International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP), 2020
The new political approaches followed after the establishment of
republic transformed the basic c... more The new political approaches followed after the establishment of republic transformed the basic characteristics of many different dynamics in Turkey ranging from education and industry to art and architecture. The arrangements related to health services hold an important place among these fields and the great transformations seen in healthcare services necessitated the construction of hospital buildings with contemporary architectural qualities. In this framework, new hospital buildings known as “Numune” (Sample) Hospitals were established in Ankara, Diyarbakır, Erzurum and Sivas cities in 1924 to be good examples for further hospital buildings. In this context, the historical evolutions, architectural characteristics and current situations of these Numune hospitals are examined in this study together with an analysis of all the changes and interventions they were exposed to from past to present. This study aims to clarify the historical importance of Numune hospitals in question, address the changes they have undergone to date, criticize the interventions in the context of architectural history and conservation disciplines, and put forward various suggestions related to such disciplines. The search of the ways to provide the interrelationship of these buildings with the rapidly evolving current world by referring to the contemporary methods of different disciplines, constitutes one other basic aim of this study. The applications of the public authority of health services; namely the - Ministry of Health- and the other efficient dynamics related with the conservation of these buildings are also critically evaluated with respect to their roles on the sustaining of the architectural and historial values of these buildings.
KOCAELİ TARİHİ CAMİ ÖRNEKLERİ ÜZERİNDEN PLANLI
KORUMA KAPSAMINDA HASARSIZ TEST UYGULAMALARI:
ÇOBA... more KOCAELİ TARİHİ CAMİ ÖRNEKLERİ ÜZERİNDEN PLANLI KORUMA KAPSAMINDA HASARSIZ TEST UYGULAMALARI: ÇOBAN MUSTAFA PAŞA CAMİİ, FEVZİYE CAMİİ VE PERTEV PAŞA CAMİİ Tüzükler, genel prensipler ve tarihi yapıların bakım ve onarım yöntemleri ile tarihi yapılar üzerine çalışmalara uluslararası literatürde rastlanmaktadır ve günümüz koşulları ile birlikte gelişen teknoloji, koruma yöntemlerini, teorilerini ve yaklaşımlarını değiştirmektedir. Koruma devamlı, eş güdümlü ve programlı çalışmaları, önlem almayı (riskin oluşmasını kısıtlama), bakımı (yapının özeliklerini kontrol etme) ve restorasyonu (direkt müdahale) içeren bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Böylece planlı koruma bağlamında mevcut yapılar üzerine uygulanan hasarsız testlerin önemi vurgulanmalı ve yaygınlaşmalıdır. Türkiye gibi zengin tarihi yapı stokuna sahip ülkelerde, sınırlı sayıdaki uzmanlar ile tüm tarihi yapıların fiziksel durumunu değerlendirmek zordur. Öte yandan, bina stokunun fiziksel durumunu değerlendirmek ve detaylı teşhis çalışmaları yapmak bilinçli ve sürdürülebilir koruma açısından önemli bir durumdur. Yapının etkisi altında olduğu iç ve dış fiziksel çevre koşulları ve bunların yapı kabuğu ve elemanlarında yarattığı bozulmalar yapının strüktürü ve konfor koşullarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu bozulmalara neden olan etkenlerin yapının bu etkilere karşı davranışlarının sürekli takip edilmesi yapının yüksek risk altına girmesini engelleyerek yapılara bilinçsizce uygulanacak ağır müdahalelere gereksinimi ortadan kaldıracaktır. Gözlem altında uygulanan hasarsız test ile yapıların bu yüksek risk altına girmesi ve ağır müdahalelerin ortadan kalkması mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, 16. yüzyılda inşa edilmiş Kocaeli’nin önemli üç mimari mirası olan Pertev Paşa Camii, Gebze Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii ve Fevziye Camileri ele alınmıştır. Koruma kurulları tarafından tescilli olan üç camiye zarar verilmeden incelemelerde bulunulmuştur. Özgün yapım tarihleri 16. yüzyıla dayanan tüm yapıların seçimleri üç ölçüte dayanmaktadır. Pertev Paşa Camii ve Fevziye Camii birbirlerine olan yakın konumları nedeniyle aynı mikro iklimsel koşullar altında bulunmaktadır. Öte yandan Fevziye Camii birkaç kez rekonstrüksiyona uğradığı için malzeme ve yapı sistemi bakımından diğer camilerden ayrılmaktadır. Pertev Paşa Camii gibi malzeme, yapım sistemi ve mimari özellikler bakımından iyi korunmuş olan Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii ise diğerlerine göre başka yerde konumlanmaktadır. TÜBİTAK tarafından finanse edilen “Kocaeli Tarihi Cami Örnekleri Üzerinden Planlı Koruma Kapsamında Hasarsız Test Uygulamaları: Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii, Fevziye Camii ve Pertev Paşa Camii” başlıklı projenin sonuçları ve yöntemleri bu makalede tartışılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Üç camiye yerleştirilen veri kaydediciler ile iç ve dış ortam sıcaklık ve bağıl nem değerleri ölçülmüştür. Yapının bozulmalarını ve malzemenin mikro iklimsel koşullarını değerlendirmek için Kızılötesi Termal Kamera ve Ultrasonik Hız Testleri ile görsel ve nitel verileri elde edilmiştir. Böylece, yüksek iç ve dış çevre sıcaklık ve bağıl nem değerlerinin bulunmasıyla namaz vakitlerinde camilerde yoğuşma riski ortaya konmuştur. Kızılötesi kamera görselleri ile mevcut ve olası bozulmalar ile önceki müdahaleler bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, yapı kabuğu içindeki boşluklar ve yapı malzemelerinin nitel özellikleri testler ile ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
The cities can be described as dense multi-layered structures by focusing on what produced (built... more The cities can be described as dense multi-layered structures by focusing on what produced (built environment) on it (earth) and who produced (human being). They are formed by the cores of socio-cultural accumulation from different historical eras. The base of all the accumulations which is being alive beyond time is defined as nature. Therefore it is clearly seen that the base of thinking over a city vision through a nature is inevitable, because produced ones are constantly changing with respect to time and space, whereas the nature sustains over time and history. On the other hand, while cities have been transforming over the relations of production-consumption due to the neoliberal attacks since early 21 st century, the nature is nowadays reduced to physical sizes in various scales. In this paper, negative effects on daily life of city and nature are revealed through the built – produced elements in Izmit since 21 st century by focusing the fundamental elements (nature) of city having rich historical layers. Afterwards, the answers are sought for what kind of future is possible for Izmit with its all layers, especially its rich geography. Moreover, Izmit has a reputation of its wetland basin because it is located in the Gulf of Marmara Sea and Sapanca Lake is located on the east of city. In this context, the main objectives of this paper is to show how daily life of city disperse from the nature via philosophical discussions, to highlight the importance of participatory and collective approaches to city life and its stakeholders by looking towards city vision from local authorities view and to point out the essential signs belong to the future for the relations between society and nature of Izmit.
