I'm working as an Asst. Professor at the Department of History of Religions, Faculty of Theology, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University. Address: KARAMANOĞLU MEHMETBEY ÜNİVERSİTESİ İSLAMİ İLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ KARAMAN/MERKEZ
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is one of the most important figures in the history of science. He made ... more Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is one of the most important figures in the history of science. He made groundbreaking discoveries in physics and mathematics, including the universal law of gravity and the laws of motion. He was also deeply interested in alchemy, both theoretical and practical. In addition to his scientific endeavours, Newton wrote throughout his adult life on early church history and biblical interpretation. Although his views on theology are not well known, Newton had important expansions in this area. In particular, it can be said that his views on the Trinity take a different approach from the tradition. The attributes of God, Christ and His atonement, the Father and the Son, are some of the main theological issues that Newton emphasised. It is known that he used the Bible as his main source of reference when analysing these topics, and that he was also familiar with the interpretations of Church Fathers such as Augustine, Athanasius and Origen. The main claim of this article is that Newton’s understanding of Christianity is very close to the so-called Unitarianism, especially in terms of Jesus Christ. In this respect, This article analyses how Isaac Newton thought about the Trinity. The study aims to determine where Isaac Newton, who is notable for his anti-trinitarian views, can be placed within the Christian tradition on the question of the Trinity.
Astrology is the activity of making predictions about the fate of human beings or the earth throu... more Astrology is the activity of making predictions about the fate of human beings or the earth through the analysis of phenomena in the heavens. Irrespective of its ontological value in terms of truth, it has maintained its existence from the earliest periods of history right up to the modern age. As such, astrology is one of the topics that has been discussed in a normative way by theologians from a variety of religious traditions. For almost every religion, therefore, the legitimacy of astrology is a problematic issue. This article discusses the views of two important Christian church fathers, Tertullian (160-225) and Origen (184-254), on the legitimacy of astrology. This study aims to determine the views of the two Church Fathers, who were also familiar with the pre-Christian astrological culture, on the subject. Church Fathers such as Tertullian and Origen are the doctrinal determinants of the first period. Identifying their views on the subject is important for understanding how the early Church viewed astrology along with issues such as divination, fortune-telling and magic. From this point of view, it can be said that Tertullian and Origen had a cautious approach to astrology. Although the descriptive method is generally followed in this study, the phenomenological method is also used from time to time. When analysing the Turkish literature, there is no specific study that discusses the subject in relation to Tertullian and Origen. Therefore, it can be said that this study will play a modest role in filling the relevant gap in our field.
Fasting is generally defined as an act of worship performed by abstaining for a period of time fr... more Fasting is generally defined as an act of worship performed by abstaining for a period of time from eating, drinking or consuming certain foods, not speaking, abstaining from sexual intercourse, and protecting organs such as the mouth and ears from lies and bad words. The existence of fasting rituals in almost all religious traditions is a fact, although there are differences in content and practice. In the case of Christianity, the ritual of fasting has a special status. The fact that there are references in the New Testament to Jesus Christ fasting is an indication that fasting is also an important act of worship for Christianity. Although Jesus Christ did not prescribe a specific time or method of fasting in addition to the Mosaic Law, the early Christians fasted especially on Wednesdays and Fridays and generally abstained from meat and dairy products at certain times of the year. Although fasting is not central to the life of Jesus or to the practices of the early church, it is certainly present and worthy of study as a ritual that continues to this day. This article focuses on the differences in the understanding and practice of fasting in the Catholic and Protestant churches, two of the three main Christian denominations. The approaches of these churches to the worship of Lent were analysed. An attempt was made to identify the similarities and differences between them. In this context, the article will first look at the historical background of fasting in Christianity and then examine how the Catholic and Protestant churches have accepted the practice of fasting. Using a comparative method, the study will seek to identify the reasons for the differences between these churches in practicing fasting.
The Spanish physician Michael Servetus, who is considered as the founder of Unitarian Universalis... more The Spanish physician Michael Servetus, who is considered as the founder of Unitarian Universalist Association, stood out in the history of Christianity with his anti-trinitarian opinions Servetus, who criticised the Trinity in many of his works, was first declared a "heretic" on the grounds that he departed from the mainstream theological line of Christianity, which was pro-Trinitarian, and then burned to death in the city centre of Geneva in 1553 as a result of Calvin's directives. A closer look at Servetus' views reveals that he based his anti-trinitarian views on the Bible. However, it is remarkable that he sometimes refers to ancient Greek philosophers, sometimes to early church fathers, sometimes to Jewish and sometimes to Islamic literature in order to substantiate his claims. The idea of the Trinity has consistently been denied by some theologians and some groups throughout the history of Christianity on the grounds that it violates the monotheistic tenet. The Ebionites, Dynamic Monarchians, or Arians are instances in the context of Early and Late Antiquity. In this sense, Michael Servetus, a Spanish physician and theologian, is equally significant. Christian Michael Servetus (1509–1553) denied the Trinity as a central tenet of Christianity. He is not the only Christian in history to reject the doctrine of the Trinity, but what distinguishes him as significant is that he made significant contributions to the field of medicine and that serious writings about his theological beliefs have persisted to the present day. In the Christian world, there have always been approaches that root Servetus' anti-trinitarian ideas in Arius. As is known, Arius lived in the IVth century and his ideas on the relationship between God and Christ caused great controversy at the time. However, it does not seem possible to accept Servetus as a follower of Arius. As a matter of fact, when Arius' theological views are examined, it is seen that there are very obvious differences between him and Servetus. Whether Servetus may be classified as an Arians is the most crucial point that this article aims to solve. It is also crucial to consider whether or whether Arius and Servetus' perspectives are in agreement, as well as how similar or unlike they are. We must first understand the content of Arius' and Servetus' christological explanations in order to uncover the solutions to the pertinent problems. In order to determine whether there is a relationship between Arius' and Servetus' viewpoints, this essay compares them. It has been noted that neither western literature nor our country's literature has conducted an seperate investigation of the topic. The paper makes an effort to fill this vacuum in the literature on this particular occasion.
Hıristiyanlıktaki Reform süreci Katolik Kilisesi’ne karşı bir protestoyu temsil etmekte ve çoğu z... more Hıristiyanlıktaki Reform süreci Katolik Kilisesi’ne karşı bir protestoyu temsil etmekte ve çoğu zaman dinî alanda düşünce özgürlüğü bağlamında değerlendirilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, Reform hareketlerine önderlik eden bazı Protestan liderlerin kimi zaman “dinî alanda özgürlük” ve “yalnızca iman” gibi mottolara aykırı tutumlar sergilemiş olmaları bir ironi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Örneğin, Michael Servetus’un (1509-1553) Hıristiyanlık hakkındaki görüşlerine en yüksek sesli tepkiyi veren John Calvin (1509-1564) olmuştur ve aleyhte yürüttüğü faaliyetler sebebiyle Servetus 1553’te Cenevre’de yargılanmış ve diri diri yakılarak öldürülmüştür. Bu makale, özellikle teslis karşıtı düşünceleriyle bilinen Michael Servetus’un infaz edilmesiyle sonuçlanan davada Cenevre’deki Protestan lider John Calvin’in rolünü tartışmaktadır. Zira Katolik Kilisesi’ne eleştirileri ile varlık bulmuş bir hareketin öncülerinden olan Calvin’in farklı seslere nasıl bir yaklaşım sergilediğinin tespit edilmesi önemlidir. Bu doğrultuda, makalede önce Servetus’un Hıristiyanlık anlayışı ele alınmış, akabinde yargılandığı davada John Calvin’in nasıl bir etkisinin olduğu tartışılmıştır.
