Computer Science

We have replicated the experiments of Cecchet et al. detailed in "Performance and Scalability of EJB Applications" at OOPSLA '02. We report on our experiences configuring, deploying and tuning Enterprise software. We found a number of configuration problems that suggest that some of the conclusions of the original work were wrong.

A proxy object is a surrogate or placeholder that controls access to another target object. Proxies can be used to support distributed programming, lazy or parallel evaluation, access control, and other simple forms of behavioral reflection . However, wrapper proxies (like futures or suspensions for yet-to-be-computed results) can require significant code changes to be used in statically-typed languages, while proxies more generally can inadvertently violate assumptions of transparency, resulting in subtle bugs.

We explore advances in Java Virtual Machine (JVM) technology along with new high performance I/O libraries in Java 1.4, and find that Java is increasingly an attractive platform for scientific clusterbased message passing codes. We report that these new technologies allow a pure Java implementation of a cluster communication library that performs competitively with standard C-based MPI implementations.

Testing is an important part of the software development cycle that should be covered throughout the computer science curriculum. However, for students to truly learn the value of testing, they need to benefit from writing test cases for their own software.

Valiant routing, the use of a random intermediate node to distribute network traffic, has been proposed for a number of recent HPC network topologies. It is also commonly used as a bulding block for adaptive routing algorithms, which use shortest path routes when possible, but revert to Valiant routing when necessary to avoid hot spots. We show that the version of Valiant routing proposed for the Slim fly topology can cause messages to follow loops, using an edge in both directions before returning to edges of the original shortest path. Removing these loops in the UGAL-L adaptive routing algorithm is shown to provide slight improvements in average latency and also allow the network to carry up to 12% more traffic before saturation.

Cryptologia Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: Abstract In 1967's The Broken Seal: The Story of ''Operation Magic'' and the Pearl Harbor Disaster, Ladislas Farago claimed that Herbert Yardley betrayed his country by selling decrypted Japanese diplomatic messages and the techniques used in their solution to agents of the Japanese Foreign Ministry for $7,000 [8, p. 57]. For more than four decades, the evidence Farago used to back up this claim has been interpreted differently by different researchers. We examine Farago's allegation and attempt to bring together all the evidence that references it.

The use of wireless telegraphy-radio-during World War I marked the advent of modern cryptology. For the first time, commanders were sending enciphered messages to front line troops and for the first time, the enemy had an enormous amount of ciphertext to work with. This spurred the development of more complicated codes and ciphers and eventually led to the development of machine cryptography. World War I is the first time that the Americans had a formal cryptanalytic organization. It is the beginning, in all the nations involved in the conflict, of the bureaucracy of secrecy. In the United States it marks the first appearance of the two founding fathers of modern American cryptology, Herbert O. Yardley and William F. Friedman. This chapter introduces Herbert Yardley and William Friedman and examines some of the cryptographic systems used during World War I.

What would happen if all of the algorithms in public-key cryptography suddenly could be broken in seconds or minutes? Those algorithms, like RSA and elliptic curve cryptography are the ones that we depend on for Internet commerce. What if they were all of a sudden useless? Would society collapse? Would commerce be at an end? That is the promise and the danger of quantum computers.

Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Industry trends showcase the increasing importance of soft skills, but interpersonal STEM education is not yet well defined [7, 14]. With high technology churn and increasingly higher-level programming practices, the need for effective collaboration remains constant, as "productivity depends on a work force that is socially and emotionally competent" [5]. Social and Emotional Learning promotes engagement in STEM [1, 6], while experiential/makerspace learning increases equity, belonging, and competency [3, 13, 19]. Reflecting on undergraduate Agile [2] Software Development at Knox College, we contend that learning to make Software is less important than learning to work together while attempting to make Software. We define Soft-Aware Development to encompass building Software, building stakeholder relationships, and building up each developer along the way. We frequently ask students to collaborate without explicitly teaching them how. Short-term team projects often lead to unsustainable coping strategies of carrying and freeloading. Consequently, students perceive teamwork as detrimental and unpleasant [16, 21]. After these practices and beliefs are reinforced through multiple iterations, we release students into the world. While user stories are valued [4], developer stories are overlooked, despite both being Software Development stakeholders. Developer agency and happiness improve productivity [8, 15], emotional intelligence helps mitigate stress and build trust [17], while heterogeneous teams demonstrate improved critical thinking and innovation [18]. Thus, teamwork requires a commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion. Agile iterative processes make room for teammates to hold each other "accountable but blameless" [9], but inexperienced implementation can lead to dark Agile instead [10-12]. Facilitation is crucial to help students gain confidence with open accountability and understand that, while development happens in sprints [2], teamwork is a marathon. Classroom Soft-Aware Development emphasizes student learning in and from their emergent makerspace environment, guided by interpersonal observation, documentation, self-reflection, discussion, and iteration. We build small 3-4 student teams, balanced for selfreported personal and technical strengths/weaknesses, with team contracts defining expectations (e.g. communication frequency and

Textbooks and courses on numerical algorithms contain numerous examples which lead students to believe that the algorithm of choice for computing the zeros of a function f(x) is Newton's algorithm. In many of these courses little or no time is spent in providing students with "real world" experiences where Newton's method fails. The work presented in this paper describes a slow convergence problem encountered while trying to use Newton to estimate values for the X2 distribution. The problem occurred while the authors were trying to implement a well-known machine learning algorithm from the field of artificial intelligence. The function being evaluated and the convergence problem with Newton's method is described. Numerical results are given that indicate that a hybrid algorithm consisting of Newton and the nonderivative bisection algorithm not only provides good results but quickly and consistently converges.