The construction of industrial buildings in Istanbul commenced during Ottoman Empire in 19th cent... more The construction of industrial buildings in Istanbul commenced during Ottoman Empire in 19th century and railway systems with the facilities were constructed in the scope of mobility of manufactures around the city afterwards spread into Anatolia. Railways, stations and subsidiary facilities were built by great significance during 19 th and 20 th century. In this research, Derince Traverse Injection Factory and Electric Power Building, the example of industrial heritage buildings are going to be analyzed in terms of structural safety for sustainability issues. These buildings have been abandoned due to economic developments, socio-politic influences, and health reasons. As a methodology, the damage assessment investigation done by direct investigations, infrared thermography and flat-jack test applications. Furthermore, the buildings Derince Traverse Injection Factory and Electric Power Building were analyzed with ISCARSAH principles by the help of SAP2000 analysis. Different load combinations including modal superposition (response spectrum analysis (RSA) and time history were defined in linear approach in order to analyze the structures globally in terms of deformation, internal stresses of structural elements and dynamic behavior. The program was used to assess the global dynamic behavior of the structures under the ground motions of Kocaeli earthquake occurred on 17 August 1999. The accelogram obtained from Strong Ground Motions Database of Turkey were introduced to the programs for the history – time analysis. The aim of this study is to find structural vulnerable parts of the structure considering preventive conservation approach. On the other hand, conservation issues are discussed under the integrated approach in post-earthquake damage assessment. The challenges for numeric analysis of historic buildings under strong ground motions and determination of mechanical properties are presented.
Monuments had been designed as prominent examples of social, cultural, economic and technological... more Monuments had been designed as prominent examples of social, cultural, economic and technological approaches of the era when they were constructed. They may have been undergone changes according to the requirements of present day. Historical mosques the original function have not changed in the course of time, which can be exposed to different intervention levels according to changing environmental conditions and demands. The buildings under the effect of interior and outside ambient environmental conditions, deteriorations on building envelope or single structural elements caused by physical environmental parameters and earthquake forces affect the structure and thermal comfort conditions in a negative way. Continuous monitoring of these actions by non-destructive tests prevents the structure to be at high risk due to decays and degradations. Early realization of anomalies puts an end to the heavy interventions on historical buildings. In this paper, the outcome and methods of the project 114K284, " Non-Destructive Test Applications, in the Context of Planned Conservation, through Historical Mosques of Kocaeli: Coban Mustafa Pasa Mosque, Fevziye Mosque and Pertev Pasa Mosque " funded by TUBITAK, are presented. Three monuments, constructed in 16th century are selected as case studies, located in different micro climatic conditions and/or exposed to different interventions. Monitoring of these monuments via non-destructive tests by dataloggers for internal temperature and relative humidity values; infrared thermography (IRT) and ultra-velocity test methods for the thermal and material characteristics of building envelope are conducted to detect the possible failure of historical mosques and to define thermal behaviour for the sustainability.
Summary In building energy analysis software, simplified model is required for the realization of... more Summary In building energy analysis software, simplified model is required for the realization of thermal and other analysis. Moreover during data input, simple assumptions are necessary to be done in order to reflect real conditions; to provide the optimum simplifications and to prevent loss of time. Therefore it becomes unavoidable for the users to choose the appropriate methods which can simplify the 3 - dimensional model considering the existing structure and environment in a proper way. Thermal zone characteristics of existing buildings are defined not only by interior conditions such as lighting, equipment load, the number of users, thermostat set points and comfort limits and fabric elements of flooring, walls and openings but also some parameters of volume configuration, users’ activities related to spaces, dimensions, and orientation of building. Thermal zoning is a challenging issue for the thermal analysis of existing buildings on the basis of modelling drawbacks. In this...
Industrialisation, started with Industrial Revolution in mid 18th century by the invention of mac... more Industrialisation, started with Industrial Revolution in mid 18th century by the invention of machines but advanced fast in early 19th century by establishing factories in large areas, has changed various aspects of life in terms of economy, architecture, design, and construction, rate of production, social life and politics. However one aspect, the nature, became very important in architecture field when there have been various and serious problems on four basic elements of planet: earth, air, water and fire. All these elements have been influenced badly after industrialisation period due to high demand for rapid and heavy construction regarding the all aspects above. Nowadays, in architecture it is inevitable to find a link between nature and construction, engineering and design to preserve the resources of life which can be called sustainability. This link is very essential in today's new architectural designs to sustain environment but it is more interesting and difficult to...