The Alumbrados movement is a mystical group that emerged in and around Toledo, Spain, in the 16th... more The Alumbrados movement is a mystical group that emerged in and around Toledo, Spain, in the 16th century. Since the doctrines they advocated were quite different from traditional Christian theology, the Spanish Inquisition court of the time issued edicts on them on three different dates. The most apparent theological approach of the movement is that the human soul, which has reached a certain degree of perfection, can contact the Holy Spirit without mediation; such people do not need religious rites and rituals. Again, according to them, veneration of the saints is a distraction, and even accepting Jesus Christ as an intermediary means putting an unnecessary distance between God and us. Members of Los Alumbrados describe themselves as people devoted to the love of God and believe that they have an enlightened soul. There are different approaches about the origin of Los Alumbrados' beliefs and mystical orientations. The most compelling of these is the thesis that they have an Islamic origin. This article attempts to describe the theological views of Los Alumbrados, which led to his prosecution as sinful, by centering on his mystical understanding. In addition, the opinion of the movement on religious rituals and its effects on the history of Christianity has also been discussed in the article.
The holy trinity, which constitutes the most fundamental dogma of Christianity, expresses a triun... more The holy trinity, which constitutes the most fundamental dogma of Christianity, expresses a triune conception of God represented as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. In its current form, the trinity has been made the official belief basis of Christianity in accordance with the decisions taken in the councils, which occupy a very important place in the history of Christianity. In the most general terms, trinitarian belief is the belief that each of these three entities, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, is God and that there is no superiority or difference between these three entities in terms of divinity, and the most basic condition for becoming a Christian is to have accepted this dogma. Nevertheless, it is a well-known fact that in the history of Christianity there have been some individuals and groups who rejected the Trinity despite identifying themselves as ‘‘Christians’’. For example, the most important of these names is Michael Servetus, who is also considered the founder of the movement known today as Unitarianism. Servetus authored some works in which he made serious criticisms about the Holy Trinity. Servetus claims that the concept of holy trinity is not mentioned in the Holy Bible and that this dogma has no place in the essence of Christianity. According to Servetus, the Trinity is a concept shaped by the influence of Greek philosophy and falsifies Christianity. These objections, which made an overwhelming impression in his time, greatly angered the Protestant and Catholic theologians of the time, and Servetus was burned to death in Geneva in 1553 as a result of Catholic and Protestant collaboration. In this study, the religious thought of Michael Servetus has been examined especially in the context of his view of the Holy Trinity and the criticisms brought by him to the traditional understanding of the Trinity have been analysed.
Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian, and mystic, lived between 1688 ... more Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian, and mystic, lived between 1688 and 1772. In 1741, due to his dreams and visions, he entered a time when he experienced quite different experiences. In his works, Swedenborg wrote that he went to the spiritual realm, saw heaven and hell there, saw spiritual beings such as angels, and chatted with them, communicating that he was enlightened spiritually in a way. Swedenborg wrote several works for this purpose, claiming that God had given him the mission of reforming Christianity. This essay explores one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity, Emanuel Swedenborg’s views on heaven and hell. Additionally, by referring to his works, it explores and analyzes the thoughts of Swedenborg about life after death, who influenced many people with his works. Ultimately, in light of the data collected, it assesses the position of Swedenborg in the history of Christianity.
5. Uluslararası Dini Araştırmalar ve Küresel Barış Sempozyumu/Toplum-Birey İkileminde Ortak Değerler ve Farklılıklar, 2019
Although anti-Semitism first came to our attention when Jewish-
Christian relations began to be s... more Although anti-Semitism first came to our attention when Jewish- Christian relations began to be studied, there is a trace of a 2000-year historical past in shaping Jewish-Christian relations, and political and even economic factors as well as theological disputes have been effective in determining the level of these relations. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity has changed dramatically since the beginning of the twentieth century, and this situation can be regarded as encouraging for both groups in terms of the point reached today among these religions. In the first half of the century, the sincerity of relations and the development of a new way of thinking were led by few scientists and religious leaders. However, the impact of the radical change in post- Holocaust Christian thought, the establishment of the state of Israel, the development of the ecumenical movement, and the work of the Second Vatican Council (1962–5) convened further development of this change. As a result, Christianity, which has long been the instigator of violence against Jews, respects and appreciates Judaism today. The close relationship that was once a remembrance has been greatly restored today. The traditional view of Jews as an enemy of Christianity was replaced by the idea that a partnership with Christianity was possible. In this paper, the phases of Jewish-Christian relations, which have a long-established historical background, will be discussed by taking into consideration the chronological order and a general framework will be presented. While Jewish-Christian relations will be discussed in the context of the experience of living together, both theological and socio65 economic interactions will be emphasized and how the relations between these two groups have evolved from past to present.
Michael Servetus teolojik çalışmalarında şaşırtıcı bir şekilde Kur’ân’ın
muhtevasına aşina olduğu... more Michael Servetus teolojik çalışmalarında şaşırtıcı bir şekilde Kur’ân’ın muhtevasına aşina olduğunu göstermiştir. Ne var ki Servetus’un Kur’an’ı ne zaman ve hangi form içinde okuduğunu ortaya çıkarma konusuna çok az ilgi gösterilmiştir ve onun Kur’an hakkında kullanmış olduğu ikincil kaynaklar neredeyse hiç tartışılmamıştır. Sonuç olarak bu eserlerin Servetus’un İslam ve İslam’ın Hıristiyanlık ile olan ilişkisi hakkındaki düşünceleri üzerinde sahip olabileceği etkiye dair herhangi bir analiz yapılmamıştır. Bu makale Servetus’un Kur’an hakkındaki bilgisinin nereden edindiğini incelemekte ve bu kaynakların onun Hıristiyanlıkta yanlış gördüğü hususlarla ilgili değerlendirmelerini nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Many separatist movements arising from Christological issues have emerged in
the first five centu... more Many separatist movements arising from Christological issues have emerged in the first five centuries of Christianity. Particularly the groups and currents with thoughts of Jesus’ personality and nature different from those in Orthodox conception have occupied the agenda of mainstream church and politicians in this period. Nestorian movement, which is considered as the pioneer of the greatest separation movement after Arius, was also one of these separatist groups occupying the agenda. The views of Nestorius about the nature of Jesus and whether Mary was a god-carrier has disturbed the period’s dominant religious understanding. As a result of this process, Nestorius was excommunicated from the church in accordance with the decree of council organized in Ephesus in 431. After Nestorius, his followers succeeded in establishing an independent church by adopting his teachings. Nestorianism, which has spread in different geographies for centuries and affected many societies, occupies a position in Christianity different from other separatist movements by continuing its existence until today. This work investigates Nestorius who was appointed to the Patriarchate of Istanbul in 428 and the Nestorian Church which is formed around his doctrine. It aims to analyze the emergence process of Nestorianism as a whole.
The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 2017
The beginning of the penatration of Islam into Central Asia in VII. century caused political, mil... more The beginning of the penatration of Islam into Central Asia in VII. century caused political, military, economic, sociocultural, ethnic and religious changes in the region. In particular, the attitudes of the members of other religions toward müslim con-quests, and their positions in the new social order they prefered, and the political and military policy of the new system which deals with dominance in the region at the same time, as well as the religious approaches are all the factors which affected the fate of the-se different groups of beliefs.
