History of Nationalism by Eric Storm
Nationalism: A World History, 2024
The current rise of nationalism across the globe is a reminder that we are not, after all, living... more The current rise of nationalism across the globe is a reminder that we are not, after all, living in a borderless world of virtual connectivity. In Nationalism, historian Eric Storm sheds light on contemporary nationalist movements by exploring the global evolution of nationalism, beginning with the rise of the nation-state in the eighteenth century through the revival of nationalist ideas in the present day. Storm traces the emergence of the unitary nation-state—which brought citizenship rights to some while excluding a multitude of “others”—and the pervasive spread of nationalist ideas through politics and culture.
Storm shows how nationalism influences the arts and humanities, mapping its dissemination through newspapers, television, and social media. Sports and tourism, too, have helped fashion a world of discrete nations, each with its own character, heroes, and highlights. Nationalism saturates the physical environment, not only in the form of national museums and patriotic statues but also in efforts to preserve cultural heritage, create national parks, invent ethnic dishes and beverages, promote traditional building practices, and cultivate native plants. Nationalism has even been used for selling cars, furniture, and fashion.
By tracing these tendencies across countries, Storm shows that nationalism’s watershed moments were global. He argues that the rise of new nation-states was largely determined by shifts in the international context, that the relationships between nation-states and their citizens largely developed according to global patterns, and that worldwide intellectual trends influenced the nationalization of both culture and environment. Over the centuries, nationalism has transformed both geopolitics and the everyday life of ordinary people.
Nationalism studies does not seem to be a very innovative field of research. The pathbreaking vie... more Nationalism studies does not seem to be a very innovative field of research. The pathbreaking views of Anderson, Gellner and Hobsbawm – all published in 1983 – still form the starting point for almost all existing investigations. Moreover, most recent studies focus on one national case, which implicitly results in a vast collection of 'unique' trajectories. However, over the last few years a number of highly original studies on the origins of nationalism, nation-state formation, banal nationalism, methodological nationalism and nation-building in a global perspective seem to announce a new dawn. Some of these refreshing interpretations – which will be discussed in this article – clearly demonstrate that historiographical nationalism still has a preponderant role in history writing. In the concluding paragraphs I will emphasize the need to overcome not only methodological nationalism, but also the terminological and normative nationalism that still dominates our discipline.
Writing the History of Nationalism, 2019
What is nationalism and how can we study it from a historical perspective? Writing the History of... more What is nationalism and how can we study it from a historical perspective? Writing the History of Nationalism answers this question by examining eleven historical approaches to nationalism studies in theory and practice. An impressive cast of contributors cover the history of nationalism from a wide range of thematic approaches, from traditional modernist and Marxist perspectives to more recent debates around gender, postcolonialism, the spatial turn and the global turn in history writing. This book is essential reading for undergraduate students of history, politics and sociology wanting to understand the complex yet fascinating history of nationalism.
Right from the beginning of the renaissance of nationalism studies in the 1980s particular bodies... more Right from the beginning of the renaissance of nationalism studies in the 1980s particular bodies of theory influenced conceptualizations of nation and nationalism in a major way. And yet, much historical work that was being produced during the last four decades did not reflect in a major way on the interconnection between specific bodies of theory and particular ways of framing both nation and nationalism. In this volume we would like to foreground bodies of theory that have had a major impact on nationalism studies in order to allow students of history to see that, depending on which theory you find most convincing, you will end up with quite different ideas about the meaning of nations and nationalism. This chapter introduces the volume, provides a short overview of the different chapters and concludes with a short reflection on the challenges for future research of which the denationalization of history writing is probably the most important.
spatial turn, 2019
Most historians today agree that nations are constructed and their borders largely arbitrary. So,... more Most historians today agree that nations are constructed and their borders largely arbitrary. So, why should we study nationalism by limiting ourselves to the boundaries of existing nation-states or nationalist movements? In fact, since the 1990s historians have been analysing the interaction between local, regional and national identities, mostly by concentrating on the territorial identification processes in a specific city or region. Other scholars examined transnational influences on the nation-building process by focusing on the role of emigrants, borders, transfers or the impact of foreign scholars and tourists. As a consequence, nationalism is now being studied at various geographical levels besides the traditional emphasis on the nation itself: the local, the regional, the transnational and the global. This chapter shows how these innovative interpretations can be linked to the ‘spatial turn’. This term was introduced and popularized by geographers like Edward Soja, David Harvey and Doreen Massey in the 1990s. They were particularly inspired by the rejection of the strong post-structuralist focus on language and discourse by the French philosophers Henri Lefebvre and Michel de Certeau in favour of space. Already in the 1970s Lefebvre argued that space is not static, but is used and understood differently at different times and places. Michel de Certeau, in turn, focused on the agency that individuals actually have to reproduce and transform spaces in daily life. Both ideas have had a profound impact on the field of nationalism studies. This chapter, thus, will provide an overview of the impact of the ‘spatial turn’ on the history of nationalism by providing a short theoretical introduction, while subsequently discussing a large number of fresh case studies from around the world on 1) nationalization processes in the countryside 2) the interaction between national, regional and local identities 3) transnational approaches.