Considering cultural properties, historical monuments and civil architecture examples are very im... more Considering cultural properties, historical monuments and civil architecture examples are very important assets because not only they are the mirror of culture, but also conservation, structural strengthening and upgrading approaches of them are very complex and sensitive issue. Unlike designing new constructions, old buildings show some composite behavior because they require different and multidisciplinary approaches due to complex geometric data of historic buildings, difficulties in determining the material property of structures. Especially in earthquake prone zones, assessments of structures, acquisition of data and methods for diagnosis should be studied in the scope consolidation of historical buildings including listed and existing ones. General strengthening techniques cannot be standardized and applied blindly without having detailed knowledge of specific structures. On the other hand, Turkish Earthquake Code, issued in 2007, presents the part titled as “Appraisal and Con...
Adobe is comprised of earth, clay, water and straw that are mixed and sun-dried in molds. Adobe m... more Adobe is comprised of earth, clay, water and straw that are mixed and sun-dried in molds. Adobe material has ability to moderate temperature swings in buildings. Materials such as adobe with high thermal mass have long time lag and moderating effects to temperature swings. It stores high percentage of the heat that it absorbs during the day, keeping interior temperatures of the dwelling lower than outside mean temperature in hottest period. It emits the stored heat to interior at night when outside temperature is lower than interior temperature. Adobe encountered in rural architecture considerably due to its high availability, is known as a good insulator providing air circulation by diffusion. In this study thermal performance of hımış type construction, composed of timber- adobe components is evaluated for a traditional dwelling located in Kocaeli, having temperate- humid climatic conditions by energy analysis program which includes dynamic heat transfer models to define thermal b...
The arise of Modernism in the world, corresponds to a challenging period in Turkey, regarding the... more The arise of Modernism in the world, corresponds to a challenging period in Turkey, regarding the collapse of the Ottoman Empire for the establishment of Turkish Republic. Modernism pertains to a social and cultural revolution, making use of urban, functional and structural tools of architecture. People’s houses bear a significant role in the modernizing of the social life in the 1930’s via sustaining education in gender equality at newly designed public squares. Therefore, the conservation of the people’s houses should focus on the preservation of the cultural and social identity, along with the structure of the architectural work itself. Izmit People’s House, designed by a famous modernist architect of the Republic Era, Seyfi Arkan is selected as a case study. The building, since its establishment in 1940s, has undergone some changes rooting in the urban development, the rapid growth of the city and natural disasters influencing a social and cultural transformation. The current co...
People’s Houses which are the architectural heritage of a cultural development model in 1930’s ar... more People’s Houses which are the architectural heritage of a cultural development model in 1930’s are introduced; the current problems, conditions and functions of the public houses are presented. Three cases of function are observed on People’s houses: the case of utilizing the building for a purpose similar to the original function –namely public education centres-, re-functioning of the building for a separate purpose –such as art, finance or administration-, and the case of collapsed or demolished people’s houses. İzmit, Bursa and Erzurum People’s Houses are examined as case studies, in correspondence with the aforesaid categories with references to the architectural, urban, and cultural context along with the importance of preservation and sustainability of these buildings.
Vernacular architecture examples have been threatened by rapid changes due to both global and loc... more Vernacular architecture examples have been threatened by rapid changes due to both global and local unplanned urbanization policies. Demographic, social and environmental changes affect local construction techniques thus vernacular settlement units usually turn into abandoned and disfavoured spaces. However built heritage would sustain via rethinking of vernacular practices by technology, planned development and integrated conservation plan. Besides, conservation of built heritage and sustainability of those cultural assets need multi-disciplinary approach. In addition, energy efficiency and thermal performance of the existing structures especially recovering historical ones is challenging yet actual promising subject. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Law No.5627) in Turkey was published and the relevant regulation was issued on the Official Gazette No.27075 of December 5, 2008. The Turkish Ministry of Public Works and Settlement defines principles and standards for en...
Gölcük, located on the south coast of Marmara Sea, a district of Kocaeli Province, one of the sig... more Gölcük, located on the south coast of Marmara Sea, a district of Kocaeli Province, one of the significant areas where historic civil architecture meets actual opportunities and constraints peculiar to area, developed in the course of time. The issues including life after 1999 Izmit Earthquake; developments on industrial and agricultural activities; social and political changes of the town, shape the level of conservation for historical housings of Gölcük and their current use. Moreover, within the scope of Gölcük Vision 2023, collaboration between Gölcük Municipality; Gölcük City Council and Kocaeli University, systematic field survey by visual inspection and detailed inventory analysis were carried out in June – August 2011 covering 490 historical buildings of urban and rural parts of Gölcük including twenty villages and thirty neighborhoods. The forms developed during TUBA – TÜKSEK Urban Cultural Assets projects were used in this study. Preliminary analysis including urban, struct...
In Turkey, traditional wooden houses are historic minor buildings that ought to be preserved and ... more In Turkey, traditional wooden houses are historic minor buildings that ought to be preserved and renovated. To date, pre-20th century domestic architectures are only one per cent of the original 150,000 buildings [5]. Historic integrity of such artefacts is at risk. Urbanisation processes have caused the abandonment of timber-frame techniques. The tendency is to replace such houses with concrete buildings. Several surviving artefacts have been endangered by insects, humidity, demolitions, fire, lack of maintenance, etc. In recovering actions, different approaches have been used until now, but an unique codified approach still misses. Energy-efficiency recovering approach seems to be a challenging issue. Altering thermal performance of such buildings is not without risks. Older buildings need to be evaluated individually to assess the most suitable recovering action [4], but please consider that the risk of adopting several recovering approaches may cause historic-integrity loss of a vernacular manner. The paper aims at introducing alternative conservative scenarios for recovering Turkish wooden houses. Current recovering solutions – supported by a preliminary focus on possible wood types to be used – are presented. A case study was investigated. The paper is the starting point for a practical tool, valid for different addresses. It combines practical technology with energy behaviour of recovering alternatives, notwithstanding to consider legislative constraints.