Following the conquests, the Muslim administration, which was established in the region, subjected different practices depending on the conquest of the city/region by peace or war. This was also a legal necessity of Islam, the religion to which they were at-tached. With some exceptions, there were no interference with the religious beliefs of the people over the conquered lands in general, and they were only obliged to pay tribute (kharac) and poll tax (jizya). In addition, places where people were obeyed by peace (sulh) left their property, commercial rights and interests untouched, also their sanctuar-ies were untouched and they were not prevented from doing missionary work except those involved in a revolt against the rule.
The study does not aim to determine the history of the Nestorians by reaching the main sources. In this context, a number of determinations about the general status of Nestourians in the centuries when Islam entered the region, and its position against müslim conquests, and its place which will help us
Türk Ve İslam Dünyası Sosyal Aaraştırmalar Dergisi, 2017
Şukrullah Amesyavî (d. 1488) is one of the important statesmen of the Ottoman Empire who lived in... more Şukrullah Amesyavî (d. 1488) is one of the important statesmen of the Ottoman Empire who lived in XV. century. Although we can not have much knowledge about his life, we find the opportunity to recognize his scientific side through some of his works. The most important work of Şukrullah Amesyevî is Behcetu’t Tevârîh which he wrote for the Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha. The work shows a general “Islamic History” feature, which was scribed in Persian. On the other hand, it contains some important information about religions. The work also includes various subjects such as geography, anâsır-ı erbe’a and the angelic world.
In this paper, we will first briefly give informations about life and the works of the author and then examine his historiography and some of the information which he gives in Behcetu’t Tevârîh about the other religions with respect to sciences of history and religion history. Especially we will make a criticism of the information given about Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity in the first chapter of the book. As a result, in the context of the author and his work., we will try to reach a consensus on how much similarity there is between the information presented related to non-Islamic religions in the 15th Century Ottoman scolar world and the present day.
ULUSLARARASI İSLAM MEDENİYETİNDE KONYA SEMPOZYUMU/KONYA, 2016
Konya is a old city. That has hosted many civilizations since ancient times. Konya was enough to... more Konya is a old city. That has hosted many civilizations since ancient times. Konya was enough to make it popular be located in a strategic point of Anatolia and have fertile land. However, Konya having served as the capital of the Selçuklu Anatolia State for more than two hundered years. Islamic civilization has been a part of since then. Konya is supply a very colorful structure in the past. After the conquest, ıt is continuing diffirent covering elements structure even today. In the communique; we are aim to address this colorful structure of Konya in the context of the thirteenth century. Konya is one of the most important cities of islamic civilization. Hence; "How to hosted the MÜslim-Non-Müslim elements in the thirteenth century ?" And " How a feature supply sosyo-cultures tructure? We are examine this issues in this communique.
TÜRK VE İSLAM DÜNYASI SOSYAL ARAŞTIRMALAR DERGİSİ, 2016
Each work carries the trace of the culture and civilization of that time period. In this respect,... more Each work carries the trace of the culture and civilization of that time period. In this respect, Divan-i Lugat-it Türk also contains information about that time period. The lifestyle, beliefs, customs and traditions and culture of the time period can be found in Divan-i Lügat’it Turk. Researchers who were specialized in the Works of Kaşgarlı Mahmud have analyzed the concepts in Divan-ı Lügat-it Türk extensively. These studies stil continue today. And this paper we wnat to focus an religious concepts wich have not been analyzed thoroughly. We wanted to observe the prevailing religious beliefs and practices among Turks in the 11th century and the view of the other religions.In short we studied how concepts that are within the scope of “religion and faith” are reflected in Divan-ı Lügat-it Türk. The aim of this paper is to examine the “religious concepts” to qather some clues about the religious and social life of the time, and to add an other study on Divan-ı Lügat-it Türk.
Teslis Karşıtı Bir Hıristiyan Michael Servetus, 2023
İspanyol Hekim Michael Servetus teslis hakkındaki görüşlerinden dolayı John Calvin ve Katolik Kil... more İspanyol Hekim Michael Servetus teslis hakkındaki görüşlerinden dolayı John Calvin ve Katolik Kilisesi iş birliğiyle 1553 yılında Cenevre’nin merkezinde yakılarak öldürüldü. Henüz yirmili yaşlarda Kutsal Kitap’ı incelemeye başlayan Servetus, geleneksel teslis doktrini, çocuk vaftizi ve asli günah anlayışı gibi inanca taalluk eden konuların hiçbirinin kutsal kitap temelli olmadığını ve bu meselelerin Hristiyanlıkta yanlış yorumlandığını ifade ediyordu. Hristiyanların geneli tarafından kabul edilen teslis öğretisinin de hatalı olduğunu savunuyor ve aslında Tanrı’nın “tek” olduğu üzerinde duruyordu. Ayrıca, Hristiyanlıktaki mevcut dinî anlayışın ve diğer teolojik kabullerin revize edilmesini önermekteydi. Servetus’un görüşleri vefatının ardından unutulup gitmedi bilakis yazdığı eserler vasıtasıyla günümüze kadar gelmeyi başardı. Öyle ki, bugün Üniteryanizm olarak bilinen hareket Servetus’u kendi kurucuları olarak kabul etmekte ve onun dini düşüncelerini kendilerine rehber edinmektedir.
16. yüzyıl Hristiyan dünyasının önemli teslis karşıtı isimlerinden biri olan Michael Servetus, Hristiyanlıkta çok erken dönemlerden itibaren var olan teslis karşıtı geleneğin önemli temsilcilerinden biri olması bakımından incelenmeyi hak eden bir isimdir. Bu, hem Hristiyanlık içerisindeki farklı düşüncelerin daha fark edilir kılınması hem de teslise yönelik tartışmaların ne yönde seyrettiğinin saptanması açısından hatırı sayılır bir girişim olacaktır. Bu kitap, hem Servetus hakkında merak edilen; Servetus’un teslise yönelik eleştirileri nelerdir? Etkilendiği kaynaklar bağlamında değerlendirildiğinde Servetus’un üretmiş olduğu teslis anlayışı ne kadar özgündür? Servetus’un
monoteizm olarak ifade edilen tanrı anlayışı gerçekte de bir monoteizmi mi ifade etmektedir? Servetus’un Hristiyanlık ve teslis anlayışı geleneksel Hristiyanlık düşüncesinden hangi noktalarda farklılık göstermektedir? gibi soruların cevabını aramakta hem de onun hayatı, eserleri ve Hristiyanlık anlayışını bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele almaktadır.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is one of the most important figures in the history of science. He made ... more Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is one of the most important figures in the history of science. He made groundbreaking discoveries in physics and mathematics, including the universal law of gravity and the laws of motion. He was also deeply interested in alchemy, both theoretical and practical. In addition to his scientific endeavours, Newton wrote throughout his adult life on early church history and biblical interpretation. Although his views on theology are not well known, Newton had important expansions in this area. In particular, it can be said that his views on the Trinity take a different approach from the tradition. The attributes of God, Christ and His atonement, the Father and the Son, are some of the main theological issues that Newton emphasised. It is known that he used the Bible as his main source of reference when analysing these topics, and that he was also familiar with the interpretations of Church Fathers such as Augustine, Athanasius and Origen. The main claim of this article is that Newton’s understanding of Christianity is very close to the so-called Unitarianism, especially in terms of Jesus Christ. In this respect, This article analyses how Isaac Newton thought about the Trinity. The study aims to determine where Isaac Newton, who is notable for his anti-trinitarian views, can be placed within the Christian tradition on the question of the Trinity.
