PROFICIENT AUTOMATED LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(PALMS): A NEW MODEL FOR PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF PAKISTAN., 0
The basic objective of this study is to provide a detailed perspective of current situation of pu... more The basic objective of this study is to provide a detailed perspective of current situation of public libraries workings and procedures in Karachi (Pakistan) and propose automation strategy with implementation strategy. The study elaborates on the needs of automated library management system components ideally packaging into an ALMS. Differences between available library management system(s) and proposed ALMS have been highlighted as well. This study recommends the development as well as implementation architectures, development technologies, database platforms, required human resources, and Infrastructure (i.e. servers, client machines etc.) for ALMS as a preferred system for public libraries in Karachi,Pakistan.In this study we have proposed a new model for public libraries that refocuses them on the vital task of knowledge management coherent within their communities by way of forming a hub for sharing and disseminating pertinent knowledge. A multi-layered architecture has been proposed for managing information on both local and global levels by creating a connection among multiple instances of system via internet. Statistical data collected by surveying thirty public libraries all over Karachi played a pivotal role in the proposed system design. Different aspects of the system has been identified, quantified and grouped into robust and flexible modules to facilitate the common interactions with the application. The system incorporates modules as pluggable and/or reusable components using MVC design pattern to ease the process of adding, modifying, and/or deleting modules without affecting the integrity of the system. The system features an extremely fast NoSQL database for local storage for real time and offline search (while internet is down). All local databases are combined to form a global database to facilitate the passive users (book readers) of the system. The system also defines four different user-views to provide multi-level access of either the local or global database to its users. Since the horizon of technology is very fragmented, the system is designed to be extremely portable by using Electron framework which enables the application to cover all major platforms Windows, Linux, and Macintosh which are most widely used Operating systems by Institutions.
Succession planning is becoming a focus point for discussion in business world as very few organi... more Succession planning is becoming a focus point for discussion in business world as very few organisations are prepared with their successors for occupying the position as and when it is needed. With special reference to Indian pharmaceutical companies, where talent is critical and rare in nature, this becomes a more crucial requirement. This paper, by integrating theory of Internal Labour Market (ILM), deals with the relationship among talent identification (TID), talent development (TD), talent retention (TR), and succession planning in Indian pharmaceutical companies. A survey method was used for collecting the response of senior level managers of pharmaceutical companies located in Hyderabad, India, and the hypothetical model and structural relationships were tested via structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings of the research present that TR plays a role of mediator in the relationship of TID, TD and succession planning in organisations. This study helps pharmaceutical co...
International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2002
Applying information and communication technology (ICT) to a given medical domain is not merely a... more Applying information and communication technology (ICT) to a given medical domain is not merely adding a new technique. When applied to a medical domain, ICT has the potential to radically change processes in that domain. In their paper 'Health care in the information society: a prognosis for the year 2013' Haux and co-workers provide us with a set of predictions based on progress in three main areas: (1) patient-centred recording and use of medical data for collaborative care; (2) process-integrated decision support; and (3) comprehensive use of patient data for research and health care reporting. We complement their theses by predicting some of the feedback mechanisms that will develop as ICT is shaping health care. Feedback is return to the input of a part of the output of a mechanism; this part of the input constituting information that reports discrepancies between intended and actual operation and leads to a self-correcting action that can be utilised. We discuss feedback in the areas Haux identifies: the patient record, decision support, and the use of data for research and health care reporting. For each of these domains, we will discuss the output that serves as input, the discrepancies discovered, and the self-correction that will or should follow. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
2020 International Conference on Information Science and Communication Technology (ICISCT), 2020
Virtualization technology where helped in infrastructure consolidation, reduced the energy consum... more Virtualization technology where helped in infrastructure consolidation, reduced the energy consumption and enablement for efficient IT resource management and also provided the platform for future business-driven technologies like containerization, cloud, software defined services and green data centers there it also opened the door for new information security challenges for business organizations and data protection. The study limits and focuses small business organizations and will investigate the virtualized environment security loop holes, which will impact business information security. Data collection and analysis with the help of questionnaire and employed sampling technique using ITIL framework from IT professionals and practitioners working in a virtualized environment of different organizations of certain industry. Obtained findings will help to suggest that how virtualization may be beneficial for small businesses in handling information security issues.