International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP), 2020
The new political approaches followed after the establishment of
republic transformed the basic c... more The new political approaches followed after the establishment of republic transformed the basic characteristics of many different dynamics in Turkey ranging from education and industry to art and architecture. The arrangements related to health services hold an important place among these fields and the great transformations seen in healthcare services necessitated the construction of hospital buildings with contemporary architectural qualities. In this framework, new hospital buildings known as “Numune” (Sample) Hospitals were established in Ankara, Diyarbakır, Erzurum and Sivas cities in 1924 to be good examples for further hospital buildings. In this context, the historical evolutions, architectural characteristics and current situations of these Numune hospitals are examined in this study together with an analysis of all the changes and interventions they were exposed to from past to present. This study aims to clarify the historical importance of Numune hospitals in question, address the changes they have undergone to date, criticize the interventions in the context of architectural history and conservation disciplines, and put forward various suggestions related to such disciplines. The search of the ways to provide the interrelationship of these buildings with the rapidly evolving current world by referring to the contemporary methods of different disciplines, constitutes one other basic aim of this study. The applications of the public authority of health services; namely the - Ministry of Health- and the other efficient dynamics related with the conservation of these buildings are also critically evaluated with respect to their roles on the sustaining of the architectural and historial values of these buildings.
KOCAELİ TARİHİ CAMİ ÖRNEKLERİ ÜZERİNDEN PLANLI
KORUMA KAPSAMINDA HASARSIZ TEST UYGULAMALARI:
ÇOBA... more KOCAELİ TARİHİ CAMİ ÖRNEKLERİ ÜZERİNDEN PLANLI KORUMA KAPSAMINDA HASARSIZ TEST UYGULAMALARI: ÇOBAN MUSTAFA PAŞA CAMİİ, FEVZİYE CAMİİ VE PERTEV PAŞA CAMİİ Tüzükler, genel prensipler ve tarihi yapıların bakım ve onarım yöntemleri ile tarihi yapılar üzerine çalışmalara uluslararası literatürde rastlanmaktadır ve günümüz koşulları ile birlikte gelişen teknoloji, koruma yöntemlerini, teorilerini ve yaklaşımlarını değiştirmektedir. Koruma devamlı, eş güdümlü ve programlı çalışmaları, önlem almayı (riskin oluşmasını kısıtlama), bakımı (yapının özeliklerini kontrol etme) ve restorasyonu (direkt müdahale) içeren bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Böylece planlı koruma bağlamında mevcut yapılar üzerine uygulanan hasarsız testlerin önemi vurgulanmalı ve yaygınlaşmalıdır. Türkiye gibi zengin tarihi yapı stokuna sahip ülkelerde, sınırlı sayıdaki uzmanlar ile tüm tarihi yapıların fiziksel durumunu değerlendirmek zordur. Öte yandan, bina stokunun fiziksel durumunu değerlendirmek ve detaylı teşhis çalışmaları yapmak bilinçli ve sürdürülebilir koruma açısından önemli bir durumdur. Yapının etkisi altında olduğu iç ve dış fiziksel çevre koşulları ve bunların yapı kabuğu ve elemanlarında yarattığı bozulmalar yapının strüktürü ve konfor koşullarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu bozulmalara neden olan etkenlerin yapının bu etkilere karşı davranışlarının sürekli takip edilmesi yapının yüksek risk altına girmesini engelleyerek yapılara bilinçsizce uygulanacak ağır müdahalelere gereksinimi ortadan kaldıracaktır. Gözlem altında uygulanan hasarsız test ile yapıların bu yüksek risk altına girmesi ve ağır müdahalelerin ortadan kalkması mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, 16. yüzyılda inşa edilmiş Kocaeli’nin önemli üç mimari mirası olan Pertev Paşa Camii, Gebze Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii ve Fevziye Camileri ele alınmıştır. Koruma kurulları tarafından tescilli olan üç camiye zarar verilmeden incelemelerde bulunulmuştur. Özgün yapım tarihleri 16. yüzyıla dayanan tüm yapıların seçimleri üç ölçüte dayanmaktadır. Pertev Paşa Camii ve Fevziye Camii birbirlerine olan yakın konumları nedeniyle aynı mikro iklimsel koşullar altında bulunmaktadır. Öte yandan Fevziye Camii birkaç kez rekonstrüksiyona uğradığı için malzeme ve yapı sistemi bakımından diğer camilerden ayrılmaktadır. Pertev Paşa Camii gibi malzeme, yapım sistemi ve mimari özellikler bakımından iyi korunmuş olan Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii ise diğerlerine göre başka yerde konumlanmaktadır. TÜBİTAK tarafından finanse edilen “Kocaeli Tarihi Cami Örnekleri Üzerinden Planlı Koruma Kapsamında Hasarsız Test Uygulamaları: Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii, Fevziye Camii ve Pertev Paşa Camii” başlıklı projenin sonuçları ve yöntemleri bu makalede tartışılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Üç camiye yerleştirilen veri kaydediciler ile iç ve dış ortam sıcaklık ve bağıl nem değerleri ölçülmüştür. Yapının bozulmalarını ve malzemenin mikro iklimsel koşullarını değerlendirmek için Kızılötesi Termal Kamera ve Ultrasonik Hız Testleri ile görsel ve nitel verileri elde edilmiştir. Böylece, yüksek iç ve dış çevre sıcaklık ve bağıl nem değerlerinin bulunmasıyla namaz vakitlerinde camilerde yoğuşma riski ortaya konmuştur. Kızılötesi kamera görselleri ile mevcut ve olası bozulmalar ile önceki müdahaleler bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, yapı kabuğu içindeki boşluklar ve yapı malzemelerinin nitel özellikleri testler ile ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
The cities can be described as dense multi-layered structures by focusing on what produced (built... more The cities can be described as dense multi-layered structures by focusing on what produced (built environment) on it (earth) and who produced (human being). They are formed by the cores of socio-cultural accumulation from different historical eras. The base of all the accumulations which is being alive beyond time is defined as nature. Therefore it is clearly seen that the base of thinking over a city vision through a nature is inevitable, because produced ones are constantly changing with respect to time and space, whereas the nature sustains over time and history. On the other hand, while cities have been transforming over the relations of production-consumption due to the neoliberal attacks since early 21 st century, the nature is nowadays reduced to physical sizes in various scales. In this paper, negative effects on daily life of city and nature are revealed through the built – produced elements in Izmit since 21 st century by focusing the fundamental elements (nature) of city having rich historical layers. Afterwards, the answers are sought for what kind of future is possible for Izmit with its all layers, especially its rich geography. Moreover, Izmit has a reputation of its wetland basin because it is located in the Gulf of Marmara Sea and Sapanca Lake is located on the east of city. In this context, the main objectives of this paper is to show how daily life of city disperse from the nature via philosophical discussions, to highlight the importance of participatory and collective approaches to city life and its stakeholders by looking towards city vision from local authorities view and to point out the essential signs belong to the future for the relations between society and nature of Izmit.
