Interpersonal relationships are often problematic, and it was no different in the past. The aim o... more Interpersonal relationships are often problematic, and it was no different in the past. The aim of our study is the analysis of the dispute that broke out between Nicholas de Oradea, provincial of the Augustinian order, and friar Nicholas de Frusten, later bishop of Belgrade. It seems that the local conflict, thanks to an appeal, reached the prior general of the Augustinians, Gregor de Rimini, who sent several visitators and a vicar to Hungary. In the Hungarian province, the dispute caused great tension, which led to the imprisonment of the visitors and the escape of Nicholas de Frusten to Vienna. The conflict apparently intensified at the extraordinary provincial chapter of the Hungarian Augustinians, which was held sometime between April and July 1358, where the provincial prior could also be dismissed. The conflict was also an example of the use of medieval religious law and its application in practice. Despite the strictly hierarchical system, the Hungarian province probably had a large degree of autonomy, and the prior general was unable to depose the provincial. Like most disputes, this one was eventually settled and both personalities continued to work in Hungary in the following period. They gradually disappear from our information. We will be interested in what the cause of the conflict was, how the dispute proceeded and finally how the whole matter was resolved. How did the prior general of the Augustinian order use his options to settle the dispute? How did the religious visitators work? At the same time, I will ask myself whether the dispute was part of the initial reform of the religious life of the Augustinians.
Rozvoj urbánnej kultúry/Development of Urban Culture, 2021
Begging orders were created mainly for the purpose of pastoral care of urban communities. Their r... more Begging orders were created mainly for the purpose of pastoral care of urban communities. Their role was also social work with the poor in urban society. The aim of this text is the study of the impact of mendicants in the environment of the medieval towns of Hungary. We will focus on the influence of begging orders on the formation of urban identity in the Middle Ages. We will concentrate on the entire territory of Hungary with the specific interest to the territory of today’s Slovakia. We will explain in particular the orders of the Dominicans, Franciscans and Augustinians. We are trying to solve a problem, such as: what was the relationship of the urban community to the monasteries of begging orders? What was the influence of the merchants on the development of medieval cities?
The arrival of mendicant orders into the environment of medieval towns is a complex issue compoun... more The arrival of mendicant orders into the environment of medieval towns is a complex issue compounded by a lack of relevant written sources in the Kingdom of Hungary. Solving hypotheses is therefore challenging. What cities did the mendicants choose? What was important when choosing the location for a new monastery? However, even fragments of information can be of use when solving some problems related to the establishment of mendicant monasteries. Both the direct and the comparative method will be used to look into the issue of choosing locations for the monasteries. The goal will be to attempt to clarify the strategy and ways of introducing mendicant orders into the environment of the medieval towns of the Kingdom of Hungary, with special focus on the territory of contemporary Slovakia, using all available sources. In the Middle Ages, the territory of contemporary Slovakia hosted five Dominican, about seventeen Franciscan, four Augustinian and two Carmelite monasteries. Franciscan dominance is clearly visible. They also established two convents (The Order of Saint Clare) in Trnava and Bratislava. Was this predominance coincidental or did it reflect the situation in all of the Kingdom of Hungary? A mendicant order with a certain peculiarity was the Augustinians, who were originally formed by merging hermit orders, which probably manifested itself in the establishment of the monastery in Veľký Šariš, where the original order of Williamites settled after 1256. It is also illustrated by the location of the monastery in Sátoraljaújhely. A point of interest is also the issue of mendicant monasteries in village environments, such as Hrabkov or Slovenská Ľupča. The strategy of mendicants penetrating into already established cities was a relatively complicated issue. In commercial and mining towns, pastoral activity played an important role, disrupting the usual culture with the dominant position of the town priest. But there were also attempts at civic activity, for example being involved in city hospitals.