Astrology is the activity of making predictions about the fate of human beings or the earth throu... more Astrology is the activity of making predictions about the fate of human beings or the earth through the analysis of phenomena in the heavens. Irrespective of its ontological value in terms of truth, it has maintained its existence from the earliest periods of history right up to the modern age. As such, astrology is one of the topics that has been discussed in a normative way by theologians from a variety of religious traditions. For almost every religion, therefore, the legitimacy of astrology is a problematic issue. This article discusses the views of two important Christian church fathers, Tertullian (160-225) and Origen (184-254), on the legitimacy of astrology. This study aims to determine the views of the two Church Fathers, who were also familiar with the pre-Christian astrological culture, on the subject. Church Fathers such as Tertullian and Origen are the doctrinal determinants of the first period. Identifying their views on the subject is important for understanding how the early Church viewed astrology along with issues such as divination, fortune-telling and magic. From this point of view, it can be said that Tertullian and Origen had a cautious approach to astrology. Although the descriptive method is generally followed in this study, the phenomenological method is also used from time to time. When analysing the Turkish literature, there is no specific study that discusses the subject in relation to Tertullian and Origen. Therefore, it can be said that this study will play a modest role in filling the relevant gap in our field.
Fasting is generally defined as an act of worship performed by abstaining for a period of time fr... more Fasting is generally defined as an act of worship performed by abstaining for a period of time from eating, drinking or consuming certain foods, not speaking, abstaining from sexual intercourse, and protecting organs such as the mouth and ears from lies and bad words. The existence of fasting rituals in almost all religious traditions is a fact, although there are differences in content and practice. In the case of Christianity, the ritual of fasting has a special status. The fact that there are references in the New Testament to Jesus Christ fasting is an indication that fasting is also an important act of worship for Christianity. Although Jesus Christ did not prescribe a specific time or method of fasting in addition to the Mosaic Law, the early Christians fasted especially on Wednesdays and Fridays and generally abstained from meat and dairy products at certain times of the year. Although fasting is not central to the life of Jesus or to the practices of the early church, it is certainly present and worthy of study as a ritual that continues to this day. This article focuses on the differences in the understanding and practice of fasting in the Catholic and Protestant churches, two of the three main Christian denominations. The approaches of these churches to the worship of Lent were analysed. An attempt was made to identify the similarities and differences between them. In this context, the article will first look at the historical background of fasting in Christianity and then examine how the Catholic and Protestant churches have accepted the practice of fasting. Using a comparative method, the study will seek to identify the reasons for the differences between these churches in practicing fasting.
The Spanish physician Michael Servetus, who is considered as the founder of Unitarian Universalis... more The Spanish physician Michael Servetus, who is considered as the founder of Unitarian Universalist Association, stood out in the history of Christianity with his anti-trinitarian opinions Servetus, who criticised the Trinity in many of his works, was first declared a "heretic" on the grounds that he departed from the mainstream theological line of Christianity, which was pro-Trinitarian, and then burned to death in the city centre of Geneva in 1553 as a result of Calvin's directives. A closer look at Servetus' views reveals that he based his anti-trinitarian views on the Bible. However, it is remarkable that he sometimes refers to ancient Greek philosophers, sometimes to early church fathers, sometimes to Jewish and sometimes to Islamic literature in order to substantiate his claims. The idea of the Trinity has consistently been denied by some theologians and some groups throughout the history of Christianity on the grounds that it violates the monotheistic tenet. The Ebionites, Dynamic Monarchians, or Arians are instances in the context of Early and Late Antiquity. In this sense, Michael Servetus, a Spanish physician and theologian, is equally significant. Christian Michael Servetus (1509–1553) denied the Trinity as a central tenet of Christianity. He is not the only Christian in history to reject the doctrine of the Trinity, but what distinguishes him as significant is that he made significant contributions to the field of medicine and that serious writings about his theological beliefs have persisted to the present day. In the Christian world, there have always been approaches that root Servetus' anti-trinitarian ideas in Arius. As is known, Arius lived in the IVth century and his ideas on the relationship between God and Christ caused great controversy at the time. However, it does not seem possible to accept Servetus as a follower of Arius. As a matter of fact, when Arius' theological views are examined, it is seen that there are very obvious differences between him and Servetus. Whether Servetus may be classified as an Arians is the most crucial point that this article aims to solve. It is also crucial to consider whether or whether Arius and Servetus' perspectives are in agreement, as well as how similar or unlike they are. We must first understand the content of Arius' and Servetus' christological explanations in order to uncover the solutions to the pertinent problems. In order to determine whether there is a relationship between Arius' and Servetus' viewpoints, this essay compares them. It has been noted that neither western literature nor our country's literature has conducted an seperate investigation of the topic. The paper makes an effort to fill this vacuum in the literature on this particular occasion.
Hıristiyanlıktaki Reform süreci Katolik Kilisesi’ne karşı bir protestoyu temsil etmekte ve çoğu z... more Hıristiyanlıktaki Reform süreci Katolik Kilisesi’ne karşı bir protestoyu temsil etmekte ve çoğu zaman dinî alanda düşünce özgürlüğü bağlamında değerlendirilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, Reform hareketlerine önderlik eden bazı Protestan liderlerin kimi zaman “dinî alanda özgürlük” ve “yalnızca iman” gibi mottolara aykırı tutumlar sergilemiş olmaları bir ironi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Örneğin, Michael Servetus’un (1509-1553) Hıristiyanlık hakkındaki görüşlerine en yüksek sesli tepkiyi veren John Calvin (1509-1564) olmuştur ve aleyhte yürüttüğü faaliyetler sebebiyle Servetus 1553’te Cenevre’de yargılanmış ve diri diri yakılarak öldürülmüştür. Bu makale, özellikle teslis karşıtı düşünceleriyle bilinen Michael Servetus’un infaz edilmesiyle sonuçlanan davada Cenevre’deki Protestan lider John Calvin’in rolünü tartışmaktadır. Zira Katolik Kilisesi’ne eleştirileri ile varlık bulmuş bir hareketin öncülerinden olan Calvin’in farklı seslere nasıl bir yaklaşım sergilediğinin tespit edilmesi önemlidir. Bu doğrultuda, makalede önce Servetus’un Hıristiyanlık anlayışı ele alınmış, akabinde yargılandığı davada John Calvin’in nasıl bir etkisinin olduğu tartışılmıştır.
The Alumbrados movement is a mystical group that emerged in and around Toledo, Spain, in the 16th... more The Alumbrados movement is a mystical group that emerged in and around Toledo, Spain, in the 16th century. Since the doctrines they advocated were quite different from traditional Christian theology, the Spanish Inquisition court of the time issued edicts on them on three different dates. The most apparent theological approach of the movement is that the human soul, which has reached a certain degree of perfection, can contact the Holy Spirit without mediation; such people do not need religious rites and rituals. Again, according to them, veneration of the saints is a distraction, and even accepting Jesus Christ as an intermediary means putting an unnecessary distance between God and us. Members of Los Alumbrados describe themselves as people devoted to the love of God and believe that they have an enlightened soul. There are different approaches about the origin of Los Alumbrados' beliefs and mystical orientations. The most compelling of these is the thesis that they have an Islamic origin. This article attempts to describe the theological views of Los Alumbrados, which led to his prosecution as sinful, by centering on his mystical understanding. In addition, the opinion of the movement on religious rituals and its effects on the history of Christianity has also been discussed in the article.
