Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the important spices in the world. Nepal is the fourth lar... more Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the important spices in the world. Nepal is the fourth largest producers of ginger in the world, which produced 271.863 MT in 2016. In Nepal, seventy districts are producing ginger and around 400.000 households are involving in the ginger farming which is the chief source of the household income. Moreover, ginger has prioritized by several policies and strategies of the Government of Nepal. This paper examined the production trend and market access of Nepali ginger considering the ginger global market. A diagnostic study of production, value addition, and the marketing system was carried out between the eastern and the western part of Nepal. The secondary information was reviewed and analysed for the study. Likewise, the key informant survey was performed for the primary data and information. For Nepali ginger, India is found constantly top destination. The result of price index suggested that Nepali ginger is losing significant potential earning by not having top most lucrative markets for fresh ginger. Moreover, the trend of the export is ever fluctuating and the result showed that trade of ginger to India in term of export is more stable from the western region as compared to the eastern region. The study found that the major determinants of ginger market access are quality of ginger produced, value addition, level of trade facilitation, and domestic production and the import of India from other countries.
This study assessed farmers' perception of climate change, estimated the determinants of, and eva... more This study assessed farmers' perception of climate change, estimated the determinants of, and evaluated the relationship among adaptation practices using the multivariate probit model. A survey in 300 agricultural households was carried out covering 10 sample districts considering five agro-ecological zones and a vulnerability index. Four adaptation choices (change in planting date, crop variety, crop type and investment in irrigation) were deemed as outcome variables and socioeconomic, demographic, institutional, farm-level and perceptions variables were deployed as explanatory variables. Their marginal effects were determined for three climatic variables-temperature, precipitation and drought. Age, gender and education of head of household, credit access, farm area, rain-fed farming and tenure, are found to be more influential compared to other factors. All four adaptation-options are found to be complimentary to each other. Importantly, the intensity of impact of dependent variables in different models, and for available adaptation-options, are found to be unequal. Therefore, policy options and support facilities should be devised according to climatic variables and adaptation options to achieve superior results.
Nepal got the membership of the World Trade Organization through the negotiation process in 2004.... more Nepal got the membership of the World Trade Organization through the negotiation process in 2004. The objective of Nepal in achieving the membership was to diversify its trade and to liberalize the trade regime. The paper attempts to evaluate whether Nepal achieved its objective as compared to the international trade regime before its accession to the WTO. The paper uses the secondary data retrieved from the World Bank and Nepal Rastra Bank. On the other hand, we have evaluated the trade diversification by using data from Nepal Rasta Bank. It was found that the objective of trade diversification was not found statistically significant, even after the accession to the WTO. Finally, the findings of the study can be translated to the trade policy to serve the national interest of trade balance in the backdrop of rocketing trade deficit of Nepal.
The paper attempts to explore the factors affecting the farm mechanization in Nepal, where agricu... more The paper attempts to explore the factors affecting the farm mechanization in Nepal, where agriculture is the primary livelihood of most people and the mechanization is crucial for efficient production and productivity. The government has also introduced a separate policy for agriculture mechanization in 2014. A primary data was collected from 300 households and analysed to assess and quantify the determinants of the farm mechanization. A descriptive analysis was carried out for understanding the data and the results were interpreted. Similarly, the multiple regression was executed to assess the factors affecting total investment in the farm machinery. The five different models were specified and compared for the better results. Moreover, to have deeper insight, the farm machinery was categorized into light machinery, heavy machinery and animal power. The results showed that light machinery is an essential part of Nepali farming system. Likewise, the presence of animal power, income per capita, per capita farm area, adaptation due to change in temperature, Household size, Farm area and income are significant determinants for total investment in farm mechanization.
The paper has covered the status of implementation of Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010 in th... more The paper has covered the status of implementation of Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010 in the Ministry of Agricultural development.
GAP is the concept of producing, handling, transporting and storing agricultural commodities so t... more GAP is the concept of producing, handling, transporting and storing agricultural commodities so that the food would be safe to consume and production would be sustainable.
In the background of volatile food insecurity situation and increasing imports of agricultural pr... more In the background of volatile food insecurity situation and increasing imports of agricultural products, the Government of Nepal, through the policy and program speech and the budget speech in 2018, announced doubling the agriculture production in five years. Likewise, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) has also focused on doubling income and productivity of smallholder farmers. The paper attempts to evaluate the government’s target, whether it is achievable or an ambition by taking paddy as a case. An econometric model was employed for the study using secondary data. The data on paddy production, area coverage, irrigation, supply of improved seeds, total Nitrogen use and annual precipitation, from 2002 to 2016, were used to carry out the linear regression. The result indicates that the area is the major contributor to increase production with existing technology. However, realizing the limited scope of the horizontal expansion, except for winter and Boro-rice, the vertical expansion is the only option to achieve the goal. Likewise, increased production without a reduction in the cost of cultivation may induce "secondary economic complexity" as the cost of production in neighboring countries is significantly lower due to a huge government subsidy to farmers. Similarly, though econometric model suggests that a doubling of production is possible, the concern is whether the government can manage to allocate associated investment to achieve the target within given timeframe.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the important spices in the world. Nepal is the fourth lar... more Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the important spices in the world. Nepal is the fourth largest producers of ginger in the world, which produced 271.863 MT in 2016. In Nepal, seventy districts are producing ginger and around 400.000 households are involving in the ginger farming which is the chief source of the household income. Moreover, ginger has prioritized by several policies and strategies of the Government of Nepal. This paper examined the production trend and market access of Nepali ginger considering the ginger global market. A diagnostic study of production, value addition, and the marketing system was carried out between the eastern and the western part of Nepal. The secondary information was reviewed and analysed for the study. Likewise, the key informant survey was performed for the primary data and information. For Nepali ginger, India is found constantly top destination. The result of price index suggested that Nepali ginger is losing significant potential earning by not having top most lucrative markets for fresh ginger. Moreover, the trend of the export is ever fluctuating and the result showed that trade of ginger to India in term of export is more stable from the western region as compared to the eastern region. The study found that the major determinants of ginger market access are quality of ginger produced, value addition, level of trade facilitation, and domestic production and the import of India from other countries.