The author in his contribution treats the question of late medieval armour. His attention is poin... more The author in his contribution treats the question of late medieval armour. His attention is pointed to the fighter’s head protection which consisted of helmet type Sallet in the second part of 15th century. There are many iconographic sights which point at the popularity of this helmet. The oldest image comes from the period of 1427 where is pictured the soldier with early image of this helmet. One the Boards from Hlohovec there is even picture burgund type. The biggest numbers of iconographic sight come from board altars and grave plates. These can be found mainly in Spiš region. There are of Imrich and Stefan of Zápoľský from Spišská Kapitula. Except that there are three helmets of this type in two Slovak museums. These helmets are quite interesting because they comprise wide spectrum of subtypes. One of them even contains armour mark which is not easily legible and nowadays it is difficult to state to whom it may concern. The material is compared by the author to well−preserved sources in the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. The work should contribute to knowledge of material culture of late medieval period in Slovakia.
Inter arma silent musae - zbrane v dejinách ľudstva, 2006
History of Ugrian military in middle ages is marked by dominant state of cavalry, which kept its ... more History of Ugrian military in middle ages is marked by dominant state of cavalry, which kept its state also in the next period. This kind of army was however differentiated from inside which was visible mainly in the 14th century. It consisted of heavy cavalry which represented minority and of easy cavalry which dominated. At the same time is the 14th century period in which armour got into armaments of wider groups of Ugrian wariers. The dominant part of army stays easy cavalry. This kept its position during the whole period of middle ages as well as in the next centuries. The 14th century is the breaking period for the development of armaments.in which mail is gradually completed with parts which strenghten its cover. They are mainly different tinny and leather shelters of hinges and other parts of human body. This development was completed in 20s of the 15th century when complete tinny armaments started to be produced in North Italy. Our work concentrates mainly on this breaking period and tries to follow the changes which happened in Ugrian army in the 14th and 15th century. For this purpose we used written sources which are in Hungary quite humble what on the other hand reflects representation protective cloth in armaments. This work is completed also by iknographic sources which are represented in bigger amount which is the reason of abundant representation in Slovakia.
Rytierstvo - element v živote stredovekého človeka, 2005
The aim of our thesis (article) is to introduce a picture of medieval chivalry in Hungary and it... more The aim of our thesis (article) is to introduce a picture of medieval chivalry in Hungary and its reflection in sacral visual arts. The topic is partly dedicated to the specific regions, however, it does not avoid exploration of wider space. In spite of the fact that knightage started to be formed in the 12th century, it gained a bigger importance in Hungary no sooner than in the 14th century which resulted into the creation of a big amount of art painting, mainly in the field of sacral art. Subject-matters can be divided into the several groups. The first group includes saints of regional and multi regional importance who were connected to chivalrous ideals and they were presented as knights. In some way they represented ideal of christian warrior of this time – miles Christi. Here we can find st. Juraj, st. Florian but mainly st. Štefan, st. Ladislav and st. Imrich. The most popular in Hungary in this time was st Ladislav. His life resulted into the creation of so called Ladislav legend. It takes a portrait of one episode in his life in which he met in a battle with pagan Kumán who kidnapped a Hungarian girl. A big fight started in which Ladislav with the help of the girl killed pagan. Paintings depicting the battle between Ladislav and Kumán can be found in many Slovak churches but also in churches in Hungary, Romania or Slovenia. Another theme where chivalrous sacramentality can be found is a figure of st. Longin, centurion, who was standing under the cross of Jesus Christ. For example king Zigmunt of Luxemburg (1387-1437) was depicted as this character. The last group is represented by figural sepucral monuments which often appeared mainly at the end of the 15th century. They depict representatives of significant Hungarian aristocratic families who let themselves depict as knights with rich chivalrous sacramentality.