The recent focus on patient safety, care and security in hospitals has yielded a flood of new tec... more The recent focus on patient safety, care and security in hospitals has yielded a flood of new technologies aimed at improving quality of patient care. This has been due to the integration of Information and Communication Technologies in healthcare facilities. This has revolutionized the health systems and new fields of eHealth and health informatics have emerged. Health information systems are now combining physical process of healthcare delivery with medication information and applications that provide clinical decision support. One such technology is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Application of RFID technology in hospitals has risen dramatically during the last decade. This study focuses the use of RFID technology for managing patients and ensures better control and safety procedures. Existing patient’s monitoring and management solutions are expensive and rely mostly on information recalled by hospital staff. Moreover, many such applications do not track treatment, drug dosage, and diet. The paper presents a system that integrates RFID with patient data management system addressing all these drawbacks together with the classical entities in a health information system or patient data management.
This study examine twenty-nine parametric mortality models and assess their suitability for gradu... more This study examine twenty-nine parametric mortality models and assess their suitability for graduating mortality rates of urban and rural areas in Pakistan. Grouped age specific mortality rates of rural and urban populations for the year 2019 are used. The data is collected from the website of National Institute of Population Studies which conduct Maternal Mortality Survey in Pakistan on regular basis. The parametric mortality models were applied to rural and urban mortality data. We used R software to estimate the model’s parameters and assess their suitability for urban and rural populations. The suitability of these models was assessed by using 3 different loss functions. Our analyses found that the fourth type of Heligman-Polard’s model with loss function 3 provides reliable results for graduating the mortality of rural population while second type of Carriere model with loss function 3 produce best results for graduating the urban mortality of Pakistan. Based on two models, mor...
— Financial forecasting is an example of signal processing problems. A number of ways to train/le... more — Financial forecasting is an example of signal processing problems. A number of ways to train/learn the network are available. We have used Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for error back-propagation for weight adjustment. Pre-processing of data has reduced much of the variation at large scale to small scale, reducing the variation of training data.
The objective of this paper is to model and study the impact of high temperature on mortality in ... more The objective of this paper is to model and study the impact of high temperature on mortality in Pakistan. For this purpose, we have used mortality and climate data consisting of maximum temperature, variation in monthly temperature, average rainfall, humidity, dewpoint, as well as average air pressure in the country over the period from 2000 to 2019. We have used the Generalized Linear Model with Quasi-Poisson link function to model the number of deaths in the country and to assess the impact of maximum temperature on mortality. We have found that the maximum temperature in the country has a significant impact on mortality. The number of deaths in Pakistan increases as the maximum temperature increases. We found that, as the maximum temperature increase beyond 30 °C, mortality increases significantly. Our results indicate that mortality increases by 27% when the maximum temperature in the country increases from medium category to a very high level. Similarly, the number of deaths i...
The presence of change in any production process, especially in software development, is usually ... more The presence of change in any production process, especially in software development, is usually intolerant and highly resistive as it creates confusions among developers and breaks the confidence of customers resulting in non-reliable production. Change is inevitable especially while software is built. There could be several reasons for such confusions likely deployment of the application on multiple variant platforms or having multiple releases, or distinct support tools for simultaneous testing, or developers with deputation over multiple projects at the same time, or following bad or weak practices of undertaking frequent modifications over any certified post-release. Such confusions are indeed needed to be managed in a highly organized manner with recording the traces in the case for the post inspective backpropagation for quick determination of any error causing the software failure. Business ventures are operating in a highly competitive arena globally, where such practices a...
