Bahasa Parsiya

Bahasa Parsiya
فارسی Fārsī

Dipakay bak	Jolma Persia
Jumlah Panutur	130 juta
Wilayah	Iran
Kaluwarga Basa	Indo-Eropa • Indo-Iran • Bahasa Persia
Huruf	Abjad Arab-Persia
Status
Resmi di	Iran Afghanistan Tajikistan Dagestan
Diatur bak	Academy of Persian Language and Literature (Iran) Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan (Afghanistan) Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature (Tajikistan)
Status Basa	Lokok tipakay
Kode Basa
ISO 639-1	fa

Basa Parsiya atawa فارسى^ⓘ joda da Basa say dituturko di Iran, Afghanistan, rik Tajikistan say masing-masing na tibagi dilom tolu varietas standar Persia say secara luas dipakay di Iran, Dari say dipakay di Afghanistan, rik Tajik di Tajikistan.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Persia Dari (resmi tikonal sabagay Dari samenjak tahun 1964),^[4] rik Persia Tajik (resmi tikonal sabagay Tajik samenjak tahun 1999).^[5]^[6] Basa hasa munih tipakay sacara basa indok dilom variasi Bahasa Tajik bak sajumlah balak panduduk Uzbekistan,^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Huruf

Basa Parsiya Iran rik Persia Dari di Afghanistan makay Abjad Arab-Persia, sodongko Bahasa Tajik titulis makay Alfabet Sirilik. Sabonorna makka sumang hamak rik Huruf Arab say biasona, bih ija nambahi pira ngabungkal huruf bugahan.

#	Golar Persia	Golar (Transliterasi)	Transliterasi	IPA	Unicode	Bontuk kontekstual
#	Golar Persia	Golar (Transliterasi)	Transliterasi	IPA	Unicode	Uncuk	Tongah	Pangkal	Posay
0	همزه	hamze^[11]	ʾ	Glottal stop [ʔ]	U+0621	–	–	–	ء
					U+0623	ـأ		أ
					U+0626	ـئ	ـئـ	ئـ	ئ
					U+0624	ـؤ		ؤ
1	الف	ʾalef	â	[ɒ]	U+0627	ـا		ا
2	ب	be	b	[b]	U+0628	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	ب
3	پ	pe	p	[p]	U+067E	ـپ	ـپـ	پـ	پ
4	ت	te	t	[t]	U+062A	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	ت
5	ث	s̱e	s̱	[s]	U+062B	ـث	ـثـ	ثـ	ث
6	جیم	jim	j	[d͡ʒ]	U+062C	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	ج
7	چ	če	č	[t͡ʃ]	U+0686	ـچ	ـچـ	چـ	چ
8	ح	ḥeḥâ-ye ḥottiḥâ-ye jimi	ḥ	[h]	U+062D	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	ح
9	خ	xe	x	[x]	U+062E	ـخ	ـخـ	خـ	خ
10	دال	dâl	d	[d]	U+062F	ـد		د
11	ذال	ẕâl	ẕ	[z]	U+0630	ـذ		ذ
12	ر	re	r	[r]	U+0631	ـر		ر
13	ز	ze	z	[z]	U+0632	ـز		ز
14	ژ	že	ž	[ʒ]	U+0698	ـژ		ژ
15	سین	sin	s	[s]	U+0633	ـس	ـسـ	سـ	س
16	شین	šin	š	[ʃ]	U+0634	ـش	ـشـ	شـ	ش
17	صاد	ṣâd	ṣ	[s]	U+0635	ـص	ـصـ	صـ	ص
18	ضاد	zâd	ż	[z]	U+0636	ـض	ـضـ	ضـ	ض
19	طا	tâ	t	[t]	U+0637	ـط	ـطـ	طـ	ط
20	ظا	ẓâ	ẓ	[z]	U+0638	ـظ	ـظـ	ظـ	ظ
21	عین	ʿayn	ʿ	[ʔ], [æ]/[a]	U+0639	ـع	ـعـ	عـ	ع
22	غین	ġayn	ġ	[ɢ], [ɣ]	U+063A	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	غ
23	ف	fe	f	[f]	U+0641	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	ف
24	قاف	qâf	q	[q]	U+0642	ـق	ـقـ	قـ	ق
25	کاف	kâf	k	[k]	U+06A9	ـک	ـکـ	کـ	ک
26	گاف	gâf	g	[ɡ]	U+06AF	ـگ	ـگـ	گـ	گ
27	لام	lâm	l	[l]	U+0644	ـل	ـلـ	لـ	ل
28	میم	mim	m	[m]	U+0645	ـم	ـمـ	مـ	م
29	نون	nun	n	[n]	U+0646	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	ن
30	واو	vâv(Farsi)	vūowo	[uː] [Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ow" not found in list][[v]][[o]] (bih di uncuk kata)	U+0648	ـو		و
30	واو	wâw(Dari)	wūawō	[uː] [[w]][Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "aw" not found in list][[oː]]	U+0648	ـو		و
31	ه	hehā-ye havvazhā-ye do-češm	h	[h]atawa [e]rik [a](uncuk kata)	U+0647	ـه	ـهـ	هـ	ه
32	ی	ye	yīáayē munih dilom Dari	[j] [i] [ɒː] [Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "aj" not found in list] [eː] dilom Dari	U+06CC	ـی	ـیـ	یـ	ی

