Economics

This study explored the possible impact of perceived income on individual (perceived) happiness in Eastern and Western Germany in relation to perceived trust and four socio-economic variables, namely gender, age, marital status and employment status. To examine the relationship between these variables, a generalized ordered logit model was applied using the World Values Survey data. Bootstrapping and marginal effects were used to obtain a more robust model. The findings provided insights regarding the impact of perceived income and perceived trust on individual (perceived) happiness in both regions after reunification. Perceived income had a positive effect on all happiness categories in both regions. Perceived trust had a stronger positive impact on individual happiness than that of perceived income, although its significance varied across individual (perceived) happiness categories. Analysis of marginal effects revealed differences between the base models.

Low female labor force participation is a conspicuous issue in the literature. Based on this information, women's perspectives of the determinants of female labor force participation in thirteen member states of the Arab League in relation to the region's patriarchal culture and conservative social norms is discussed in this paper. Probit modelling is applied to the sixth wave of the World Values Survey data (2010-2014), which to examine the relationship between female labor force participation and socio-cultural variables, such as women's perceptions about the importance of religion, the priority of religion compared with science, the importance of traditions for women, the priority of men concerning the right to a job and the importance of a job for women's independence, and personal characteristics, such as women's social class, marital status, number of children, educational level and age. The results indicate that the number of children and the importance given to tradition and religion by women are obstacles to increasing their labor force participation.

Küresel iklim değişikliği riskleri, birçok alanda çözüm stratejileri oluşturulması zorunluluğunu doğurmaktadır. Bu stratejiler geliştirilirken hem ekonomik hem de çevresel açıdan olmazsa olmazlar dikkate alındığında, mevcut ekonomik sistemin her yönüyle ele alınması gerekir. Mevcut ekonomik büyüme modeli, GSYİH’yı diğer tüm hedeflerin üzerinde tutmakta ve öncelikli amaç olarak GSYİH'yı artırmaya yönelik uygulamaları içermektedir. Bu durum, zaman içinde yapısal kusurların ortaya çıkmasına ve bu kusurların uzun vadede kronik hale gelerek bazı sonuçlar doğurmasına yol açmıştır. Mevcut ekonomik sistem yüz milyonlarca insanın gelir seviyesinde artış sağlamış, yoksulluğu azaltmış;; ancak, uzun vadede telafisi zor olan toplumsal, çevresel ve ekonomik maliyetlere sebep olmuştur. Zaman içinde ortaya çıkan bu maliyetler,
sürdürülebilirlikle ekonomik büyümeyi eş zamanlı olarak teşvik eden yeşil ekonomi kavramını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Yeşil büyüme, hem ekonomik, hem sosyal hem de çevresel refahı sürdürmek ve geliştirmek için daha temiz ve esnek uygulamalarla kaynak etkin bir büyüme modelini temsil eder. Yeşil ekonomiye geçiş, büyüme ve gelişme, mal ve hizmet üretimi ve tüketici alışkanlıkları konusunda temel bir değişim gerektirir. Burada önemli olan uzun vadede sosyal ve çevresel faydası yüksek bir ekonomik sisteme nasıl ilerlediğimizdir. Çalışmada geleneksel ekonomi ile yeşil ekonomi kavramları analitik bir çerçevede ele alınmış ve her iki kavram arasındaki farklılıklara dikkat çekilerek yeşil büyümeye geçişin önemi ortaya konulmuştur.

Anahtar sözcükler: Küresel iklim değişikliği, geleneksel ekonomi, yeşil ekonomi, yeşil büyüme.

Abstract
Risks of global climate change brings forth the necessity of constituting solution strategies in numerous fields. While developing these strategies, it is required that the current economic system is embraced both from the point of view of economy and environment. The current economic growth model gives particular importance to gross domestic product and it includes some implementations that aim to increase gross
domestic product as a prior objective. This situation caused some structural flaws, which led to chronic problems in time. The current economic system increased income of hundreds of millions of people, reduced poverty, however,in the long term, it led to social, environmental and economic costs that are hard to recover. These costs have revealed the concept of green economy, which encourages sustainability and economic growth simultaneously. Green growth represents a resource-efficient growth model with cleaner and more flexible implementations in order to sustain and develop economic, social and environmental affluence. The transition to green growth requires a fundamental change
on the subject of growth and development, production of goods and services and consumer behaviours. How we proceed with an economic system that has a high social and environmental utility in the long run is an important question. In this study, the concepts of conventional economic system and green growth is handled in an analytical framework and it is asserted that the transition to green growth considering the differences between both concept is very important.

Keywords: Global climate change, conventional economics, green economy, green growth.