PROFICIENT AUTOMATED LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(PALMS): A NEW MODEL FOR PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF PAKISTAN., 0
The basic objective of this study is to provide a detailed perspective of current situation of pu... more The basic objective of this study is to provide a detailed perspective of current situation of public libraries workings and procedures in Karachi (Pakistan) and propose automation strategy with implementation strategy. The study elaborates on the needs of automated library management system components ideally packaging into an ALMS. Differences between available library management system(s) and proposed ALMS have been highlighted as well. This study recommends the development as well as implementation architectures, development technologies, database platforms, required human resources, and Infrastructure (i.e. servers, client machines etc.) for ALMS as a preferred system for public libraries in Karachi,Pakistan.In this study we have proposed a new model for public libraries that refocuses them on the vital task of knowledge management coherent within their communities by way of forming a hub for sharing and disseminating pertinent knowledge. A multi-layered architecture has been proposed for managing information on both local and global levels by creating a connection among multiple instances of system via internet. Statistical data collected by surveying thirty public libraries all over Karachi played a pivotal role in the proposed system design. Different aspects of the system has been identified, quantified and grouped into robust and flexible modules to facilitate the common interactions with the application. The system incorporates modules as pluggable and/or reusable components using MVC design pattern to ease the process of adding, modifying, and/or deleting modules without affecting the integrity of the system. The system features an extremely fast NoSQL database for local storage for real time and offline search (while internet is down). All local databases are combined to form a global database to facilitate the passive users (book readers) of the system. The system also defines four different user-views to provide multi-level access of either the local or global database to its users. Since the horizon of technology is very fragmented, the system is designed to be extremely portable by using Electron framework which enables the application to cover all major platforms Windows, Linux, and Macintosh which are most widely used Operating systems by Institutions.
Succession planning is becoming a focus point for discussion in business world as very few organi... more Succession planning is becoming a focus point for discussion in business world as very few organisations are prepared with their successors for occupying the position as and when it is needed. With special reference to Indian pharmaceutical companies, where talent is critical and rare in nature, this becomes a more crucial requirement. This paper, by integrating theory of Internal Labour Market (ILM), deals with the relationship among talent identification (TID), talent development (TD), talent retention (TR), and succession planning in Indian pharmaceutical companies. A survey method was used for collecting the response of senior level managers of pharmaceutical companies located in Hyderabad, India, and the hypothetical model and structural relationships were tested via structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings of the research present that TR plays a role of mediator in the relationship of TID, TD and succession planning in organisations. This study helps pharmaceutical co...
International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2002
Applying information and communication technology (ICT) to a given medical domain is not merely a... more Applying information and communication technology (ICT) to a given medical domain is not merely adding a new technique. When applied to a medical domain, ICT has the potential to radically change processes in that domain. In their paper 'Health care in the information society: a prognosis for the year 2013' Haux and co-workers provide us with a set of predictions based on progress in three main areas: (1) patient-centred recording and use of medical data for collaborative care; (2) process-integrated decision support; and (3) comprehensive use of patient data for research and health care reporting. We complement their theses by predicting some of the feedback mechanisms that will develop as ICT is shaping health care. Feedback is return to the input of a part of the output of a mechanism; this part of the input constituting information that reports discrepancies between intended and actual operation and leads to a self-correcting action that can be utilised. We discuss feedback in the areas Haux identifies: the patient record, decision support, and the use of data for research and health care reporting. For each of these domains, we will discuss the output that serves as input, the discrepancies discovered, and the self-correction that will or should follow. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
2020 International Conference on Information Science and Communication Technology (ICISCT), 2020
Virtualization technology where helped in infrastructure consolidation, reduced the energy consum... more Virtualization technology where helped in infrastructure consolidation, reduced the energy consumption and enablement for efficient IT resource management and also provided the platform for future business-driven technologies like containerization, cloud, software defined services and green data centers there it also opened the door for new information security challenges for business organizations and data protection. The study limits and focuses small business organizations and will investigate the virtualized environment security loop holes, which will impact business information security. Data collection and analysis with the help of questionnaire and employed sampling technique using ITIL framework from IT professionals and practitioners working in a virtualized environment of different organizations of certain industry. Obtained findings will help to suggest that how virtualization may be beneficial for small businesses in handling information security issues.