Holiness was of great importance to medieval society. It was the goal of the earthly life of many... more Holiness was of great importance to medieval society. It was the goal of the earthly life of many people, among whom should be included members of religious orders. Many saints who influenced the masses with their lives came from the mendicant orders. The Kingdom of Hungary is no exception and in its medieval history such mendicant orders boasted a number of personalities who were ascribed holiness and sainthood. In addition to St. Elizabeth and St. Margaret there were other lesser-known saints who came from or lived in the Kingdom of Hungary. The Augustinians too were a mendicant order. Information about three such saints come from this medieval Kingdom of Hungary. This paper aims to analyse the fates of these three figures, about whose life in the order there is only brief information. The paper will focus in detail on the life of St. Vitus of Pannonia, who was one of the most important Augustinian order saints in the Kingdom of Hungary. In addition to St. Vitus of Pannonia, brief information about two others has survived, namely St. Sebaldus the Confessor and Blessed Francis Hungarus. This paper will try to find answers to basic questions, such as whether these personalities even existed, when they lived and what was their life story. I will also try to summarize the available information about some of the other saints in order to illustrate how the order presented itself through personalities who were able to influence the general public's opinion at the time. The study will have two parts: the first one, which will outline basic information about the saints from the Kingdom of Hungary, and the second one, which will focus on the Kingdom of Hungary saints who belonged to the Augustinian order. Stredoveké mestá boli charakteristické dynamickými vnútornými procesmi, ktoré vytvárali odlišnú atmosféru od rurálneho prostredia, a to po stránke hospodárskej, vzdelanostnej aj náboženskej. Na túto dynamiku tradičné cirkevné inštitúcie ako napr. mníšske rehole (benediktíni alebo cisterciti) v podstate reagovali len veľmi ťažko alebo vôbec. Svetský klérus bol na tom o niečo lepšie, no bez adekvátneho vzdelania i mestskí plebani len veľmi pomaly hľadali cestu k interakcii s mestskými komuni-tami. Voľný priestor chýbajúcej a nedostatočnej pastorácie preto vypĺňali rôzne sku-piny, ktoré sa pohybovali v širokom názorovom spektre od heterodoxie po ortodo-* Táto štúdia bola podporená z grantového projektu Ministerstva školstva SR VEGA č.
The presented study focuses on the attitude of Hungarian Augustinians towards the ownership of mo... more The presented study focuses on the attitude of Hungarian Augustinians towards the ownership of movable and immovable property in the Middle Ages. The issue is examined using the example of four monasteries of this order, which were located in present-day Slovakia. These monasteries in Veľký Šariš, Hrabkov, Bardejov and Spišský Podhradie belonged to the so-called Spiš District. Its existence and significance are also examined. All these Augustinian monasteries owned property in some form (from the ownership of entire villages or houses, to money and cattle). Since poverty was supposed to be a typical feature of mendicants, the attitude of the medieval Augustinian order towards property in its various forms makes a compelling focal research question of this study.
Vplyv reformácie na augustiniánske kláštory na území dnešného Slovenska = The Influence of the Reformation in Augustinians monasteries in the territory of todays Slovakia, 2018
Augustinian religious reform, which spread in Europe from the end of the 14th century in a relati... more Augustinian religious reform, which spread in Europe from the end of the 14th century in a relatively rigorous manner, partially avoided Hungary. Local monasteries adhered to their older principles and conservatism. However, the pressure from the monastery centre gradually increased, causing tension in mutual relations. The beginning of the 16th century marked the gradual beginnings of reform in the Kingdom of Hungary too. This manifested itself in an increase in the number of monks who went to study in Italy, and in the division of the Hungarian province into districts, headed by vicars. The greatest problem of the province, however, was the low number of monks in the monasteries. The priors were encouraged to accept novices, but with little success. The lack of monks caused many problems, such as a neglecting of regular worship or dilapidation of objects. The lack of funds for the survival of the monasteries was also caused by the change in the character of the piety of the people who, rather than investing their means into funding the monasteries, funded religious fraternities. It seems that all four Augustinian monasteries that were on the territory of today’s Slovakia were in bad shape on the eve of the beginning of the Reformation. In Bardejov in particulars, reports were made about the problems of the local religious community. Therefore, the monastery in the city, which was struck by the Reformation very early on, was not able to maintain a long-term existence, mainly because the city council (a patron managing the monastic property), was taken over by the Protestants. The other three monasteries were located in the countryside (Hrabkov) and in small towns (Veľký Šariš and Spišské Podhradie). These monasteries were probably more affected by the wars for the Hungarian throne rather than by the reformation. But the significance of the spreading reformation cannot be underestimated, especially because local nobility in this area, for example Perénys or Thurzos, were swayed in its favour.