See for more info on the book (also in paperback and e-book) also:
https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/writing-the-history-of-nationalism-9781350064317/
The Rise of the Nation-State, 2022
Recent historical studies tend to confirm the antimodernist interpretation, emphasizing the stron... more Recent historical studies tend to confirm the antimodernist interpretation, emphasizing the strong premodern roots of nations and nationalism. However, a broad comparative analysis of the rise of the nation-state during the Age of Revolution shows that earlier notions of nationhood did not have a significant role in the creation of nation-states in Europe and the Americas. They were not the consequence of a glorious national revolt, but of a clash between the Old Regime and new ideals of political legitimacy. Many of these conflicts led to civil wars and the survival of the nation-state was mostly determined by the geopolitical constellation. The boundaries of the nation were defined in terms of civilization, whereas language and culture were largely irrelevant. Within these new nation-states, a universalist nationalization process began. In many instances, citizenship was awarded easier to foreigners than to "uncivilized" inhabitants, while Classical Antiquity was preferred over the national past.
Banal forms of nationalism permeate our everyday life. However, it is not very clear when all kin... more Banal forms of nationalism permeate our everyday life. However, it is not very clear when all kinds of banal objects and practices became nationalised. In this article, I focus on the domestic sphere by analysing how around 1900 a small group of activists began to propagate the nationalisation of domestic architecture, decorative arts and even gardening. Domestic practices such as cooking, cleaning and consuming were nationalised at about the same time, at least in Western Europe. Although in the beginning the nationalisation of the domestic sphere was perceived as something new, within a few decades the existence of national cuisines and architectural styles was taken for granted. As a consequence, it becomes clear that the nationalisation of the domestic sphere constituted a new and very successful phase in the nation-building process, which now also began to affect quotidian practices and objects in the private realm.
European History Quarterly, 2020
Inspired by Michael Billig’s Banal nationalism, social scientists have begun to study the impact ... more Inspired by Michael Billig’s Banal nationalism, social scientists have begun to study the impact of nationalism on everyday life. However, Billig’s concept is far from clear. Actually, banal can refer to ‘mundane’ expressions of nationalism, to their ‘unconscious’ consumption or their ‘cold’ temperature. Moreover, in many occasions Billig referred to the state instead of the nation, thus in fact analysing ‘banal statism’. For historians it is often difficult to ascertain whether people consciously perceived certain expressions of nationalism or not. However, we can analyse when certain mundane forms of nationalism were invented, while looking for clues how they cooled down and slowly became taken for granted. In this article, I will first present some critical reflections on Billig’s concept of Banal Nationalism and its usefulness for historians. Then, as a case study, I will analyse how the nationalisation of the domestic sphere manifested itself in Spain. In fact, this transnational trend has been largely ignored by architectural historians and scholars dealing with gender, food, design and animal-human relations, because they primarily focused on processes of modernization. This way, the intensification of the nation-building process, which now also actively implied housewives, has remained largely invisible. Using evidence from a broad array of books, lectures and magazines, I will show that during the Belle Epoque – when Spanish nationalism was quite hot – all kinds of spaces, objects and practices associated with the private sphere and the home were consciously nationalised by writers, architects and cooks. The focus will be on the nationalisation of domestic architecture, food and dishes, but I will also pay attention to the nationalisation of furniture, pets, gardening and cleaning. There are clear indications that over time many new national forms, objects and spaces slowly became banal stereotypes, thus further naturalising existing national identities.
Twelve historians and social scientists reflect on Miroslav Hroch's contributions to the field of... more Twelve historians and social scientists reflect on Miroslav Hroch's contributions to the field of nationalism studies. There are essays on his pioneering comparative historical studies of 'small nation' national movements and his distinction between nationalism and national movements. Other essays focus on concepts such as those of protagonist, the three phases of national movements, the small nation and nationally relevant conflict of interest. A further set of essays explores how Hroch's approach can be extended beyond small nations, beyond Europe and into the contemporary period.