The recent focus on patient safety, care and security in hospitals has yielded a flood of new tec... more The recent focus on patient safety, care and security in hospitals has yielded a flood of new technologies aimed at improving quality of patient care. This has been due to the integration of Information and Communication Technologies in healthcare facilities. This has revolutionized the health systems and new fields of eHealth and health informatics have emerged. Health information systems are now combining physical process of healthcare delivery with medication information and applications that provide clinical decision support. One such technology is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Application of RFID technology in hospitals has risen dramatically during the last decade. This study focuses the use of RFID technology for managing patients and ensures better control and safety procedures. Existing patient’s monitoring and management solutions are expensive and rely mostly on information recalled by hospital staff. Moreover, many such applications do not track treatment, drug dosage, and diet. The paper presents a system that integrates RFID with patient data management system addressing all these drawbacks together with the classical entities in a health information system or patient data management.
This study examine twenty-nine parametric mortality models and assess their suitability for gradu... more This study examine twenty-nine parametric mortality models and assess their suitability for graduating mortality rates of urban and rural areas in Pakistan. Grouped age specific mortality rates of rural and urban populations for the year 2019 are used. The data is collected from the website of National Institute of Population Studies which conduct Maternal Mortality Survey in Pakistan on regular basis. The parametric mortality models were applied to rural and urban mortality data. We used R software to estimate the model’s parameters and assess their suitability for urban and rural populations. The suitability of these models was assessed by using 3 different loss functions. Our analyses found that the fourth type of Heligman-Polard’s model with loss function 3 provides reliable results for graduating the mortality of rural population while second type of Carriere model with loss function 3 produce best results for graduating the urban mortality of Pakistan. Based on two models, mor...
— Financial forecasting is an example of signal processing problems. A number of ways to train/le... more — Financial forecasting is an example of signal processing problems. A number of ways to train/learn the network are available. We have used Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for error back-propagation for weight adjustment. Pre-processing of data has reduced much of the variation at large scale to small scale, reducing the variation of training data.
The objective of this paper is to model and study the impact of high temperature on mortality in ... more The objective of this paper is to model and study the impact of high temperature on mortality in Pakistan. For this purpose, we have used mortality and climate data consisting of maximum temperature, variation in monthly temperature, average rainfall, humidity, dewpoint, as well as average air pressure in the country over the period from 2000 to 2019. We have used the Generalized Linear Model with Quasi-Poisson link function to model the number of deaths in the country and to assess the impact of maximum temperature on mortality. We have found that the maximum temperature in the country has a significant impact on mortality. The number of deaths in Pakistan increases as the maximum temperature increases. We found that, as the maximum temperature increase beyond 30 °C, mortality increases significantly. Our results indicate that mortality increases by 27% when the maximum temperature in the country increases from medium category to a very high level. Similarly, the number of deaths i...
The presence of change in any production process, especially in software development, is usually ... more The presence of change in any production process, especially in software development, is usually intolerant and highly resistive as it creates confusions among developers and breaks the confidence of customers resulting in non-reliable production. Change is inevitable especially while software is built. There could be several reasons for such confusions likely deployment of the application on multiple variant platforms or having multiple releases, or distinct support tools for simultaneous testing, or developers with deputation over multiple projects at the same time, or following bad or weak practices of undertaking frequent modifications over any certified post-release. Such confusions are indeed needed to be managed in a highly organized manner with recording the traces in the case for the post inspective backpropagation for quick determination of any error causing the software failure. Business ventures are operating in a highly competitive arena globally, where such practices a...
Exploring the Usage of Information Technology for Library Automation, 2019
The basic objective of this research study is to provide a detailed perspective of current scenar... more The basic objective of this research study is to provide a detailed perspective of current scenario of public libraries workings and procedures in Karachi (Pakistan) and propose automation with implementation strategy. The study elaborates on the needs of automated library management system components ideally packaging into an ALMS. Differences between available library management system(s) and proposed ALMS have been highlighted as well. This study recommends the development as well as implementation architectures, development technologies required human resources, and Infrastructure (i.e. servers, client machines etc.) for ALMS as a preferred system for public libraries in Karachi. In this study we have proposed a new model for public libraries that refocuses them on the vital task of knowledge management coherent within their communities by way of forming a hub for sharing and disseminating pertinent knowledge. A multi-layered architecture has been proposed for managing information on both local and global levels by creating a connection among multiple instances of system via internet. Statistical data collected by surveying thirty public libraries all over Karachi played a pivotal role in the proposed system design. Different aspects of the system has been identified, quantified and grouped into robust and flexible modules to facilitate the common interactions with the application. The system incorporates modules as pluggable and/or reusable components using MVC design pattern to ease the process of adding, modifying, and/or deleting modules without affecting the integrity of the system. The system features an extremely fast NoSQL database for local storage for real time and offline search (while internet is down). All local databases are combined to form a global database to facilitate the passive users (book readers) of the system. The system also defines four different user-views to provide multi-level access of either the local or global database to its users. Since the horizon of technology is very fragmented, the system is designed to be extremely portable by using Electron framework which enables the application to cover all major platforms Windows, Linux, and Macintosh which are most widely used Operating systems by Institutions.