The cult of St. Stanislav and the monastery of Augustinian eremits in Veľký Šariš (north border o... more The cult of St. Stanislav and the monastery of Augustinian eremits in Veľký Šariš (north border of Hungary-Slovakia) The article deals with the history of the beginnings of a small Augustinian monastery built on the limit of former Hungarian kingdom (nowadays Slovakia). Priory established the friary of the Order of St. William and was dedicated in honor of St. Sta-nislav, Krakow bishop and martyr canonized in 1253. The Order of St. William acted in Hungary until 1266. These two facts are crucial for the beginnings of the monastery. Extinct monastery became an important center of the castle comitatus Veľký Šariš). At its beginnings, it was shaped as a town monastery located close to a major road leading to Poland. Estates of the monastery were very modest, so the development of the monastery buildings was relatively limited. Nevertheless, it becames the origin of expansion of Augustinians who founded the other three monasteries nearby (in Bardejov, Hrabkov and Spišské Podhradie).
This study deals with the training and education of Augustinians in the Middle Ages. It is divide... more This study deals with the training and education of Augustinians in the Middle Ages. It is divided into two thematic units. In the first one, we deal with the general medieval system of education in the Order of Hermits of St. Augustine. Especially , its high quality was the basis for the high intellectual level of medieval Augustinians. That was reflected also in the Hungarian level, which is our second circle of interest. Also in Hungary, very soon after its establishment, the Order has created its educational institutions, which dealt with the religious formation and education of clerics. However, the best students were leaving for university studies abroad. With the major universities, the Augustinians had established their houses, while the religious house at the University of Paris held a prominent place. Hungarian students, especially in the second half of the 14 th century, were leaving to study abroad in large numbers. These positive tendencies have weakened during the 15 th century, but at its conclusion, we once more meet with Hungarian students at foreign universities.
Medieval towns were living organisms with high-level of interactions. All sorts of movements, ide... more Medieval towns were living organisms with high-level of interactions. All sorts of movements, ideas, cultures merged in them and they were full of vital metamorphoses. In this sense, mendicant orders played an important role there. Our interest focused on the problems mendicants had in the medieval cities of Hungary. We focused on the issue of mendicant intrusion into the urban environment, relations with city parish priests, the city administration, relations between mendicant orders, economic problems, the relationship between mendicants and reforms of religious life in medieval Hungary, and the disintegration of the religious structure in the 16th century.
Interpersonal relationships are often problematic, and it was no different in the past. The aim o... more Interpersonal relationships are often problematic, and it was no different in the past. The aim of our study is the analysis of the dispute that broke out between Nicholas de Oradea, provincial of the Augustinian order, and friar Nicholas de Frusten, later bishop of Belgrade. It seems that the local conflict, thanks to an appeal, reached the prior general of the Augustinians, Gregor de Rimini, who sent several visitators and a vicar to Hungary. In the Hungarian province, the dispute caused great tension, which led to the imprisonment of the visitors and the escape of Nicholas de Frusten to Vienna. The conflict apparently intensified at the extraordinary provincial chapter of the Hungarian Augustinians, which was held sometime between April and July 1358, where the provincial prior could also be dismissed. The conflict was also an example of the use of medieval religious law and its application in practice. Despite the strictly hierarchical system, the Hungarian province probably had a large degree of autonomy, and the prior general was unable to depose the provincial. Like most disputes, this one was eventually settled and both personalities continued to work in Hungary in the following period. They gradually disappear from our information. We will be interested in what the cause of the conflict was, how the dispute proceeded and finally how the whole matter was resolved. How did the prior general of the Augustinian order use his options to settle the dispute? How did the religious visitators work? At the same time, I will ask myself whether the dispute was part of the initial reform of the religious life of the Augustinians.