Dossier Questioning the Wilsonian Moment, 2019
The great continental empires of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany and the Ottomans all collapsed ... more The great continental empires of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany and the Ottomans all collapsed as a consequence of the First World War. In general, their downfall is seen as inevitable. These old-fashioned dynastic states were weaker than the more modern nation-states of Great Britain, France and the United States. Because of their multi-ethnic nature the former were supposedly less cohesive. Their dissolution into new, apparently more unified nation-states was considered to be a ‘natural’ outcome of the war. Most historians have even argued that the rise of national movements had already seriously weakened the legitimacy of these ‘prisons of peoples’ before the war. As one of the long-standing centrifugal forces in each of these empires, ethno-nationalist competition inescapably led to ethno-nationalist fragmentation and the victory of Wilsonian self-determination after the war. We use the term ‘Wilsonian’ in its metaphorical sense to refer to the breakthrough of the language of national self-determination after the First World War, knowing full well that president Woodrow Wilson never used the phrase ‘national self-determination’ in his Fourteen Points address of 8 January 1918, and that his ideal of self-government did not originally have an ethno-nationalist political intent. This point of view dovetailed with the modernist paradigm in nationalism research. Authors like Ernest Gellner, Eugen Weber and Miroslav Hroch presented the rise of nationalism as a direct consequence of the modernization process. In their narrative the replacement of dynastic empires by nation-states was almost inevitable. From the 1990s on this rather finalistic and top-down interpretation was questioned by scholars taking a regional or local approach. The articles in this dossier further develop this critique. They evaluate the status of the First World War as the breakthrough moment of Wilsonian self-determination within the multi-ethnic states and empires in Europe and demonstrate how the specific developments of war and revolution produced particular understandings of the general idea of self-determination. The Wilsonian discourse did spill onto the international scene in 1918 when the destruction of Austria-Hungary generally became accepted as an Allied post-war goal and movements world-wide adopted self-determination as a goal and standard. This dossier, however demonstrates, that different kinds of actors used Wilson’s words for their many purposes, such that one cannot speak of a coherent and meaningful Wilsonian moment.
European Review of History / Revue européenne d’histoire, 2019
This dossier aims to problematize the widespread understanding of ethnic cleavages as the hard co... more This dossier aims to problematize the widespread understanding of ethnic cleavages as the hard core undergirding national conflict. As such it questions the rise of ethnic nationalism during the late nineteenth century as the direct cause of the dawn of Europe's 'oppressed peoples' after 1918. The different contributions evaluate the status of the First World War as the breakthrough moment of Wilsonian self-determination within the multi-ethnic states and empires in Europe. In this respect they investigate the recent powerful thesis propounded by scholars of national indifference in Central Europe that it was the unprecedented disruption of the Great War that politicized ethnicity as never before and made it into a marker of groupness rather than a mere social category, to use Rogers Brubaker's terms. The articles in this dossier also contribute to recent investigations that focus on how European empires tried to accommodate nationalism and how nationalist movements in and outside of Europe used the disruption of the war and Wilson's plea for self-determination to ask for independence. These articles demonstrate how the specific developments of war and revolution produced particular understandings of the general idea of self-determination. The Wilsonian discourse as such had a breakthrough in 1918 when the destruction of Austria-Hungary generally became accepted as an allied postwar goal. Movements worldwide adopted self-determination as a goal and standard, but as this dossier demonstrates, all kinds of actors used Wilson’s words for their many purposes, such that one cannot speak of a coherent and meaningful Wilsonian moment.
The dossier contains the following articles:
• Storm, Eric and Van Ginderachter, Maarten, Introduction. Questioning the Wilsonian Moment. The Role of Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Dissolution of European Empires from the Belle Époque through the First World War
• Christoph Mick (University of Warwick), Legality, ethnicity and violence in Austrian Galicia, 1890-1920
• Martin O’Donoghue (National University of Ireland), ‘Ireland’s Independence Day’: The Fall of the Irish Parliamentary Party in 1918
• Jan Rybak (European University Institute), ‘Universal Freedom’ and the ‘English Declaration’: Watershed Moments for Radical Jewish Politics
• Jasper Heinzen (University of York), Making democracy safe for tribal homelands? Self-determination and political regionalism in Weimar Germany
Canonization of the Artisan around 1900, 2022
Around 1900 the artisan became a national symbol throughout Europe. While the peasant had been li... more Around 1900 the artisan became a national symbol throughout Europe. While the peasant had been lionized ever since the Romantic era, the craft guilds were denigrated as remnants of feudalism. This changed with the Arts and Crafts movement. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the artisan began to appear as a representative of the nation at international exhibitions, which focused increasingly on vernacular arts and traditions. In this way, craft products became a part of the national heritage, while artisans were cherished as sources of national authenticity. In the early twentieth century, traditional crafts were increasingly appreciated by artists, collectors and consumers, and many of their most extraordinary products were seen as embodying the nation's Volksgeist or folk-spirit.