This study assessed farmers' perception of climate change, estimated the determinants of, and eva... more This study assessed farmers' perception of climate change, estimated the determinants of, and evaluated the relationship among adaptation practices using the multivariate probit model. A survey in 300 agricultural households was carried out covering 10 sample districts considering five agro-ecological zones and a vulnerability index. Four adaptation choices (change in planting date, crop variety, crop type and investment in irrigation) were deemed as outcome variables and socioeconomic, demographic, institutional, farm-level and perceptions variables were deployed as explanatory variables. Their marginal effects were determined for three climatic variables-temperature, precipitation and drought. Age, gender and education of head of household, credit access, farm area, rain-fed farming and tenure, are found to be more influential compared to other factors. All four adaptation-options are found to be complimentary to each other. Importantly, the intensity of impact of dependent variables in different models, and for available adaptation-options, are found to be unequal. Therefore, policy options and support facilities should be devised according to climatic variables and adaptation options to achieve superior results.
Nepal got the membership of the World Trade Organization through the negotiation process in 2004.... more Nepal got the membership of the World Trade Organization through the negotiation process in 2004. The objective of Nepal in achieving the membership was to diversify its trade and to liberalize the trade regime. The paper attempts to evaluate whether Nepal achieved its objective as compared to the international trade regime before its accession to the WTO. The paper uses the secondary data retrieved from the World Bank and Nepal Rastra Bank. On the other hand, we have evaluated the trade diversification by using data from Nepal Rasta Bank. It was found that the objective of trade diversification was not found statistically significant, even after the accession to the WTO. Finally, the findings of the study can be translated to the trade policy to serve the national interest of trade balance in the backdrop of rocketing trade deficit of Nepal.
The paper attempts to explore the factors affecting the farm mechanization in Nepal, where agricu... more The paper attempts to explore the factors affecting the farm mechanization in Nepal, where agriculture is the primary livelihood of most people and the mechanization is crucial for efficient production and productivity. The government has also introduced a separate policy for agriculture mechanization in 2014. A primary data was collected from 300 households and analysed to assess and quantify the determinants of the farm mechanization. A descriptive analysis was carried out for understanding the data and the results were interpreted. Similarly, the multiple regression was executed to assess the factors affecting total investment in the farm machinery. The five different models were specified and compared for the better results. Moreover, to have deeper insight, the farm machinery was categorized into light machinery, heavy machinery and animal power. The results showed that light machinery is an essential part of Nepali farming system. Likewise, the presence of animal power, income per capita, per capita farm area, adaptation due to change in temperature, Household size, Farm area and income are significant determinants for total investment in farm mechanization.
The paper has covered the status of implementation of Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010 in th... more The paper has covered the status of implementation of Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010 in the Ministry of Agricultural development.
GAP is the concept of producing, handling, transporting and storing agricultural commodities so t... more GAP is the concept of producing, handling, transporting and storing agricultural commodities so that the food would be safe to consume and production would be sustainable.
In the background of volatile food insecurity situation and increasing imports of agricultural pr... more In the background of volatile food insecurity situation and increasing imports of agricultural products, the Government of Nepal, through the policy and program speech and the budget speech in 2018, announced doubling the agriculture production in five years. Likewise, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) has also focused on doubling income and productivity of smallholder farmers. The paper attempts to evaluate the government’s target, whether it is achievable or an ambition by taking paddy as a case. An econometric model was employed for the study using secondary data. The data on paddy production, area coverage, irrigation, supply of improved seeds, total Nitrogen use and annual precipitation, from 2002 to 2016, were used to carry out the linear regression. The result indicates that the area is the major contributor to increase production with existing technology. However, realizing the limited scope of the horizontal expansion, except for winter and Boro-rice, the vertical expansion is the only option to achieve the goal. Likewise, increased production without a reduction in the cost of cultivation may induce "secondary economic complexity" as the cost of production in neighboring countries is significantly lower due to a huge government subsidy to farmers. Similarly, though econometric model suggests that a doubling of production is possible, the concern is whether the government can manage to allocate associated investment to achieve the target within given timeframe.
This is the presentation on Adaptation which is named as "Water Theory of Adaptation". It explain... more This is the presentation on Adaptation which is named as "Water Theory of Adaptation". It explain how to adapt in different scenarios. Explanation is coming up.
This study assessed the farmers’ perception on climate change, estimated the determinants of and ... more This study assessed the farmers’ perception on climate change, estimated the determinants of and evaluated the relationship among adaptation practices using Multivariate Probit Model. A survey in 300 agricultural household, was carried out covering 10 sample districts considering five agro-ecological belts and vulnerability index. Four adaptation choices (change in planting date, crop variety, crop type and investment in irrigation) were deemed as outcome variables and socioeconomic, demographic, institutional, farm-level and perceptions variables were deployed as explanatory variables, and their marginal effects were determined for three climatic variables – temperature, precipitation and drought. Age, gender and education of HoH, credit access, farm area, rain-fed farming and tenure, are much influencing as compared to other factors. All four adaptation-options are found complimentary to each other. Importantly, intensity of impact of dependent variables in different models, and for available adaptation-options, is unequal. Therefore, policy options and support facilities should be devised according to climatic variables and adaptation options to achieve superior results.
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