Rozvoj urbánnej kultúry/Development of Urban Culture, 2021
Begging orders were created mainly for the purpose of pastoral care of urban communities. Their r... more Begging orders were created mainly for the purpose of pastoral care of urban communities. Their role was also social work with the poor in urban society. The aim of this text is the study of the impact of mendicants in the environment of the medieval towns of Hungary. We will focus on the influence of begging orders on the formation of urban identity in the Middle Ages. We will concentrate on the entire territory of Hungary with the specific interest to the territory of today’s Slovakia. We will explain in particular the orders of the Dominicans, Franciscans and Augustinians. We are trying to solve a problem, such as: what was the relationship of the urban community to the monasteries of begging orders? What was the influence of the merchants on the development of medieval cities?
The arrival of mendicant orders into the environment of medieval towns is a complex issue compoun... more The arrival of mendicant orders into the environment of medieval towns is a complex issue compounded by a lack of relevant written sources in the Kingdom of Hungary. Solving hypotheses is therefore challenging. What cities did the mendicants choose? What was important when choosing the location for a new monastery? However, even fragments of information can be of use when solving some problems related to the establishment of mendicant monasteries. Both the direct and the comparative method will be used to look into the issue of choosing locations for the monasteries. The goal will be to attempt to clarify the strategy and ways of introducing mendicant orders into the environment of the medieval towns of the Kingdom of Hungary, with special focus on the territory of contemporary Slovakia, using all available sources. In the Middle Ages, the territory of contemporary Slovakia hosted five Dominican, about seventeen Franciscan, four Augustinian and two Carmelite monasteries. Franciscan dominance is clearly visible. They also established two convents (The Order of Saint Clare) in Trnava and Bratislava. Was this predominance coincidental or did it reflect the situation in all of the Kingdom of Hungary? A mendicant order with a certain peculiarity was the Augustinians, who were originally formed by merging hermit orders, which probably manifested itself in the establishment of the monastery in Veľký Šariš, where the original order of Williamites settled after 1256. It is also illustrated by the location of the monastery in Sátoraljaújhely. A point of interest is also the issue of mendicant monasteries in village environments, such as Hrabkov or Slovenská Ľupča. The strategy of mendicants penetrating into already established cities was a relatively complicated issue. In commercial and mining towns, pastoral activity played an important role, disrupting the usual culture with the dominant position of the town priest. But there were also attempts at civic activity, for example being involved in city hospitals.
The author in his contribution treats the question of late medieval armour. His attention is poin... more The author in his contribution treats the question of late medieval armour. His attention is pointed to the fighter’s head protection which consisted of helmet type Sallet in the second part of 15th century. There are many iconographic sights which point at the popularity of this helmet. The oldest image comes from the period of 1427 where is pictured the soldier with early image of this helmet. One the Boards from Hlohovec there is even picture burgund type. The biggest numbers of iconographic sight come from board altars and grave plates. These can be found mainly in Spiš region. There are of Imrich and Stefan of Zápoľský from Spišská Kapitula. Except that there are three helmets of this type in two Slovak museums. These helmets are quite interesting because they comprise wide spectrum of subtypes. One of them even contains armour mark which is not easily legible and nowadays it is difficult to state to whom it may concern. The material is compared by the author to well−preserved sources in the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. The work should contribute to knowledge of material culture of late medieval period in Slovakia.
