fish culture practices. It was concluded that the present extensive fish culture practices should be upgraded to semi intensive methods in these water bodies based on recommendations.