Bunyi	Posay	Uncuk	Tongah	Pangkal	Golar
β	ڤ	ـڤ	ـڤـ	ڤـ	βe

Variasi

ی ه و ن م ل گ ک ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ژ ز ر ذ د خ ح چ ج ث ت پ ب ا ء‎
	•	Noto Nastaliq Urdu
	•	Scheherazade
	•	Lateef
	•	Noto Naskh Arabic
	•	Markazi Text
	•	Noto Sans Arabic
	•	Baloo Bhaijaan
	•	El Messiri SemiBold
	•	Lemonada Medium
	•	Changa Medium
	•	Mada
	•	Noto Kufi Arabic
	•	Reem Kufi
	•	Lalezar
	•	Jomhuria
	•	Rakkas
The alphabet in 16 fonts: Noto Nastaliq Urdu, Scheherazade, Lateef, Noto Naskh Arabic, Markazi Text, Noto Sans Arabic, Baloo Bhaijaan, El Messiri SemiBold, Lemonada Medium, Changa Medium, Mada, Noto Kufi Arabic, Reem Kufi, Lalezar, Jomhuria, and Rakkas.

Konstruksi huruf

	i'jam ⁽ⁱ⁾
Bontuk ⁽ⁱ⁾	Posay			ء	ا	ى	ں	ٮ	ح	س	ص	ط	ع	ڡ	ٯ	ک	ل	م	د	ر	و	ه
	Pangkal			ء	ا	ٮـ			حـ	سـ	صـ	طـ	عـ	ڡـ		کـ	لـ	مـ	د	ر	و	هـ
	Tongah			ء	ـا	ـٮـ			ـحـ	ـسـ	ـصـ	ـطـ	ـعـ	ـڡـ		ـکـ	ـلـ	ـمـ	ـد	ـر	ـو	ـهـ
	Uncuk			ء	ـا	ـى	ـں	ـٮ	ـح	ـس	ـص	ـط	ـع	ـڡ	ـٯ	ـک	ـل	ـم	ـد	ـر	ـو	ـه
Unicode				0621 ..	0627 ..	0649 ..	06BA ..	066E ..	062D ..	0633 ..	0635 ..	0637 ..	0639 ..	06A1 ..	066F ..	066F ..	0644 ..	0645 ..	062F ..	0631 ..	0648. ..	0647 ..
1 titik di bah			﮳					ب	ج
Unicode	i'jam ⁽ⁱ⁾	FBB3 .							0628 ..	062C ..
1 titik dinggak			﮲				ن		خ		ض	ظ	غ	ف					ذ	ز
Unicode	FBB2 .						0646 ..		062E ..		0636 ..	0638 ..	063A ..	0641 ..					0630 ..	0632 ..
2 titik di bah ⁽ⁱⁱ⁾			﮵			ی
Unicode	FBB5 .					06CC ..
2 titik dinggak			﮴					ت							ق							ة
Unicode	FBB4 .							062A ..							0642 ..							0629 ..
3 titik di bah			﮹					پ	چ
Unicode	FBB9 . FBB7 .							067E ..	0686 ..
3 titik dinggak			﮶					ث		ش										ژ
Unicode	FBB6 .							062B ..		0634 ..										0698 ..
Garis dinggak			‾													گ
Unicode	203E .															06AF ..
Makka				ء	ا	ی	ں		ح	س	ص	ط	ع			ک	ل	م	د	ر	و	ه
Unicode				0621 ..	0627 ..	0649 ..	06BA ..		062D ..	0633 ..	0635 ..	0637 ..	0639 ..			066F ..	0644 ..	0645 ..	062F ..	0631 ..	0648. ..	0647 ..
Madda dinggak			ۤ		آ
Unicode	06E4 . 0653 .				0622 ..
Hamzah di bah			ــٕـ		إ
Unicode	0655 .				0625 ..
Hamza dinggak			ــٔـ		أ	ئ															ؤ	ۀ
Unicode	0674 . 0654 .				0623 ..	0626 ..															0624 ..	06C0 ..