The holy trinity, which constitutes the most fundamental dogma of Christianity, expresses a triun... more The holy trinity, which constitutes the most fundamental dogma of Christianity, expresses a triune conception of God represented as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. In its current form, the trinity has been made the official belief basis of Christianity in accordance with the decisions taken in the councils, which occupy a very important place in the history of Christianity. In the most general terms, trinitarian belief is the belief that each of these three entities, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, is God and that there is no superiority or difference between these three entities in terms of divinity, and the most basic condition for becoming a Christian is to have accepted this dogma. Nevertheless, it is a well-known fact that in the history of Christianity there have been some individuals and groups who rejected the Trinity despite identifying themselves as ‘‘Christians’’. For example, the most important of these names is Michael Servetus, who is also considered the founder of the movement known today as Unitarianism. Servetus authored some works in which he made serious criticisms about the Holy Trinity. Servetus claims that the concept of holy trinity is not mentioned in the Holy Bible and that this dogma has no place in the essence of Christianity. According to Servetus, the Trinity is a concept shaped by the influence of Greek philosophy and falsifies Christianity. These objections, which made an overwhelming impression in his time, greatly angered the Protestant and Catholic theologians of the time, and Servetus was burned to death in Geneva in 1553 as a result of Catholic and Protestant collaboration. In this study, the religious thought of Michael Servetus has been examined especially in the context of his view of the Holy Trinity and the criticisms brought by him to the traditional understanding of the Trinity have been analysed.
Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian, and mystic, lived between 1688 ... more Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian, and mystic, lived between 1688 and 1772. In 1741, due to his dreams and visions, he entered a time when he experienced quite different experiences. In his works, Swedenborg wrote that he went to the spiritual realm, saw heaven and hell there, saw spiritual beings such as angels, and chatted with them, communicating that he was enlightened spiritually in a way. Swedenborg wrote several works for this purpose, claiming that God had given him the mission of reforming Christianity. This essay explores one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity, Emanuel Swedenborg’s views on heaven and hell. Additionally, by referring to his works, it explores and analyzes the thoughts of Swedenborg about life after death, who influenced many people with his works. Ultimately, in light of the data collected, it assesses the position of Swedenborg in the history of Christianity.
5. Uluslararası Dini Araştırmalar ve Küresel Barış Sempozyumu/Toplum-Birey İkileminde Ortak Değerler ve Farklılıklar, 2019
Although anti-Semitism first came to our attention when Jewish-
Christian relations began to be s... more Although anti-Semitism first came to our attention when Jewish- Christian relations began to be studied, there is a trace of a 2000-year historical past in shaping Jewish-Christian relations, and political and even economic factors as well as theological disputes have been effective in determining the level of these relations. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity has changed dramatically since the beginning of the twentieth century, and this situation can be regarded as encouraging for both groups in terms of the point reached today among these religions. In the first half of the century, the sincerity of relations and the development of a new way of thinking were led by few scientists and religious leaders. However, the impact of the radical change in post- Holocaust Christian thought, the establishment of the state of Israel, the development of the ecumenical movement, and the work of the Second Vatican Council (1962–5) convened further development of this change. As a result, Christianity, which has long been the instigator of violence against Jews, respects and appreciates Judaism today. The close relationship that was once a remembrance has been greatly restored today. The traditional view of Jews as an enemy of Christianity was replaced by the idea that a partnership with Christianity was possible. In this paper, the phases of Jewish-Christian relations, which have a long-established historical background, will be discussed by taking into consideration the chronological order and a general framework will be presented. While Jewish-Christian relations will be discussed in the context of the experience of living together, both theological and socio65 economic interactions will be emphasized and how the relations between these two groups have evolved from past to present.
Michael Servetus teolojik çalışmalarında şaşırtıcı bir şekilde Kur’ân’ın
muhtevasına aşina olduğu... more Michael Servetus teolojik çalışmalarında şaşırtıcı bir şekilde Kur’ân’ın muhtevasına aşina olduğunu göstermiştir. Ne var ki Servetus’un Kur’an’ı ne zaman ve hangi form içinde okuduğunu ortaya çıkarma konusuna çok az ilgi gösterilmiştir ve onun Kur’an hakkında kullanmış olduğu ikincil kaynaklar neredeyse hiç tartışılmamıştır. Sonuç olarak bu eserlerin Servetus’un İslam ve İslam’ın Hıristiyanlık ile olan ilişkisi hakkındaki düşünceleri üzerinde sahip olabileceği etkiye dair herhangi bir analiz yapılmamıştır. Bu makale Servetus’un Kur’an hakkındaki bilgisinin nereden edindiğini incelemekte ve bu kaynakların onun Hıristiyanlıkta yanlış gördüğü hususlarla ilgili değerlendirmelerini nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Many separatist movements arising from Christological issues have emerged in
the first five centu... more Many separatist movements arising from Christological issues have emerged in the first five centuries of Christianity. Particularly the groups and currents with thoughts of Jesus’ personality and nature different from those in Orthodox conception have occupied the agenda of mainstream church and politicians in this period. Nestorian movement, which is considered as the pioneer of the greatest separation movement after Arius, was also one of these separatist groups occupying the agenda. The views of Nestorius about the nature of Jesus and whether Mary was a god-carrier has disturbed the period’s dominant religious understanding. As a result of this process, Nestorius was excommunicated from the church in accordance with the decree of council organized in Ephesus in 431. After Nestorius, his followers succeeded in establishing an independent church by adopting his teachings. Nestorianism, which has spread in different geographies for centuries and affected many societies, occupies a position in Christianity different from other separatist movements by continuing its existence until today. This work investigates Nestorius who was appointed to the Patriarchate of Istanbul in 428 and the Nestorian Church which is formed around his doctrine. It aims to analyze the emergence process of Nestorianism as a whole.
The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 2017
The beginning of the penatration of Islam into Central Asia in VII. century caused political, mil... more The beginning of the penatration of Islam into Central Asia in VII. century caused political, military, economic, sociocultural, ethnic and religious changes in the region. In particular, the attitudes of the members of other religions toward müslim con-quests, and their positions in the new social order they prefered, and the political and military policy of the new system which deals with dominance in the region at the same time, as well as the religious approaches are all the factors which affected the fate of the-se different groups of beliefs.
Following the conquests, the Muslim administration, which was established in the region, subjected different practices depending on the conquest of the city/region by peace or war. This was also a legal necessity of Islam, the religion to which they were at-tached. With some exceptions, there were no interference with the religious beliefs of the people over the conquered lands in general, and they were only obliged to pay tribute (kharac) and poll tax (jizya). In addition, places where people were obeyed by peace (sulh) left their property, commercial rights and interests untouched, also their sanctuar-ies were untouched and they were not prevented from doing missionary work except those involved in a revolt against the rule.
The study does not aim to determine the history of the Nestorians by reaching the main sources. In this context, a number of determinations about the general status of Nestourians in the centuries when Islam entered the region, and its position against müslim conquests, and its place which will help us
Türk Ve İslam Dünyası Sosyal Aaraştırmalar Dergisi, 2017
Şukrullah Amesyavî (d. 1488) is one of the important statesmen of the Ottoman Empire who lived in... more Şukrullah Amesyavî (d. 1488) is one of the important statesmen of the Ottoman Empire who lived in XV. century. Although we can not have much knowledge about his life, we find the opportunity to recognize his scientific side through some of his works. The most important work of Şukrullah Amesyevî is Behcetu’t Tevârîh which he wrote for the Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha. The work shows a general “Islamic History” feature, which was scribed in Persian. On the other hand, it contains some important information about religions. The work also includes various subjects such as geography, anâsır-ı erbe’a and the angelic world.