The construction of industrial buildings in Istanbul commenced during Ottoman Empire in 19th cent... more The construction of industrial buildings in Istanbul commenced during Ottoman Empire in 19th century and railway systems with the facilities were constructed in the scope of mobility of manufactures around the city afterwards spread into Anatolia. Railways, stations and subsidiary facilities were built by great significance during 19 th and 20 th century. In this research, Derince Traverse Injection Factory and Electric Power Building, the example of industrial heritage buildings are going to be analyzed in terms of structural safety for sustainability issues. These buildings have been abandoned due to economic developments, socio-politic influences, and health reasons. As a methodology, the damage assessment investigation done by direct investigations, infrared thermography and flat-jack test applications. Furthermore, the buildings Derince Traverse Injection Factory and Electric Power Building were analyzed with ISCARSAH principles by the help of SAP2000 analysis. Different load combinations including modal superposition (response spectrum analysis (RSA) and time history were defined in linear approach in order to analyze the structures globally in terms of deformation, internal stresses of structural elements and dynamic behavior. The program was used to assess the global dynamic behavior of the structures under the ground motions of Kocaeli earthquake occurred on 17 August 1999. The accelogram obtained from Strong Ground Motions Database of Turkey were introduced to the programs for the history – time analysis. The aim of this study is to find structural vulnerable parts of the structure considering preventive conservation approach. On the other hand, conservation issues are discussed under the integrated approach in post-earthquake damage assessment. The challenges for numeric analysis of historic buildings under strong ground motions and determination of mechanical properties are presented.
Monuments had been designed as prominent examples of social, cultural, economic and technological... more Monuments had been designed as prominent examples of social, cultural, economic and technological approaches of the era when they were constructed. They may have been undergone changes according to the requirements of present day. Historical mosques the original function have not changed in the course of time, which can be exposed to different intervention levels according to changing environmental conditions and demands. The buildings under the effect of interior and outside ambient environmental conditions, deteriorations on building envelope or single structural elements caused by physical environmental parameters and earthquake forces affect the structure and thermal comfort conditions in a negative way. Continuous monitoring of these actions by non-destructive tests prevents the structure to be at high risk due to decays and degradations. Early realization of anomalies puts an end to the heavy interventions on historical buildings. In this paper, the outcome and methods of the project 114K284, " Non-Destructive Test Applications, in the Context of Planned Conservation, through Historical Mosques of Kocaeli: Coban Mustafa Pasa Mosque, Fevziye Mosque and Pertev Pasa Mosque " funded by TUBITAK, are presented. Three monuments, constructed in 16th century are selected as case studies, located in different micro climatic conditions and/or exposed to different interventions. Monitoring of these monuments via non-destructive tests by dataloggers for internal temperature and relative humidity values; infrared thermography (IRT) and ultra-velocity test methods for the thermal and material characteristics of building envelope are conducted to detect the possible failure of historical mosques and to define thermal behaviour for the sustainability.
Summary In building energy analysis software, simplified model is required for the realization of... more Summary In building energy analysis software, simplified model is required for the realization of thermal and other analysis. Moreover during data input, simple assumptions are necessary to be done in order to reflect real conditions; to provide the optimum simplifications and to prevent loss of time. Therefore it becomes unavoidable for the users to choose the appropriate methods which can simplify the 3 - dimensional model considering the existing structure and environment in a proper way. Thermal zone characteristics of existing buildings are defined not only by interior conditions such as lighting, equipment load, the number of users, thermostat set points and comfort limits and fabric elements of flooring, walls and openings but also some parameters of volume configuration, users’ activities related to spaces, dimensions, and orientation of building. Thermal zoning is a challenging issue for the thermal analysis of existing buildings on the basis of modelling drawbacks. In this...
Industrialisation, started with Industrial Revolution in mid 18th century by the invention of mac... more Industrialisation, started with Industrial Revolution in mid 18th century by the invention of machines but advanced fast in early 19th century by establishing factories in large areas, has changed various aspects of life in terms of economy, architecture, design, and construction, rate of production, social life and politics. However one aspect, the nature, became very important in architecture field when there have been various and serious problems on four basic elements of planet: earth, air, water and fire. All these elements have been influenced badly after industrialisation period due to high demand for rapid and heavy construction regarding the all aspects above. Nowadays, in architecture it is inevitable to find a link between nature and construction, engineering and design to preserve the resources of life which can be called sustainability. This link is very essential in today's new architectural designs to sustain environment but it is more interesting and difficult to...