PROFICIENT AUTOMATED LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(PALMS): A NEW MODEL FOR PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF PAKISTAN., 2019
The basic objective of this study is to provide a detailed perspective of current situation of pu... more The basic objective of this study is to provide a detailed perspective of current situation of public libraries workings and procedures in Karachi (Pakistan) and propose automation strategy with implementation strategy. The study elaborates on the needs of automated library management system components ideally packaging into an ALMS. Differences between available library management system(s) and proposed ALMS have been highlighted as well. This study recommends the development as well as implementation architectures, development technologies, database platforms, required human resources, and Infrastructure (i.e. servers, client machines etc.) for ALMS as a preferred system for public libraries in Karachi,Pakistan.In this study we have proposed a new model for public libraries that refocuses them on the vital task of knowledge management coherent within their communities by way of forming a hub for sharing and disseminating pertinent knowledge. A multi-layered architecture has been proposed for managing information on both local and global levels by creating a connection among multiple instances of system via internet. Statistical data collected by surveying thirty public libraries all over Karachi played a pivotal role in the proposed system design. Different aspects of the system has been identified, quantified and grouped into robust and flexible modules to facilitate the common interactions with the application. The system incorporates modules as pluggable and/or reusable components using MVC design pattern to ease the process of adding, modifying, and/or deleting modules without affecting the integrity of the system. The system features an extremely fast NoSQL database for local storage for real time and offline search (while internet is down). All local databases are combined to form a global database to facilitate the passive users (book readers) of the system. The system also defines four different user-views to provide multi-level access of either the local or global database to its users. Since the horizon of technology is very fragmented, the system is designed to be extremely portable by using Electron framework which enables the application to cover all major platforms Windows, Linux, and Macintosh which are most widely used Operating systems by Institutions.
This study examine twenty-nine parametric mortality models and assess their suitability for gradu... more This study examine twenty-nine parametric mortality models and assess their suitability for graduating mortality rates of urban and rural areas in Pakistan. Grouped age specific mortality rates of rural and urban populations for the year 2019 are used. The data is collected from the website of National Institute of Population Studies which conduct Maternal Mortality Survey in Pakistan on regular basis. The parametric mortality models were applied to rural and urban mortality data. We used R software to estimate the model's parameters and assess their suitability for urban and rural populations. The suitability of these models was assessed by using 3 different loss functions. Our analyses found that the fourth type of Heligman-Polard's model with loss function 3 provides reliable results for graduating the mortality of rural population while second type of Carriere model with loss function 3 produce best results for graduating the urban mortality of Pakistan. Based on two models, mortality rates of urban and rural population have been graduated over age range 0-85. We suggest the use the graduated mortality rates of urban and rural areas for pricing life insurance products in rural and urban areas respectively. In addition, graduated mortality rates are also suggested for use in calculation of life insurance liabilities.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.19 No.1, 2019
The presence of change in any production process, especially in software development, is usually ... more The presence of change in any production process, especially in software development, is usually intolerant and highly resistive as it creates confusions among developers and breaks the confidence of customers resulting in non-reliable production. Change is inevitable especially while software is built. There could be several reasons for such confusions likely deployment of the application on multiple variant platforms or having multiple releases, or distinct support tools for simultaneous testing, or developers with deputation over multiple projects at the same time, or following bad or weak practices of undertaking frequent modifications over any certified post-release. Such confusions are indeed needed to be managed in a highly organized manner with recording the traces in the case for the post inspective backpropagation for quick determination of any error causing the software failure. Business ventures are operating in a highly competitive arena globally, where such practices are extremely risky and annoying. Software configuration management, SCM fulfils the objective to avoid such confusions when change is requested, where keeping maximum trace record of development i.e. software traceability highly help to determine the timely error for correction without any hassle. In this paper, we have tried best to give awareness to all software development stakeholders understanding trouble of change, maintaining traceability with a quality focus, where practices of change and configuration management are explored.