In this paper, we will first briefly give informations about life and the works of the author and then examine his historiography and some of the information which he gives in Behcetu’t Tevârîh about the other religions with respect to sciences of history and religion history. Especially we will make a criticism of the information given about Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity in the first chapter of the book. As a result, in the context of the author and his work., we will try to reach a consensus on how much similarity there is between the information presented related to non-Islamic religions in the 15th Century Ottoman scolar world and the present day.
ULUSLARARASI İSLAM MEDENİYETİNDE KONYA SEMPOZYUMU/KONYA, 2016
Konya is a old city. That has hosted many civilizations since ancient times. Konya was enough to... more Konya is a old city. That has hosted many civilizations since ancient times. Konya was enough to make it popular be located in a strategic point of Anatolia and have fertile land. However, Konya having served as the capital of the Selçuklu Anatolia State for more than two hundered years. Islamic civilization has been a part of since then. Konya is supply a very colorful structure in the past. After the conquest, ıt is continuing diffirent covering elements structure even today. In the communique; we are aim to address this colorful structure of Konya in the context of the thirteenth century. Konya is one of the most important cities of islamic civilization. Hence; "How to hosted the MÜslim-Non-Müslim elements in the thirteenth century ?" And " How a feature supply sosyo-cultures tructure? We are examine this issues in this communique.
TÜRK VE İSLAM DÜNYASI SOSYAL ARAŞTIRMALAR DERGİSİ, 2016
Each work carries the trace of the culture and civilization of that time period. In this respect,... more Each work carries the trace of the culture and civilization of that time period. In this respect, Divan-i Lugat-it Türk also contains information about that time period. The lifestyle, beliefs, customs and traditions and culture of the time period can be found in Divan-i Lügat’it Turk. Researchers who were specialized in the Works of Kaşgarlı Mahmud have analyzed the concepts in Divan-ı Lügat-it Türk extensively. These studies stil continue today. And this paper we wnat to focus an religious concepts wich have not been analyzed thoroughly. We wanted to observe the prevailing religious beliefs and practices among Turks in the 11th century and the view of the other religions.In short we studied how concepts that are within the scope of “religion and faith” are reflected in Divan-ı Lügat-it Türk. The aim of this paper is to examine the “religious concepts” to qather some clues about the religious and social life of the time, and to add an other study on Divan-ı Lügat-it Türk.
Teslis Karşıtı Bir Hıristiyan Michael Servetus, 2023
İspanyol Hekim Michael Servetus teslis hakkındaki görüşlerinden dolayı John Calvin ve Katolik Kil... more İspanyol Hekim Michael Servetus teslis hakkındaki görüşlerinden dolayı John Calvin ve Katolik Kilisesi iş birliğiyle 1553 yılında Cenevre’nin merkezinde yakılarak öldürüldü. Henüz yirmili yaşlarda Kutsal Kitap’ı incelemeye başlayan Servetus, geleneksel teslis doktrini, çocuk vaftizi ve asli günah anlayışı gibi inanca taalluk eden konuların hiçbirinin kutsal kitap temelli olmadığını ve bu meselelerin Hristiyanlıkta yanlış yorumlandığını ifade ediyordu. Hristiyanların geneli tarafından kabul edilen teslis öğretisinin de hatalı olduğunu savunuyor ve aslında Tanrı’nın “tek” olduğu üzerinde duruyordu. Ayrıca, Hristiyanlıktaki mevcut dinî anlayışın ve diğer teolojik kabullerin revize edilmesini önermekteydi. Servetus’un görüşleri vefatının ardından unutulup gitmedi bilakis yazdığı eserler vasıtasıyla günümüze kadar gelmeyi başardı. Öyle ki, bugün Üniteryanizm olarak bilinen hareket Servetus’u kendi kurucuları olarak kabul etmekte ve onun dini düşüncelerini kendilerine rehber edinmektedir.
16. yüzyıl Hristiyan dünyasının önemli teslis karşıtı isimlerinden biri olan Michael Servetus, Hristiyanlıkta çok erken dönemlerden itibaren var olan teslis karşıtı geleneğin önemli temsilcilerinden biri olması bakımından incelenmeyi hak eden bir isimdir. Bu, hem Hristiyanlık içerisindeki farklı düşüncelerin daha fark edilir kılınması hem de teslise yönelik tartışmaların ne yönde seyrettiğinin saptanması açısından hatırı sayılır bir girişim olacaktır. Bu kitap, hem Servetus hakkında merak edilen; Servetus’un teslise yönelik eleştirileri nelerdir? Etkilendiği kaynaklar bağlamında değerlendirildiğinde Servetus’un üretmiş olduğu teslis anlayışı ne kadar özgündür? Servetus’un
monoteizm olarak ifade edilen tanrı anlayışı gerçekte de bir monoteizmi mi ifade etmektedir? Servetus’un Hristiyanlık ve teslis anlayışı geleneksel Hristiyanlık düşüncesinden hangi noktalarda farklılık göstermektedir? gibi soruların cevabını aramakta hem de onun hayatı, eserleri ve Hristiyanlık anlayışını bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele almaktadır.
Doğuşundan Günümüze Nesturi Kilisesi/The Nestorian Church, 2018
382 yılında Roma İmparatorluğunun Kommagene eyaletinin Germanekiea (Maraş) kentinde doğan Nestori... more 382 yılında Roma İmparatorluğunun Kommagene eyaletinin Germanekiea (Maraş) kentinde doğan Nestorius, dönemin iki büyük ekolünden biri olan Antakya İlahiyat Okulu’nda eğitim gördü. Buradan mezun olduktan sonra Antakya merkezde bulunan bir kilisede din adamı olarak göreve başladı. Üstün zekâsı ve insanları etkileyen hitâbet gücüyle İmparatorun da dikkatini çekti. Ölen İstanbul Patriği Sisinyos’un yerine 10 Nisan 428 yılında İmparator II. Theodosius tarafından yeni patrik olarak atandı. Bundan sonra Nestorius için artık hiçbir şey eskisi gibi olmayacaktı. İsa’nın, biri ilâhî, diğeri de beşerî olmak üzere iki ayrı doğaya sahip olduğu ve Meryem’in tanrı anası olmadığı şeklindeki görüşleri onunla aynı fikri paylaşmayanların tepkisini çekti. İskenderiye İlahiyat Okulu’nun başında olan Cyrill de Nestorius’u patriklikten indirmek için elinden geleni yaptı. Sonuçta I. Efes Konsili’nde Nestorius ve taraftarları aforoz edildi. Bu süreçten sonra Nestorius’un öğretisi etrafında kenetlenenler bağımsız bir kilise olmayı başardılar. V. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan bu hareket günümüze kadar varlığını devam ettirdi ve çeşitli toplulukları etkiledi. Bu kitapta resmî bir kilise şeklinde teşekkül etmiş olan ve ayrılmış Doğu Kiliseleri arasında müstesna bir yeri bulunan Nestûrî Kilisesi doğuşu, inanç esasları, ritüelleri ve tarih boyunca yayıldığı coğrafyalar itibariyle ele alınacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Nestûrîlik hakkında bütüncül bir yaklaşım ortaya koymak ve alana mütevâzi bir katkı sağlamaktır.
