While studies of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in the eastern (e.g., China) and western (e.g., India) parts of their geographic range have revealed major genetic differences that warrant the recognition of two different subspecies,... more
While studies of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in the eastern (e.g., China) and western (e.g., India) parts of their geographic range have revealed major genetic differences that warrant the recognition of two different subspecies, little is known about genetic characteristics of rhesus macaques in the transitional zone extending from eastern India and Bangladesh through the northern part of Indo-China, the probable original homeland of the species. We analyzed genetic variation of 762 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA from 86 fecal swab samples and 19 blood samples from 25 local populations of rhesus macaque in Bangladesh collected from January 2010 to August 2012. These sequences were compared with those of rhesus macaques from India, China, and Myanmar. Forty-six haplotypes defined by 200 (26%) polymorphic nucleotide sites were detected. Estimates of gene diversity, expected heterozygosity, and nucleotide diversity for the total population were 0.9599 ± 0.0097, 0.0193 ± 0.0582, ...
The research finds out the effects of the concept “Climate Justice” which emerged to address the issues and concerns that arise from the intersection of climate change with race, poverty and pre-existing environmental risks. The analysis... more
The research finds out the effects of the concept “Climate Justice” which emerged to address the issues and concerns that arise from the intersection of climate change with race, poverty and pre-existing environmental risks. The analysis and discussions surrounds the climate negotiations, which needs an ethical base leading to emergence of climate justice. After determining the factors of vulnerability this research shows that the actual victims of climate change are the world’s poorest. It continues to discover the question about the necessity of climate justice. We will try to find the matter of hope which is lightening slowly like a “Firefly” showing how climate justice can actually prove to be an effective movement.
After being subjected to a brutal genocide and fighting a nine months long war, the people of Bangladesh achieved their long deserved independence on 16th December, 1971. This glory became even more significant when the elected... more
After being subjected to a brutal genocide and fighting a nine months long war, the people of Bangladesh achieved their long deserved independence on 16th December, 1971. This glory became even more significant when the elected representatives of our people completed framing a brand new Constitution at a record speed and adopted it on 4 th November, 1972. It is widely acknowledged that, behind achieving this success, a historical struggle for independence by our people, continuing through centuries played the major role. This article claims that alongside those historical reasons, the factors of comparative law were at play too in shaping this achievement. A close analysis of the drafting stage of the Constitution of the Peoples' Republic of Bangladesh leads to prove a relationship between the aims of comparative law and the enactment of our historic Constitution.
Throughout this article I have studied the reasons of emerging " double taxation avoidance agreements " and general principles established by each rule of customary international law in case of unilateral relief. Merits and demerits of... more
Throughout this article I have studied the reasons of emerging " double taxation avoidance agreements " and general principles established by each rule of customary international law in case of unilateral relief. Merits and demerits of entering into such treaty for a nation state having multinational bossiness entities have also been analyzed in light with the sociological jurisprudence. I have tried to suggest that obtaining unilateral relief is better for a nation state rather than obtaining bilateral relief where jurisdiction of international courts are limited. Reasons of emerging the concept " double taxation avoidance agreements " : We live in the era of sophisticated networks of globalization process which results in the creation and establishment of multinational companies and corporations. Many businessmen and entities are seen to establish or open new branches in any other countries. Most of such multinational companies have a headquarters and several branches across the world. The regular functions of such companies is conducted and controlled from the authorities of such
A sociological analysis of two distinct socio-political concepts embodied in the penal code 1860 in light of distinct sociological theories, (living law, social engineering, Rawls,s justice, utilitarianism, Locke,s two treaties on civil... more
A sociological analysis of two distinct socio-political concepts embodied in the penal code 1860 in light of distinct sociological theories, (living law, social engineering, Rawls,s justice, utilitarianism, Locke,s two treaties on civil government): Bangladesh perspective. Abstract: Legal positivism as a branch of analytical jurisprudence has been proved as ridiculous (I think only to some extent) by sociological school of jurisprudence which urges that law should be purposive and creative (achieving actual social justice) whereas positivists define law as command of sovereign with supreme normative validity Legislative pessimism as defined by roscoe pound (social engineering theory) jeopardizes the standard of justice when it comes into conflict of social justice. Sociological school of jurisprudence reflected in the writings of savigny, Ehrlich, pound, Bentham highlights law as an instrument of balancing social interests.