Considering cultural properties, historical monuments and civil architecture examples are very im... more Considering cultural properties, historical monuments and civil architecture examples are very important assets because not only they are the mirror of culture, but also conservation, structural strengthening and upgrading approaches of them are very complex and sensitive issue. Unlike designing new constructions, old buildings show some composite behavior because they require different and multidisciplinary approaches due to complex geometric data of historic buildings, difficulties in determining the material property of structures. Especially in earthquake prone zones, assessments of structures, acquisition of data and methods for diagnosis should be studied in the scope consolidation of historical buildings including listed and existing ones. General strengthening techniques cannot be standardized and applied blindly without having detailed knowledge of specific structures. On the other hand, Turkish Earthquake Code, issued in 2007, presents the part titled as “Appraisal and Con...
Adobe is comprised of earth, clay, water and straw that are mixed and sun-dried in molds. Adobe m... more Adobe is comprised of earth, clay, water and straw that are mixed and sun-dried in molds. Adobe material has ability to moderate temperature swings in buildings. Materials such as adobe with high thermal mass have long time lag and moderating effects to temperature swings. It stores high percentage of the heat that it absorbs during the day, keeping interior temperatures of the dwelling lower than outside mean temperature in hottest period. It emits the stored heat to interior at night when outside temperature is lower than interior temperature. Adobe encountered in rural architecture considerably due to its high availability, is known as a good insulator providing air circulation by diffusion. In this study thermal performance of hımış type construction, composed of timber- adobe components is evaluated for a traditional dwelling located in Kocaeli, having temperate- humid climatic conditions by energy analysis program which includes dynamic heat transfer models to define thermal b...
The arise of Modernism in the world, corresponds to a challenging period in Turkey, regarding the... more The arise of Modernism in the world, corresponds to a challenging period in Turkey, regarding the collapse of the Ottoman Empire for the establishment of Turkish Republic. Modernism pertains to a social and cultural revolution, making use of urban, functional and structural tools of architecture. People’s houses bear a significant role in the modernizing of the social life in the 1930’s via sustaining education in gender equality at newly designed public squares. Therefore, the conservation of the people’s houses should focus on the preservation of the cultural and social identity, along with the structure of the architectural work itself. Izmit People’s House, designed by a famous modernist architect of the Republic Era, Seyfi Arkan is selected as a case study. The building, since its establishment in 1940s, has undergone some changes rooting in the urban development, the rapid growth of the city and natural disasters influencing a social and cultural transformation. The current co...
People’s Houses which are the architectural heritage of a cultural development model in 1930’s ar... more People’s Houses which are the architectural heritage of a cultural development model in 1930’s are introduced; the current problems, conditions and functions of the public houses are presented. Three cases of function are observed on People’s houses: the case of utilizing the building for a purpose similar to the original function –namely public education centres-, re-functioning of the building for a separate purpose –such as art, finance or administration-, and the case of collapsed or demolished people’s houses. İzmit, Bursa and Erzurum People’s Houses are examined as case studies, in correspondence with the aforesaid categories with references to the architectural, urban, and cultural context along with the importance of preservation and sustainability of these buildings.
Vernacular architecture examples have been threatened by rapid changes due to both global and loc... more Vernacular architecture examples have been threatened by rapid changes due to both global and local unplanned urbanization policies. Demographic, social and environmental changes affect local construction techniques thus vernacular settlement units usually turn into abandoned and disfavoured spaces. However built heritage would sustain via rethinking of vernacular practices by technology, planned development and integrated conservation plan. Besides, conservation of built heritage and sustainability of those cultural assets need multi-disciplinary approach. In addition, energy efficiency and thermal performance of the existing structures especially recovering historical ones is challenging yet actual promising subject. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Law No.5627) in Turkey was published and the relevant regulation was issued on the Official Gazette No.27075 of December 5, 2008. The Turkish Ministry of Public Works and Settlement defines principles and standards for en...
Gölcük, located on the south coast of Marmara Sea, a district of Kocaeli Province, one of the sig... more Gölcük, located on the south coast of Marmara Sea, a district of Kocaeli Province, one of the significant areas where historic civil architecture meets actual opportunities and constraints peculiar to area, developed in the course of time. The issues including life after 1999 Izmit Earthquake; developments on industrial and agricultural activities; social and political changes of the town, shape the level of conservation for historical housings of Gölcük and their current use. Moreover, within the scope of Gölcük Vision 2023, collaboration between Gölcük Municipality; Gölcük City Council and Kocaeli University, systematic field survey by visual inspection and detailed inventory analysis were carried out in June – August 2011 covering 490 historical buildings of urban and rural parts of Gölcük including twenty villages and thirty neighborhoods. The forms developed during TUBA – TÜKSEK Urban Cultural Assets projects were used in this study. Preliminary analysis including urban, struct...
In Turkey, traditional wooden houses are historic minor buildings that ought to be preserved and ... more In Turkey, traditional wooden houses are historic minor buildings that ought to be preserved and renovated. To date, pre-20th century domestic architectures are only one per cent of the original 150,000 buildings [5]. Historic integrity of such artefacts is at risk. Urbanisation processes have caused the abandonment of timber-frame techniques. The tendency is to replace such houses with concrete buildings. Several surviving artefacts have been endangered by insects, humidity, demolitions, fire, lack of maintenance, etc. In recovering actions, different approaches have been used until now, but an unique codified approach still misses. Energy-efficiency recovering approach seems to be a challenging issue. Altering thermal performance of such buildings is not without risks. Older buildings need to be evaluated individually to assess the most suitable recovering action [4], but please consider that the risk of adopting several recovering approaches may cause historic-integrity loss of a vernacular manner. The paper aims at introducing alternative conservative scenarios for recovering Turkish wooden houses. Current recovering solutions – supported by a preliminary focus on possible wood types to be used – are presented. A case study was investigated. The paper is the starting point for a practical tool, valid for different addresses. It combines practical technology with energy behaviour of recovering alternatives, notwithstanding to consider legislative constraints.