Vokal Buntak (tulisan vokal ponuh)	Golar Persia	Golar (Transliterasi)	Trans.^(a)	Nilay ^(b) (Farsi/Dari)
064E ◌َ‎	زبر (فتحه)	zebarzibar	a	æ	a
0650 ◌ِ‎	زیر (کسره)	zerzir	e; i	e	ɪ ɛ
064F ◌ُ‎	پیش (ضمّه)	pešpiš	o; u	o	ʊ

Tanwin

Nunasi (tulisan vokal ponuh)	Golar (Persia)	Golar (Transliterasi)	Catatan
064B َاً، ـاً، ءً ‎	تنوین نَصْبْ	Tanvine nasb
064D ٍِ ‎	تنوین جَرّ	Tanvine jarr	Mak kala tipakay dilom Bahasa Parsiya. Tiajarko khusus dilom agama Islam untuk ngalongkapi ngajar, maca, rik nulis Al-Qur'an education.
064C ٌ ‎	تنوین رَفْعْ	Tanvine rafʿ

Tasydid=

Simbul	Golar (Persia)	Golar (Transliterasi)
0651 ّ ‎	تشدید	tašdid

Huruf Tambahan

Bunyi	Pocak	Golar	Kode Poin Unicode
p	پ	pe	U+067E
t͡ʃ (ch)	چ	če	U+0686
ʒ (zh)	ژ	že	U+0698
ɡ	گ	gâf	U+06AF

Golar	Pangucapan	IPA	Unicode	Uncuk	Tongah	Pangkal	Posay	Catatan
alef madde	â	[ɒ]	U+0622	ـآ	—	آ	آ	The final form is very rare and is freely replaced with ordinary alef.
he ye	-eyeatawa -eyeh	[eje]	U+06C0	ـۀ	—	—	ۀ	Validity of this form depends on region and dialect. Some may use the two-letter ـه‌ی or ه‌ی combinations instead.
lām alef	lā	[lɒ]	U+0644 (lām) and U+0627 (alef)	ـلا	—	—	لا
kašida			U+0640	—	ـ	—	—	This is the medial character which connects other characters

Angka

Golar	Persia	Unicode	Arab	Unicode
0	۰	U+06F0	٠	U+0660
1	۱	U+06F1	١	U+0661
2	۲	U+06F2	٢	U+0662
3	۳	U+06F3	٣	U+0663
4	۴	U+06F4	٤	U+0664
5	۵	U+06F5	٥	U+0665
6	۶	U+06F6	٦	U+0666
7	۷	U+06F7	٧	U+0667
8	۸	U+06F8	٨	U+0668
9	۹	U+06F9	٩	U+0669
ye	ی	U+06CC	ي ^[12]	U+064A
kāf	ک	U+06A9	ك	U+0643

Angka Arab Lawok	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Angka Arab Darak	٠	١	٢	٣	٤	٥	٦	٧	٨	٩	١٠
Persia^[13]	۰	۱	۲	۳	۴	۵	۶	۷	۸	۹	۱۰
Urdu^[14]	۰	۱	۲	۳	۴	۵	۶	۷	۸	۹	۱۰
Angka Abjad	–	ا	ب	ج	د	ه	و	ز	ح	ط	ي

Huruf Tambahan

Bunyi	Posay	Uncuk	Tongah-tongah	Pangkal	Golar
/p/	پ‎	ـپ‎	ـپـ‎	پـ‎	pe
/tʃ/	چ‎	ـچ‎	ـچـ‎	چـ‎	če (che)
/ʒ/	ژ‎	ـژ‎	ـژ‎	ژ‎	že (zhe atawa jhe)
/ɡ/	گ‎	ـگ‎	ـگـ‎	گـ‎	ge (gāf)