Legal pluralism means existence of multiple legal systems within a state or definite territory. It exists in such countries like Bangladesh, where indigenous population have been given some recognition. It is one of the carnival... more
Legal pluralism means existence of multiple legal systems within a state or definite territory. It exists in such countries like Bangladesh, where indigenous population have been given some recognition. It is one of the carnival principles of legal pluralism that it recognizes the customary rights of any recognized indigenous people. In this term paper I have studied to find out and to prove that although our country recognizes legal pluralism, it denies the traditional land rights of indigenous people of CHT, As well as makes discrimination in respect of enjoying their land by putting some absurd restrictions, based on different statutes. The CHT is governed by multiple layers of administrative authorities and multiplicity of laws originating from traditional and non-traditional sources. But there are no adequate policies to protect the land of indigenous people. The incidents of forcible land grabbing by Bengali land grabbers and eviction of indigenous people from their ancestral land, the failure of the government to address the situation is a complete violation of international human rights law. Because these lands are not just crucial for the livelihoods of people in the reign, but for many pahari their lands are also intimately linked to their culture, identity and way of life. In the last part I have given some recommendations to ensure the traditional land rights of CHT people in congruence of legal pluralism, and international law of human rights.
Legal positivism as a branch of analytical jurisprudence has been proved as ridiculous (I think only to some extent) by sociological school of jurisprudence which urges that law should be purposive and creative (achieving actual social... more
Legal positivism as a branch of analytical jurisprudence has been proved as ridiculous (I think only to some extent) by sociological school of jurisprudence which urges that law should be purposive and creative (achieving actual social justice). Throughout this article I have analyzed and made a balance between western sociological jurisprudence and their implications within criminal procedure code especially focusing the question of whether the legal doctrine rule against double jeopardy is upholding the actual standard of justice or endangering it. Firstly let us draw what our national law states about this doctrine: The legal doctrine " rule against double jeopardy " is constructed in the criminal procedure code 1898 and constitution in the following manner: Section 403 of the criminal procedure code 1898 states that(summary): (1) A person who has once been tried by a Court of competent jurisdiction for an offence and convicted or acquitted of such offence shall, while such conviction or acquittal remains in force, not to be liable to be tried again for the same offence, nor on the same facts for any other offence for which a different charge from the one made against him might have been made under section 36, or for which he might have been convicted under section 237. (2) A person acquitted or convicted for any offence may be afterwards tried for any distinct offence for which a separate charge might have been made against him on the former trial under section 235, subsection (1). Again article 35(2) of our constitution states that No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. Analysis and balance between jurisprudence and the principle: Amongst the soft positivists H.L.A hart stated law as a combination of two sets of rules. Primary rules and secondary rules. Primary rules create rights and secondary rules demonstrate the procedures that should be followed to enforce such rights. Hart asserts that minimum content of natural justice must be followed in the secondary rules which give the outlines that should be followed to concrete the
A sociological analysis of two distinct socio-political concepts embodied in the penal code 1860 in light of distinct sociological theories, (living law, social engineering, Rawls,s justice, utilitarianism, Locke,s two treaties on civil... more
A sociological analysis of two distinct socio-political concepts embodied in the penal code 1860 in light of distinct sociological theories, (living law, social engineering, Rawls,s justice, utilitarianism, Locke,s two treaties on civil government): Bangladesh perspective. Abstract: Legal positivism as a branch of analytical jurisprudence has been proved as ridiculous (I think only to some extent) by sociological school of jurisprudence which urges that law should be purposive and creative (achieving actual social justice) whereas positivists define law as command of sovereign with supreme normative validity Legislative pessimism as defined by roscoe pound (social engineering theory) jeopardizes the standard of justice when it comes into conflict of social justice. Sociological school of jurisprudence reflected in the writings of savigny, Ehrlich, pound, Bentham highlights law as an instrument of balancing social interests.