Emanuel Swedenborg'un Cennet ve Cehennem Anlayışı (Emanuel Swedenborg’s Conception of Heaven and Hell), 2020
Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian, and mystic, lived between 1688 ... more Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian, and mystic, lived between 1688 and 1772. In 1741, due to his dreams and visions, he entered a time when he experienced quite different experiences. In his works, Swedenborg wrote that he went to the spiritual realm, saw heaven and hell there, saw spiritual beings such as angels, and chatted with them, communicating that he was enlightened spiritually in a way. Swedenborg wrote several works for this purpose, claiming that God had given him the mission of reforming Christianity. This essay explores one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity, Emanuel Swedenborg’s views on heaven and hell. Additionally, by referring to his works, it explores and analyzes the thoughts of Swedenborg about life after death, who influenced many people with his works. Ultimately, in light of the data collected, it assesses the position of Swedenborg in the history of Christianity.
The Trinity in the Theology of Michael Servetus, 2022
The Trinity (taslīs in Arabic), which constitutes the most fundamental dogma of Christianity, exp... more The Trinity (taslīs in Arabic), which constitutes the most fundamental dogma of Christianity, expresses a triune conception of God represented as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. In its current form, the Trinity has been made the official belief basis of Christianity following the decisions taken in the councils, which occupy a significant place in the history of Christianity. In the most general terms, Trinity is the belief that each of these three entities, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, is God and that there is no superiority or difference between them in divinity. Acceptance of the Trinity is necessary for becoming a Christian. Nevertheless, it is well-known that in the history of Christianity, some individuals and groups rejected the Trinity despite identifying themselves as ‘‘Christians’’. The most notable of these names is Michael Servetus. He is also considered the founder of the movement known today as Unitarianism. Servetus wrote some books in which he seriously criticized the Holy Trinity. According to Servetus, the Trinity is not mentioned in the Holy Bible, and this dogma has no place in the essence of Christianity. The Trinity is a construct fashioned by Greek philosophy and falsifies Christianity. These objections, which made an overwhelming impression in his time, greatly angered the Protestant and Catholic theologians. Servetus was burned to death in Geneva in 1553 due to Catholic and Protestant collaboration. This study examines the religious thought of Michael Servetus, particularly his interpretation of the Trinity, and analyzes his challenges to the traditional understanding of the Trinity.
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Papers by Talha Fortacı
physics and mathematics, including the universal law of gravity and the laws of motion. He was also deeply interested in alchemy, both
theoretical and practical. In addition to his scientific endeavours, Newton wrote throughout his adult life on early church history and
biblical interpretation. Although his views on theology are not well known, Newton had important expansions in this area. In
particular, it can be said that his views on the Trinity take a different approach from the tradition. The attributes of God, Christ and
His atonement, the Father and the Son, are some of the main theological issues that Newton emphasised. It is known that he used the
Bible as his main source of reference when analysing these topics, and that he was also familiar with the interpretations of Church
Fathers such as Augustine, Athanasius and Origen. The main claim of this article is that Newton’s understanding of Christianity is
very close to the so-called Unitarianism, especially in terms of Jesus Christ. In this respect, This article analyses how Isaac Newton
thought about the Trinity. The study aims to determine where Isaac Newton, who is notable for his anti-trinitarian views, can be placed
within the Christian tradition on the question of the Trinity.
Christian relations began to be studied, there is a trace of a 2000-year
historical past in shaping Jewish-Christian relations, and political and
even economic factors as well as theological disputes have been effective
in determining the level of these relations. The relationship between
Judaism and Christianity has changed dramatically since the beginning
of the twentieth century, and this situation can be regarded as
encouraging for both groups in terms of the point reached today among
these religions. In the first half of the century, the sincerity of relations
and the development of a new way of thinking were led by few scientists
and religious leaders. However, the impact of the radical change in post-
Holocaust Christian thought, the establishment of the state of Israel, the
development of the ecumenical movement, and the work of the Second
Vatican Council (1962–5) convened further development of this change.
As a result, Christianity, which has long been the instigator of violence
against Jews, respects and appreciates Judaism today. The close
relationship that was once a remembrance has been greatly restored
today. The traditional view of Jews as an enemy of Christianity was
replaced by the idea that a partnership with Christianity was possible.
In this paper, the phases of Jewish-Christian relations, which have a
long-established historical background, will be discussed by taking into
consideration the chronological order and a general framework will be
presented. While Jewish-Christian relations will be discussed in the
context of the experience of living together, both theological and socio65
economic interactions will be emphasized and how the relations between these two groups have evolved from past to present.
muhtevasına aşina olduğunu göstermiştir. Ne var ki Servetus’un Kur’an’ı ne zaman
ve hangi form içinde okuduğunu ortaya çıkarma konusuna çok az ilgi gösterilmiştir
ve onun Kur’an hakkında kullanmış olduğu ikincil kaynaklar neredeyse hiç
tartışılmamıştır. Sonuç olarak bu eserlerin Servetus’un İslam ve İslam’ın
Hıristiyanlık ile olan ilişkisi hakkındaki düşünceleri üzerinde sahip olabileceği etkiye
dair herhangi bir analiz yapılmamıştır. Bu makale Servetus’un Kur’an hakkındaki
bilgisinin nereden edindiğini incelemekte ve bu kaynakların onun Hıristiyanlıkta
yanlış gördüğü hususlarla ilgili değerlendirmelerini nasıl etkilediğini ortaya
koymaktadır.
the first five centuries of Christianity. Particularly the groups and currents with
thoughts of Jesus’ personality and nature different from those in Orthodox conception
have occupied the agenda of mainstream church and politicians in this
period. Nestorian movement, which is considered as the pioneer of the greatest
separation movement after Arius, was also one of these separatist groups occupying
the agenda. The views of Nestorius about the nature of Jesus and whether Mary was a god-carrier has disturbed the period’s dominant religious understanding.
As a result of this process, Nestorius was excommunicated from the church
in accordance with the decree of council organized in Ephesus in 431. After Nestorius,
his followers succeeded in establishing an independent church by adopting
his teachings. Nestorianism, which has spread in different geographies for
centuries and affected many societies, occupies a position in Christianity different
from other separatist movements by continuing its existence until today.
This work investigates Nestorius who was appointed to the Patriarchate of Istanbul
in 428 and the Nestorian Church which is formed around his doctrine. It
aims to analyze the emergence process of Nestorianism as a whole.
Following the conquests, the Muslim administration, which was established in the region, subjected different practices depending on the conquest of the city/region by peace or war. This was also a legal necessity of Islam, the religion to which they were at-tached. With some exceptions, there were no interference with the religious beliefs of the people over the conquered lands in general, and they were only obliged to pay tribute (kharac) and poll tax (jizya). In addition, places where people were obeyed by peace (sulh) left their property, commercial rights and interests untouched, also their sanctuar-ies were untouched and they were not prevented from doing missionary work except those involved in a revolt against the rule.
The study does not aim to determine the history of the Nestorians by reaching the main sources. In this context, a number of determinations about the general status of Nestourians in the centuries when Islam entered the region, and its position against müslim conquests, and its place which will help us
In this paper, we will first briefly give informations about life and the works of the author and then examine his historiography and some of the information which he gives in Behcetu’t Tevârîh about the other religions with respect to sciences of history and religion history. Especially we will make a criticism of the information given about Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity in the first chapter of the book. As a result, in the context of the author and his work., we will try to reach a consensus on how much similarity there is between the information presented related to non-Islamic religions in the 15th Century Ottoman scolar world and the present day.