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republic transformed the basic characteristics of many different
dynamics in Turkey ranging from education and industry to art and
architecture. The arrangements related to health services hold an
important place among these fields and the great transformations seen
in healthcare services necessitated the construction of hospital
buildings with contemporary architectural qualities. In this framework,
new hospital buildings known as “Numune” (Sample) Hospitals were
established in Ankara, Diyarbakır, Erzurum and Sivas cities in 1924 to
be good examples for further hospital buildings. In this context, the
historical evolutions, architectural characteristics and current
situations of these Numune hospitals are examined in this study
together with an analysis of all the changes and interventions they were
exposed to from past to present. This study aims to clarify the historical
importance of Numune hospitals in question, address the changes they
have undergone to date, criticize the interventions in the context of
architectural history and conservation disciplines, and put forward
various suggestions related to such disciplines. The search of the ways
to provide the interrelationship of these buildings with the rapidly
evolving current world by referring to the contemporary methods of different disciplines, constitutes one other basic aim of this study. The
applications of the public authority of health services; namely the -
Ministry of Health- and the other efficient dynamics related with the
conservation of these buildings are also critically evaluated with
respect to their roles on the sustaining of the architectural and historial
values of these buildings.
KORUMA KAPSAMINDA HASARSIZ TEST UYGULAMALARI:
ÇOBAN MUSTAFA PAŞA CAMİİ, FEVZİYE CAMİİ VE PERTEV PAŞA
CAMİİ
Tüzükler, genel prensipler ve tarihi yapıların bakım ve onarım
yöntemleri ile tarihi yapılar üzerine çalışmalara uluslararası literatürde
rastlanmaktadır ve günümüz koşulları ile birlikte gelişen teknoloji,
koruma yöntemlerini, teorilerini ve yaklaşımlarını değiştirmektedir.
Koruma devamlı, eş güdümlü ve programlı çalışmaları, önlem almayı
(riskin oluşmasını kısıtlama), bakımı (yapının özeliklerini kontrol etme) ve
restorasyonu (direkt müdahale) içeren bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır.
Böylece planlı koruma bağlamında mevcut yapılar üzerine uygulanan
hasarsız testlerin önemi vurgulanmalı ve yaygınlaşmalıdır. Türkiye gibi
zengin tarihi yapı stokuna sahip ülkelerde, sınırlı sayıdaki uzmanlar
ile tüm tarihi yapıların fiziksel durumunu değerlendirmek zordur. Öte
yandan, bina stokunun fiziksel durumunu değerlendirmek ve detaylı
teşhis çalışmaları yapmak bilinçli ve sürdürülebilir koruma açısından
önemli bir durumdur. Yapının etkisi altında olduğu iç ve dış fiziksel çevre
koşulları ve bunların yapı kabuğu ve elemanlarında yarattığı bozulmalar
yapının strüktürü ve konfor koşullarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu bozulmalara neden olan etkenlerin yapının bu etkilere karşı davranışlarının
sürekli takip edilmesi yapının yüksek risk altına girmesini engelleyerek
yapılara bilinçsizce uygulanacak ağır müdahalelere gereksinimi ortadan
kaldıracaktır. Gözlem altında uygulanan hasarsız test ile yapıların
bu yüksek risk altına girmesi ve ağır müdahalelerin ortadan kalkması
mümkündür.
Bu çalışmada, 16. yüzyılda inşa edilmiş Kocaeli’nin önemli üç mimari
mirası olan Pertev Paşa Camii, Gebze Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii ve
Fevziye Camileri ele alınmıştır. Koruma kurulları tarafından tescilli
olan üç camiye zarar verilmeden incelemelerde bulunulmuştur. Özgün
yapım tarihleri 16. yüzyıla dayanan tüm yapıların seçimleri üç ölçüte
dayanmaktadır. Pertev Paşa Camii ve Fevziye Camii birbirlerine olan yakın
konumları nedeniyle aynı mikro iklimsel koşullar altında bulunmaktadır.
Öte yandan Fevziye Camii birkaç kez rekonstrüksiyona uğradığı için
malzeme ve yapı sistemi bakımından diğer camilerden ayrılmaktadır.
Pertev Paşa Camii gibi malzeme, yapım sistemi ve mimari özellikler
bakımından iyi korunmuş olan Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii ise diğerlerine
göre başka yerde konumlanmaktadır.
TÜBİTAK tarafından finanse edilen “Kocaeli Tarihi Cami Örnekleri
Üzerinden Planlı Koruma Kapsamında Hasarsız Test Uygulamaları: Çoban
Mustafa Paşa Camii, Fevziye Camii ve Pertev Paşa Camii” başlıklı projenin
sonuçları ve yöntemleri bu makalede tartışılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Üç
camiye yerleştirilen veri kaydediciler ile iç ve dış ortam sıcaklık ve bağıl
nem değerleri ölçülmüştür. Yapının bozulmalarını ve malzemenin mikro
iklimsel koşullarını değerlendirmek için Kızılötesi Termal Kamera ve
Ultrasonik Hız Testleri ile görsel ve nitel verileri elde edilmiştir. Böylece,
yüksek iç ve dış çevre sıcaklık ve bağıl nem değerlerinin bulunmasıyla
namaz vakitlerinde camilerde yoğuşma riski ortaya konmuştur.