Inter arma silent musae - zbrane v dejinách ľudstva, 2006
History of Ugrian military in middle ages is marked by dominant state of cavalry, which kept its ... more History of Ugrian military in middle ages is marked by dominant state of cavalry, which kept its state also in the next period. This kind of army was however differentiated from inside which was visible mainly in the 14th century. It consisted of heavy cavalry which represented minority and of easy cavalry which dominated. At the same time is the 14th century period in which armour got into armaments of wider groups of Ugrian wariers. The dominant part of army stays easy cavalry. This kept its position during the whole period of middle ages as well as in the next centuries. The 14th century is the breaking period for the development of armaments.in which mail is gradually completed with parts which strenghten its cover. They are mainly different tinny and leather shelters of hinges and other parts of human body. This development was completed in 20s of the 15th century when complete tinny armaments started to be produced in North Italy. Our work concentrates mainly on this breaking period and tries to follow the changes which happened in Ugrian army in the 14th and 15th century. For this purpose we used written sources which are in Hungary quite humble what on the other hand reflects representation protective cloth in armaments. This work is completed also by iknographic sources which are represented in bigger amount which is the reason of abundant representation in Slovakia.
Rytierstvo - element v živote stredovekého človeka, 2005
The aim of our thesis (article) is to introduce a picture of medieval chivalry in Hungary and it... more The aim of our thesis (article) is to introduce a picture of medieval chivalry in Hungary and its reflection in sacral visual arts. The topic is partly dedicated to the specific regions, however, it does not avoid exploration of wider space. In spite of the fact that knightage started to be formed in the 12th century, it gained a bigger importance in Hungary no sooner than in the 14th century which resulted into the creation of a big amount of art painting, mainly in the field of sacral art. Subject-matters can be divided into the several groups. The first group includes saints of regional and multi regional importance who were connected to chivalrous ideals and they were presented as knights. In some way they represented ideal of christian warrior of this time – miles Christi. Here we can find st. Juraj, st. Florian but mainly st. Štefan, st. Ladislav and st. Imrich. The most popular in Hungary in this time was st Ladislav. His life resulted into the creation of so called Ladislav legend. It takes a portrait of one episode in his life in which he met in a battle with pagan Kumán who kidnapped a Hungarian girl. A big fight started in which Ladislav with the help of the girl killed pagan. Paintings depicting the battle between Ladislav and Kumán can be found in many Slovak churches but also in churches in Hungary, Romania or Slovenia. Another theme where chivalrous sacramentality can be found is a figure of st. Longin, centurion, who was standing under the cross of Jesus Christ. For example king Zigmunt of Luxemburg (1387-1437) was depicted as this character. The last group is represented by figural sepucral monuments which often appeared mainly at the end of the 15th century. They depict representatives of significant Hungarian aristocratic families who let themselves depict as knights with rich chivalrous sacramentality.
Holiness was of great importance to medieval society. It was the goal of the earthly life of many... more Holiness was of great importance to medieval society. It was the goal of the earthly life of many people, among whom should be included members of religious orders. Many saints who influenced the masses with their lives came from the mendicant orders. The Kingdom of Hungary is no exception and in its medieval history such mendicant orders boasted a number of personalities who were ascribed holiness and sainthood. In addition to St. Elizabeth and St. Margaret there were other lesser-known saints who came from or lived in the Kingdom of Hungary. The Augustinians too were a mendicant order. Information about three such saints come from this medieval Kingdom of Hungary. This paper aims to analyse the fates of these three figures, about whose life in the order there is only brief information. The paper will focus in detail on the life of St. Vitus of Pannonia, who was one of the most important Augustinian order saints in the Kingdom of Hungary. In addition to St. Vitus of Pannonia, brief information about two others has survived, namely St. Sebaldus the Confessor and Blessed Francis Hungarus. This paper will try to find answers to basic questions, such as whether these personalities even existed, when they lived and what was their life story. I will also try to summarize the available information about some of the other saints in order to illustrate how the order presented itself through personalities who were able to influence the general public's opinion at the time. The study will have two parts: the first one, which will outline basic information about the saints from the Kingdom of Hungary, and the second one, which will focus on the Kingdom of Hungary saints who belonged to the Augustinian order. Stredoveké mestá boli charakteristické dynamickými vnútornými procesmi, ktoré vytvárali odlišnú atmosféru od rurálneho prostredia, a to po stránke hospodárskej, vzdelanostnej aj náboženskej. Na túto dynamiku tradičné cirkevné inštitúcie ako napr. mníšske rehole (benediktíni alebo cisterciti) v podstate reagovali len veľmi ťažko alebo vôbec. Svetský klérus bol na tom o niečo lepšie, no bez adekvátneho vzdelania i mestskí plebani len veľmi pomaly hľadali cestu k interakcii s mestskými komuni-tami. Voľný priestor chýbajúcej a nedostatočnej pastorácie preto vypĺňali rôzne sku-piny, ktoré sa pohybovali v širokom názorovom spektre od heterodoxie po ortodo-* Táto štúdia bola podporená z grantového projektu Ministerstva školstva SR VEGA č.