Books by Talha Fortacı
16. yüzyıl Hristiyan dünyasının önemli teslis karşıtı isimlerinden biri olan Michael Servetus, Hristiyanlıkta çok erken dönemlerden itibaren var olan teslis karşıtı geleneğin önemli temsilcilerinden biri olması bakımından incelenmeyi hak eden bir isimdir. Bu, hem Hristiyanlık içerisindeki farklı düşüncelerin daha fark edilir kılınması hem de teslise yönelik tartışmaların ne yönde seyrettiğinin saptanması açısından hatırı sayılır bir girişim olacaktır. Bu kitap, hem Servetus hakkında merak edilen; Servetus’un teslise yönelik eleştirileri nelerdir? Etkilendiği kaynaklar bağlamında değerlendirildiğinde Servetus’un üretmiş olduğu teslis anlayışı ne kadar özgündür? Servetus’un
monoteizm olarak ifade edilen tanrı anlayışı gerçekte de bir monoteizmi mi ifade etmektedir? Servetus’un Hristiyanlık ve teslis anlayışı geleneksel Hristiyanlık düşüncesinden hangi noktalarda farklılık göstermektedir? gibi soruların cevabını aramakta hem de onun hayatı, eserleri ve Hristiyanlık anlayışını bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele almaktadır.
physics and mathematics, including the universal law of gravity and the laws of motion. He was also deeply interested in alchemy, both
theoretical and practical. In addition to his scientific endeavours, Newton wrote throughout his adult life on early church history and
biblical interpretation. Although his views on theology are not well known, Newton had important expansions in this area. In
particular, it can be said that his views on the Trinity take a different approach from the tradition. The attributes of God, Christ and
His atonement, the Father and the Son, are some of the main theological issues that Newton emphasised. It is known that he used the
Bible as his main source of reference when analysing these topics, and that he was also familiar with the interpretations of Church
Fathers such as Augustine, Athanasius and Origen. The main claim of this article is that Newton’s understanding of Christianity is
very close to the so-called Unitarianism, especially in terms of Jesus Christ. In this respect, This article analyses how Isaac Newton
thought about the Trinity. The study aims to determine where Isaac Newton, who is notable for his anti-trinitarian views, can be placed
within the Christian tradition on the question of the Trinity.
Christian relations began to be studied, there is a trace of a 2000-year
historical past in shaping Jewish-Christian relations, and political and
even economic factors as well as theological disputes have been effective
in determining the level of these relations. The relationship between
Judaism and Christianity has changed dramatically since the beginning
of the twentieth century, and this situation can be regarded as
encouraging for both groups in terms of the point reached today among
these religions. In the first half of the century, the sincerity of relations
and the development of a new way of thinking were led by few scientists
and religious leaders. However, the impact of the radical change in post-
Holocaust Christian thought, the establishment of the state of Israel, the
development of the ecumenical movement, and the work of the Second
Vatican Council (1962–5) convened further development of this change.
As a result, Christianity, which has long been the instigator of violence
against Jews, respects and appreciates Judaism today. The close
relationship that was once a remembrance has been greatly restored
today. The traditional view of Jews as an enemy of Christianity was
replaced by the idea that a partnership with Christianity was possible.
In this paper, the phases of Jewish-Christian relations, which have a
long-established historical background, will be discussed by taking into
consideration the chronological order and a general framework will be
presented. While Jewish-Christian relations will be discussed in the
context of the experience of living together, both theological and socio65
economic interactions will be emphasized and how the relations between these two groups have evolved from past to present.
muhtevasına aşina olduğunu göstermiştir. Ne var ki Servetus’un Kur’an’ı ne zaman
ve hangi form içinde okuduğunu ortaya çıkarma konusuna çok az ilgi gösterilmiştir
ve onun Kur’an hakkında kullanmış olduğu ikincil kaynaklar neredeyse hiç
tartışılmamıştır. Sonuç olarak bu eserlerin Servetus’un İslam ve İslam’ın
Hıristiyanlık ile olan ilişkisi hakkındaki düşünceleri üzerinde sahip olabileceği etkiye
dair herhangi bir analiz yapılmamıştır. Bu makale Servetus’un Kur’an hakkındaki
bilgisinin nereden edindiğini incelemekte ve bu kaynakların onun Hıristiyanlıkta
yanlış gördüğü hususlarla ilgili değerlendirmelerini nasıl etkilediğini ortaya
koymaktadır.
the first five centuries of Christianity. Particularly the groups and currents with
thoughts of Jesus’ personality and nature different from those in Orthodox conception
have occupied the agenda of mainstream church and politicians in this
period. Nestorian movement, which is considered as the pioneer of the greatest
separation movement after Arius, was also one of these separatist groups occupying
the agenda. The views of Nestorius about the nature of Jesus and whether Mary was a god-carrier has disturbed the period’s dominant religious understanding.
As a result of this process, Nestorius was excommunicated from the church
in accordance with the decree of council organized in Ephesus in 431. After Nestorius,
his followers succeeded in establishing an independent church by adopting
his teachings. Nestorianism, which has spread in different geographies for
centuries and affected many societies, occupies a position in Christianity different
from other separatist movements by continuing its existence until today.
This work investigates Nestorius who was appointed to the Patriarchate of Istanbul
in 428 and the Nestorian Church which is formed around his doctrine. It
aims to analyze the emergence process of Nestorianism as a whole.
Following the conquests, the Muslim administration, which was established in the region, subjected different practices depending on the conquest of the city/region by peace or war. This was also a legal necessity of Islam, the religion to which they were at-tached. With some exceptions, there were no interference with the religious beliefs of the people over the conquered lands in general, and they were only obliged to pay tribute (kharac) and poll tax (jizya). In addition, places where people were obeyed by peace (sulh) left their property, commercial rights and interests untouched, also their sanctuar-ies were untouched and they were not prevented from doing missionary work except those involved in a revolt against the rule.
The study does not aim to determine the history of the Nestorians by reaching the main sources. In this context, a number of determinations about the general status of Nestourians in the centuries when Islam entered the region, and its position against müslim conquests, and its place which will help us
In this paper, we will first briefly give informations about life and the works of the author and then examine his historiography and some of the information which he gives in Behcetu’t Tevârîh about the other religions with respect to sciences of history and religion history. Especially we will make a criticism of the information given about Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity in the first chapter of the book. As a result, in the context of the author and his work., we will try to reach a consensus on how much similarity there is between the information presented related to non-Islamic religions in the 15th Century Ottoman scolar world and the present day.
16. yüzyıl Hristiyan dünyasının önemli teslis karşıtı isimlerinden biri olan Michael Servetus, Hristiyanlıkta çok erken dönemlerden itibaren var olan teslis karşıtı geleneğin önemli temsilcilerinden biri olması bakımından incelenmeyi hak eden bir isimdir. Bu, hem Hristiyanlık içerisindeki farklı düşüncelerin daha fark edilir kılınması hem de teslise yönelik tartışmaların ne yönde seyrettiğinin saptanması açısından hatırı sayılır bir girişim olacaktır. Bu kitap, hem Servetus hakkında merak edilen; Servetus’un teslise yönelik eleştirileri nelerdir? Etkilendiği kaynaklar bağlamında değerlendirildiğinde Servetus’un üretmiş olduğu teslis anlayışı ne kadar özgündür? Servetus’un
monoteizm olarak ifade edilen tanrı anlayışı gerçekte de bir monoteizmi mi ifade etmektedir? Servetus’un Hristiyanlık ve teslis anlayışı geleneksel Hristiyanlık düşüncesinden hangi noktalarda farklılık göstermektedir? gibi soruların cevabını aramakta hem de onun hayatı, eserleri ve Hristiyanlık anlayışını bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele almaktadır.