Legal positivism as a branch of analytical jurisprudence has been proved as ridiculous (I think only to some extent) by sociological school of jurisprudence which urges that law should be purposive and creative (achieving actual social... more
Legal positivism as a branch of analytical jurisprudence has been proved as ridiculous (I think only to some extent) by sociological school of jurisprudence which urges that law should be purposive and creative (achieving actual social justice). Throughout this article I have analyzed and made a balance between western sociological jurisprudence and their implications within criminal procedure code especially focusing the question of whether the legal doctrine rule against double jeopardy is upholding the actual standard of justice or endangering it. Firstly let us draw what our national law states about this doctrine: The legal doctrine " rule against double jeopardy " is constructed in the criminal procedure code 1898 and constitution in the following manner: Section 403 of the criminal procedure code 1898 states that(summary): (1) A person who has once been tried by a Court of competent jurisdiction for an offence and convicted or acquitted of such offence shall, while such conviction or acquittal remains in force, not to be liable to be tried again for the same offence, nor on the same facts for any other offence for which a different charge from the one made against him might have been made under section 36, or for which he might have been convicted under section 237. (2) A person acquitted or convicted for any offence may be afterwards tried for any distinct offence for which a separate charge might have been made against him on the former trial under section 235, subsection (1). Again article 35(2) of our constitution states that No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. Analysis and balance between jurisprudence and the principle: Amongst the soft positivists H.L.A hart stated law as a combination of two sets of rules. Primary rules and secondary rules. Primary rules create rights and secondary rules demonstrate the procedures that should be followed to enforce such rights. Hart asserts that minimum content of natural justice must be followed in the secondary rules which give the outlines that should be followed to concrete the
Legal positivism as a branch of analytical jurisprudence has been proved as ridiculous (I think only to some extent) by sociological school of jurisprudence which urges that law should be purposive and creative (achieving actual social... more
Legal positivism as a branch of analytical jurisprudence has been proved as ridiculous (I think only to some extent) by sociological school of jurisprudence which urges that law should be purposive and creative (achieving actual social justice). Throughout this article I have analyzed and made a balance between western sociological jurisprudence and their implications within criminal procedure code especially focusing the question of whether the legal doctrine rule against double jeopardy is upholding the actual standard of justice or endangering it. Firstly let us draw what our national law states about this doctrine: The legal doctrine " rule against double jeopardy " is constructed in the criminal procedure code 1898 and constitution in the following manner: Section 403 of the criminal procedure code 1898 states that(summary): (1) A person who has once been tried by a Court of competent jurisdiction for an offence and convicted or acquitted of such offence shall, while such conviction or acquittal remains in force, not to be liable to be tried again for the same offence, nor on the same facts for any other offence for which a different charge from the one made against him might have been made under section 36, or for which he might have been convicted under section 237. (2) A person acquitted or convicted for any offence may be afterwards tried for any distinct offence for which a separate charge might have been made against him on the former trial under section 235, subsection (1). Again article 35(2) of our constitution states that No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. Analysis and balance between jurisprudence and the principle: Amongst the soft positivists H.L.A hart stated law as a combination of two sets of rules. Primary rules and secondary rules. Primary rules create rights and secondary rules demonstrate the procedures that should be followed to enforce such rights. Hart asserts that minimum content of natural justice must be followed in the secondary rules which give the outlines that should be followed to concrete the
Some interdisciplinary and personal observations which might suggest the steps to be taken regarding the legal and the institutional arrangements s to minimize suicide incidents.
In this time of Covid-19 pandemic, mental health is a pressing issue as the whole world is facing a serious social, economic and health crisis. As a matter of fact, we have seen in news coverage and media reports about some really... more
In this time of Covid-19 pandemic, mental health is a pressing issue as the whole world is facing a serious social, economic and health crisis. As a matter of fact, we have seen in news coverage and media reports about some really shocking suicide incidents these days. Therefore, it is the demand of the time to address this case which gives us a different aspect about suicide and suicide related legal provisions and makes us rethink about the whole concept once again.
In the present world, the concept of cybersecurity is as important as the physical security of a person, wealth and institution. Because of the growing interconnection of individuals through information and communication technology, the... more
In the present world, the concept of cybersecurity is as important as the physical security of a person, wealth and institution. Because of the growing interconnection of individuals through information and communication technology, the world is facing a major paradigm shift in regard to cyberspace technologies. Also, the criminals are changing their techniques fast, and the technologies to prevent crimes are rapidly becoming outdated and so are becoming the various legal and institutional arrangements to prevent such crimes. As part of the modern world, Bangladesh is bound to adapt to such a fast change of the technologies and to adjust its legal and institutional settings according to the need of the time. This study is an approach to analyze the various legal and institutional aspects of cybersecurity, the importance of cybersecurity laws and the various socioeconomic and political impacts of such laws including an attempt to analyze the various negative impacts and an endeavor to suggest solutions to those problems.