The presented study focuses on the attitude of Hungarian Augustinians towards the ownership of mo... more The presented study focuses on the attitude of Hungarian Augustinians towards the ownership of movable and immovable property in the Middle Ages. The issue is examined using the example of four monasteries of this order, which were located in present-day Slovakia. These monasteries in Veľký Šariš, Hrabkov, Bardejov and Spišský Podhradie belonged to the so-called Spiš District. Its existence and significance are also examined. All these Augustinian monasteries owned property in some form (from the ownership of entire villages or houses, to money and cattle). Since poverty was supposed to be a typical feature of mendicants, the attitude of the medieval Augustinian order towards property in its various forms makes a compelling focal research question of this study.
Vplyv reformácie na augustiniánske kláštory na území dnešného Slovenska = The Influence of the Reformation in Augustinians monasteries in the territory of todays Slovakia, 2018
Augustinian religious reform, which spread in Europe from the end of the 14th century in a relati... more Augustinian religious reform, which spread in Europe from the end of the 14th century in a relatively rigorous manner, partially avoided Hungary. Local monasteries adhered to their older principles and conservatism. However, the pressure from the monastery centre gradually increased, causing tension in mutual relations. The beginning of the 16th century marked the gradual beginnings of reform in the Kingdom of Hungary too. This manifested itself in an increase in the number of monks who went to study in Italy, and in the division of the Hungarian province into districts, headed by vicars. The greatest problem of the province, however, was the low number of monks in the monasteries. The priors were encouraged to accept novices, but with little success. The lack of monks caused many problems, such as a neglecting of regular worship or dilapidation of objects. The lack of funds for the survival of the monasteries was also caused by the change in the character of the piety of the people who, rather than investing their means into funding the monasteries, funded religious fraternities. It seems that all four Augustinian monasteries that were on the territory of today’s Slovakia were in bad shape on the eve of the beginning of the Reformation. In Bardejov in particulars, reports were made about the problems of the local religious community. Therefore, the monastery in the city, which was struck by the Reformation very early on, was not able to maintain a long-term existence, mainly because the city council (a patron managing the monastic property), was taken over by the Protestants. The other three monasteries were located in the countryside (Hrabkov) and in small towns (Veľký Šariš and Spišské Podhradie). These monasteries were probably more affected by the wars for the Hungarian throne rather than by the reformation. But the significance of the spreading reformation cannot be underestimated, especially because local nobility in this area, for example Perénys or Thurzos, were swayed in its favour.
The cult of St. Stanislav and the monastery of Augustinian eremits in Veľký Šariš (north border o... more The cult of St. Stanislav and the monastery of Augustinian eremits in Veľký Šariš (north border of Hungary-Slovakia) The article deals with the history of the beginnings of a small Augustinian monastery built on the limit of former Hungarian kingdom (nowadays Slovakia). Priory established the friary of the Order of St. William and was dedicated in honor of St. Sta-nislav, Krakow bishop and martyr canonized in 1253. The Order of St. William acted in Hungary until 1266. These two facts are crucial for the beginnings of the monastery. Extinct monastery became an important center of the castle comitatus Veľký Šariš). At its beginnings, it was shaped as a town monastery located close to a major road leading to Poland. Estates of the monastery were very modest, so the development of the monastery buildings was relatively limited. Nevertheless, it becames the origin of expansion of Augustinians who founded the other three monasteries nearby (in Bardejov, Hrabkov and Spišské Podhradie).