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Different aspects of the system has been identified, quantified and grouped into robust and flexible modules to facilitate the common interactions with the application. The system incorporates modules as pluggable and/or reusable components using MVC design pattern to ease the process of adding, modifying, and/or deleting modules without affecting the integrity of the system. The system features an extremely fast NoSQL database for local storage for real time and offline search (while internet is down). All local databases are combined to form a global database to facilitate the passive users (book readers) of the system. The system also defines four different user-views to provide multi-level access of either the local or global database to its users. Since the horizon of technology is very fragmented, the system is designed to be extremely portable by using Electron framework which enables the application to cover all major platforms Windows, Linux, and Macintosh which are most widely used Operating systems by Institutions.
Different aspects of the system has been identified, quantified and grouped into robust and flexible modules to facilitate the common interactions with the application. The system incorporates modules as pluggable and/or reusable components using MVC design pattern to ease the process of adding, modifying, and/or deleting modules without affecting the integrity of the system. The system features an extremely fast NoSQL database for local storage for real time and offline search (while internet is down). All local databases are combined to form a global database to facilitate the passive users (book readers) of the system. The system also defines four different user-views to provide multi-level access of either the local or global database to its users. Since the horizon of technology is very fragmented, the system is designed to be extremely portable by using Electron framework which enables the application to cover all major platforms Windows, Linux, and Macintosh which are most widely used Operating systems by Institutions.
of public libraries workings and procedures in Karachi (Pakistan) and propose automation with
implementation strategy. The study elaborates on the needs of automated library management
system components ideally packaging into an ALMS. Differences between available library
management system(s) and proposed ALMS have been highlighted as well. This study
recommends the development as well as implementation architectures, development technologies
required human resources, and Infrastructure (i.e. servers, client machines etc.) for ALMS as a
preferred system for public libraries in Karachi. In this study we have proposed a new model for
public libraries that refocuses them on the vital task of knowledge management coherent within
their communities by way of forming a hub for sharing and disseminating pertinent knowledge. A
multi-layered architecture has been proposed for managing information on both local and global
levels by creating a connection among multiple instances of system via internet. Statistical data
collected by surveying thirty public libraries all over Karachi played a pivotal role in the proposed
system design.
Different aspects of the system has been identified, quantified and grouped into robust and flexible
modules to facilitate the common interactions with the application. The system incorporates
modules as pluggable and/or reusable components using MVC design pattern to ease the process
of adding, modifying, and/or deleting modules without affecting the integrity of the system. The
system features an extremely fast NoSQL database for local storage for real time and offline search
(while internet is down). All local databases are combined to form a global database to facilitate
the passive users (book readers) of the system. The system also defines four different user-views
to provide multi-level access of either the local or global database to its users. Since the horizon
of technology is very fragmented, the system is designed to be extremely portable by using
Electron framework which enables the application to cover all major platforms Windows, Linux,
and Macintosh which are most widely used Operating systems by Institutions.
Different aspects of the system has been identified, quantified and grouped into robust and flexible modules to facilitate the common interactions with the application. The system incorporates modules as pluggable and/or reusable components using MVC design pattern to ease the process of adding, modifying, and/or deleting modules without affecting the integrity of the system. The system features an extremely fast NoSQL database for local storage for real time and offline search (while internet is down). All local databases are combined to form a global database to facilitate the passive users (book readers) of the system. The system also defines four different user-views to provide multi-level access of either the local or global database to its users. Since the horizon of technology is very fragmented, the system is designed to be extremely portable by using Electron framework which enables the application to cover all major platforms Windows, Linux, and Macintosh which are most widely used Operating systems by Institutions.