Kızılötesi kamera görselleri ile mevcut ve olası bozulmalar ile önceki
müdahaleler bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, yapı kabuğu içindeki boşluklar ve yapı
malzemelerinin nitel özellikleri testler ile ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
republic transformed the basic characteristics of many different
dynamics in Turkey ranging from education and industry to art and
architecture. The arrangements related to health services hold an
important place among these fields and the great transformations seen
in healthcare services necessitated the construction of hospital
buildings with contemporary architectural qualities. In this framework,
new hospital buildings known as “Numune” (Sample) Hospitals were
established in Ankara, Diyarbakır, Erzurum and Sivas cities in 1924 to
be good examples for further hospital buildings. In this context, the
historical evolutions, architectural characteristics and current
situations of these Numune hospitals are examined in this study
together with an analysis of all the changes and interventions they were
exposed to from past to present. This study aims to clarify the historical
importance of Numune hospitals in question, address the changes they
have undergone to date, criticize the interventions in the context of
architectural history and conservation disciplines, and put forward
various suggestions related to such disciplines. The search of the ways
to provide the interrelationship of these buildings with the rapidly
evolving current world by referring to the contemporary methods of different disciplines, constitutes one other basic aim of this study. The
applications of the public authority of health services; namely the -
Ministry of Health- and the other efficient dynamics related with the
conservation of these buildings are also critically evaluated with
respect to their roles on the sustaining of the architectural and historial
values of these buildings.
KORUMA KAPSAMINDA HASARSIZ TEST UYGULAMALARI:
ÇOBAN MUSTAFA PAŞA CAMİİ, FEVZİYE CAMİİ VE PERTEV PAŞA
CAMİİ
Tüzükler, genel prensipler ve tarihi yapıların bakım ve onarım
yöntemleri ile tarihi yapılar üzerine çalışmalara uluslararası literatürde
rastlanmaktadır ve günümüz koşulları ile birlikte gelişen teknoloji,
koruma yöntemlerini, teorilerini ve yaklaşımlarını değiştirmektedir.
Koruma devamlı, eş güdümlü ve programlı çalışmaları, önlem almayı
(riskin oluşmasını kısıtlama), bakımı (yapının özeliklerini kontrol etme) ve
restorasyonu (direkt müdahale) içeren bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır.
Böylece planlı koruma bağlamında mevcut yapılar üzerine uygulanan
hasarsız testlerin önemi vurgulanmalı ve yaygınlaşmalıdır. Türkiye gibi
zengin tarihi yapı stokuna sahip ülkelerde, sınırlı sayıdaki uzmanlar
ile tüm tarihi yapıların fiziksel durumunu değerlendirmek zordur. Öte
yandan, bina stokunun fiziksel durumunu değerlendirmek ve detaylı
teşhis çalışmaları yapmak bilinçli ve sürdürülebilir koruma açısından
önemli bir durumdur. Yapının etkisi altında olduğu iç ve dış fiziksel çevre
koşulları ve bunların yapı kabuğu ve elemanlarında yarattığı bozulmalar
yapının strüktürü ve konfor koşullarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu bozulmalara neden olan etkenlerin yapının bu etkilere karşı davranışlarının
sürekli takip edilmesi yapının yüksek risk altına girmesini engelleyerek
yapılara bilinçsizce uygulanacak ağır müdahalelere gereksinimi ortadan
kaldıracaktır. Gözlem altında uygulanan hasarsız test ile yapıların
bu yüksek risk altına girmesi ve ağır müdahalelerin ortadan kalkması
mümkündür.
Bu çalışmada, 16. yüzyılda inşa edilmiş Kocaeli’nin önemli üç mimari
mirası olan Pertev Paşa Camii, Gebze Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii ve
Fevziye Camileri ele alınmıştır. Koruma kurulları tarafından tescilli
olan üç camiye zarar verilmeden incelemelerde bulunulmuştur. Özgün
yapım tarihleri 16. yüzyıla dayanan tüm yapıların seçimleri üç ölçüte
dayanmaktadır. Pertev Paşa Camii ve Fevziye Camii birbirlerine olan yakın
konumları nedeniyle aynı mikro iklimsel koşullar altında bulunmaktadır.
Öte yandan Fevziye Camii birkaç kez rekonstrüksiyona uğradığı için
malzeme ve yapı sistemi bakımından diğer camilerden ayrılmaktadır.
Pertev Paşa Camii gibi malzeme, yapım sistemi ve mimari özellikler
bakımından iyi korunmuş olan Çoban Mustafa Paşa Camii ise diğerlerine
göre başka yerde konumlanmaktadır.
TÜBİTAK tarafından finanse edilen “Kocaeli Tarihi Cami Örnekleri
Üzerinden Planlı Koruma Kapsamında Hasarsız Test Uygulamaları: Çoban
Mustafa Paşa Camii, Fevziye Camii ve Pertev Paşa Camii” başlıklı projenin
sonuçları ve yöntemleri bu makalede tartışılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Üç
camiye yerleştirilen veri kaydediciler ile iç ve dış ortam sıcaklık ve bağıl
nem değerleri ölçülmüştür. Yapının bozulmalarını ve malzemenin mikro
iklimsel koşullarını değerlendirmek için Kızılötesi Termal Kamera ve
Ultrasonik Hız Testleri ile görsel ve nitel verileri elde edilmiştir. Böylece,
yüksek iç ve dış çevre sıcaklık ve bağıl nem değerlerinin bulunmasıyla
namaz vakitlerinde camilerde yoğuşma riski ortaya konmuştur.
Kızılötesi kamera görselleri ile mevcut ve olası bozulmalar ile önceki
müdahaleler bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, yapı kabuğu içindeki boşluklar ve yapı
malzemelerinin nitel özellikleri testler ile ortaya çıkarılmıştır.