This study deals with the training and education of Augustinians in the Middle Ages. It is divide... more This study deals with the training and education of Augustinians in the Middle Ages. It is divided into two thematic units. In the first one, we deal with the general medieval system of education in the Order of Hermits of St. Augustine. Especially , its high quality was the basis for the high intellectual level of medieval Augustinians. That was reflected also in the Hungarian level, which is our second circle of interest. Also in Hungary, very soon after its establishment, the Order has created its educational institutions, which dealt with the religious formation and education of clerics. However, the best students were leaving for university studies abroad. With the major universities, the Augustinians had established their houses, while the religious house at the University of Paris held a prominent place. Hungarian students, especially in the second half of the 14 th century, were leaving to study abroad in large numbers. These positive tendencies have weakened during the 15 th century, but at its conclusion, we once more meet with Hungarian students at foreign universities.
Medieval towns were living organisms with high-level of interactions. All sorts of movements, ide... more Medieval towns were living organisms with high-level of interactions. All sorts of movements, ideas, cultures merged in them and they were full of vital metamorphoses. In this sense, mendicant orders played an important role there. Our interest focused on the problems mendicants had in the medieval cities of Hungary. We focused on the issue of mendicant intrusion into the urban environment, relations with city parish priests, the city administration, relations between mendicant orders, economic problems, the relationship between mendicants and reforms of religious life in medieval Hungary, and the disintegration of the religious structure in the 16th century.
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Papers by Miroslav Huťka
so-called Spiš District. Its existence and significance are also examined.
All these Augustinian monasteries owned property in some form (from the ownership of entire villages or houses, to money and cattle). Since poverty was supposed to be a typical feature of mendicants, the attitude of the medieval Augustinian order towards property in its various forms makes a compelling focal research question of this study.
It seems that all four Augustinian monasteries that were on the territory of today’s Slovakia were in bad shape on the eve of the beginning of the Reformation. In Bardejov in particulars, reports were made about the problems of the local religious community. Therefore, the monastery in the city, which was struck by the Reformation very early on, was not able to maintain a long-term existence, mainly because the city council (a patron managing the monastic property), was taken over by the Protestants. The other three monasteries were located in the countryside (Hrabkov) and in small towns (Veľký Šariš and Spišské Podhradie). These monasteries were probably more affected by the wars for the Hungarian throne rather than by the reformation. But the significance of the spreading reformation cannot be underestimated, especially because local nobility in this area, for example Perénys or Thurzos, were swayed in its favour.
Books by Miroslav Huťka
Teaching Documents by Miroslav Huťka
so-called Spiš District. Its existence and significance are also examined.
All these Augustinian monasteries owned property in some form (from the ownership of entire villages or houses, to money and cattle). Since poverty was supposed to be a typical feature of mendicants, the attitude of the medieval Augustinian order towards property in its various forms makes a compelling focal research question of this study.
It seems that all four Augustinian monasteries that were on the territory of today’s Slovakia were in bad shape on the eve of the beginning of the Reformation. In Bardejov in particulars, reports were made about the problems of the local religious community. Therefore, the monastery in the city, which was struck by the Reformation very early on, was not able to maintain a long-term existence, mainly because the city council (a patron managing the monastic property), was taken over by the Protestants. The other three monasteries were located in the countryside (Hrabkov) and in small towns (Veľký Šariš and Spišské Podhradie). These monasteries were probably more affected by the wars for the Hungarian throne rather than by the reformation. But the significance of the spreading reformation cannot be underestimated, especially because local nobility in this area, for example Perénys or Thurzos, were swayed in its favour.