^[15]

Bunyi	Posay	Uncuk	Tongah-tongah	Pangkal	Golar
/β/	ڤ‎	ـڤ‎	ـڤـ‎	ڤـ‎	βe

Gaya Arab rik Gaya Persia

Huruf Gaya Arab	Huruf Gaya Parsiya	Golar
ك‎	ک‎	ke (kāf)
ي‎	ی‎	ye

Cuntuh Tulisan

UDHR pasal 1;

Arab Persia

همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.‎

Latin

Hame-ye afrād-e bashar āzād be donyā mi āyand o heysiyat o hoquq-e shān bā ham barābar ast, hame andishe o vejdān dārand o bāyad dar barābare yekdigar bā ruh-e barādari raftār konand.

Horti

Kaunyin jolma tilahir ko mardeka rik uwat pi'il rik hak-hak sai gohgoh. Tiyan tiunjuk akal pikiran rik hati nurani mari tiyan dapok nyampur rik sai barih na dilom semangat bukolpah.

Liyak Munih

Rujukan

↑ Persian Iranian Ethnologue lokok aktif
↑ 639 Identifier Documentation: fas Sil.org lokok aktif
↑ The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran Islamic Parliament of Iran
↑ Asta Olesen Islam and Politics in Afghanistan volume 3, Psychology Press, (1995) hal 205
There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Farsi – previously dominant in the educational and administrative system (...) — and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Farsi came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958.
↑ Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in Media Insight Central Asia #27, August 2002.
↑ Mona Baker Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2001) Psychology Press, isbn 978-0-415-25517-2, hal 518.
All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole.
lokok aktif
↑ Richard Foltz The Tajiks of Uzbekistan Central Asian Survey, volume 15, isu 2, hal 213–216 (1996) doi 10.1080/02634939608400946
↑ Lena Jonson (2006) Tajikistan in the new Central Asia hal 108
↑ Karl Cordell Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe Routledge (1998) isbn 0415173124, hal 201
Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88).
↑ Gernot Windfuhr The World's Major Languages Oxford University Press (1987) isbn 978-0-19-506511-4, Berard Comrie, Oxford 523–546
↑ "??" (PDF). Persianacademy.ir. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
↑ However, the Arabic variant continues to be used in its traditional style in the Nile Valley, similarly as it is used in Persian and Ottoman Turkish.
↑ U+06F0 through U+06F9. The numbers 4, 5, and 6 are different from Eastern Arabic.
↑ Same Unicode characters as the Persian, but language is set to Urdu. The numerals 4, 6 and 7 are different from Persian. On some devices, this row may appear identical to Persian.
↑ "PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian". Iranica Online. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.

[1] Persian Iranian Ethnologue lokok aktif

[ISO-2] 639 Identifier Documentation: fas Sil.org lokok aktif

[3] The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran Islamic Parliament of Iran

[Olesen-4] Asta Olesen Islam and Politics in Afghanistan volume 3, Psychology Press, (1995) hal 205
There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Farsi – previously dominant in the educational and administrative system (...) — and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Farsi came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958.

[siddikzoda2002-5] Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in Media Insight Central Asia #27, August 2002.

[Baker-6] Mona Baker Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2001) Psychology Press, isbn 978-0-415-25517-2, hal 518.
All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole.
lokok aktif

[7] Richard Foltz The Tajiks of Uzbekistan Central Asian Survey, volume 15, isu 2, hal 213–216 (1996) doi 10.1080/02634939608400946

[8] Lena Jonson (2006) Tajikistan in the new Central Asia hal 108

[9] Karl Cordell Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe Routledge (1998) isbn 0415173124, hal 201
Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88).

[windfuhr1987-10] Gernot Windfuhr The World's Major Languages Oxford University Press (1987) isbn 978-0-19-506511-4, Berard Comrie, Oxford 523–546

[11] "??" (PDF). Persianacademy.ir. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-05.

[12] However, the Arabic variant continues to be used in its traditional style in the Nile Valley, similarly as it is used in Persian and Ottoman Turkish.

[13] U+06F0 through U+06F9. The numbers 4, 5, and 6 are different from Eastern Arabic.

[14] Same Unicode characters as the Persian, but language is set to Urdu. The numerals 4, 6 and 7 are different from Persian. On some devices, this row may appear identical to Persian.

[15] "PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian". Iranica Online. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.

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