During the last 30 years, our understanding of the nation-building process in various parts of Eu... more During the last 30 years, our understanding of the nation-building process in various parts of Europe and across the globe has increased substantially. Some of the most important results of this growing body of studies will be discussed in this review article, which consists of four parts. First, I will examine some innovative trends in the field of nationalism studies, such as the growing attention for the impact of nationalism on popular culture and the interplay between regional and national identities. The second part makes clear that the overwhelming majority of existing studies deals with one region or nation, while taking the national framework for granted. By presenting the history of Europe as a collection of (isolated) national histories, most scholars still fall prey to a methodological nationalism. One way to overcome this (implicit) methodological nationalism is to analyse the impact of foreign tourism on the construction and diffusion of national and regional identities. The role of tourism in the construction of territorial identities has already been explored in a growing number of studies. Some of the most important contributions to this field will be reviewed in the third part. Finally, I will argue that the impact of foreign visitors on the nation-building process can best be studied in a comparative way by focusing on local communities as the arena in which the outside influences of an international, national and regional level came together and demanded a local response.
Methodological nationalism is still dominant in nationalism studies. When studying the constructi... more Methodological nationalism is still dominant in nationalism studies. When studying the construction of national identities, scholars generally limit their study to the borders of one nation-state, while only paying attention to members of that particular nation. Implicitly, foreign actors and influences are left out of the picture. I will challenge this methodological nationalism with a case study, which demonstrates that the place of Toledo within the Spanish national imagination, and more particularly that of El Greco, the most important representative of the city's artistic heritage, was largely determined by foreigners. During the nineteenth century, El Greco was rediscovered primarily by foreign scholars and artists. Moreover, it would be the rise of international tourism in the early twentieth century that convinced Toledans to adopt El Greco as the city's main artistic icon. This case, thus, clearly shows that in nationalism studies methodological nationalism can be avoided by also including foreign actors.
Keywords: methodological nationalism; national identity; nationalism studies; Spain; El Greco
Nacionalismo y regionalismo en la esfera doméstica, 2019
El nacionalismo no solo se manifestó en la esfera pública mediante estatuas, conmemoraciones y fi... more El nacionalismo no solo se manifestó en la esfera pública mediante estatuas, conmemoraciones y fiestas nacionales, también entró en el hogar. Durante la época revolucionaria el entusiasmo por la soberanía de la nación era compartido en la mesa durante la comida o en los salones. En la época romántica, en muchas casas se adquirían libros sobre la gloriosa historia de la nación y se leían novelas históricas. En el salón o el despacho probablemente había alguna imagen de una escena patriótica o algún recuerdo material de un héroe nacional, y a veces se entonaban canciones patrióticas. Sin embargo, durante gran parte del siglo XIX la nación ocupaba un espacio muy limitado y su celebración en general se limitó a ocasiones especiales. No afectaba al espacio físico, ni a las tareas domésticas. La vivienda, los muebles y las comidas o eran muy sencillos y no se identificaban entonces con un territorio específico o seguían modas internacionales. Esto empezó a cambiar hacia finales del siglo XIX. Lo más sorprendente fue que tanto los espacios como las prácticas domésticas empezaron a regionalizarse y nacionalizarse casi al mismo tiempo, y esto ocurrió en todas las partes del continente europeo. Por lo tanto, la nacionalización y regionalización del hogar en España no se puede explicar meramente por factores internos, sino que fueron parte de una nueva fase transnacional del proceso de construcción nacional. Antes de analizar la nacionalización y regionalización de la arquitectura doméstica y de las prácticas culinarias en España, haremos un repaso del estado de la cuestión relativa a la interacción entre regionalismo y nacionalismo, repasando algunas de las más relevantes estudios internacionales, tanto sobre el caso español como de su entorno europeo.
The nationalization of the domestic sphere in Spain is a topic that has been largely ignored. Rec... more The nationalization of the domestic sphere in Spain is a topic that has been largely ignored. Recently, the interest in the study of banal nationalism and the impact of nationalism on everyday life has been on the rise, particularly for the Francoist and democratic era; however, its origins are not clear at all. An examination of developments in domestic architecture, interior decoration, and even gardening shows that the domestic sphere was nationalized during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Regionalist architecture was in vogue for villas and country-houses and furniture was increasingly modeled after local artisanal traditions. Domestic practices such as cooking, consuming, and cleaning were also increasingly connected with supposedly " national " traditions. During this period Spanish cuisine and many of its regional dishes were " invented ". The first phase of the nationalization of the domestic sphere in Spain is analysed using a wide array of primary sources (press, manuals, speeches, etc.), thus contributing to the history of nationalism, gender studies, the history of architecture, and food studies, which by focusing on modernization processes largely disregarded this profound nationalization of the private sphere.
RESUMEN La nacionalización del hogar en España es un tema todavía sin estudiar. Recientemente ha aumentado el interés por el estudio del nacionalismo banal y el impacto del nacionalismo en la vida cotidiana, sobre todo durante el franquismo y la democracia. Sin embargo, sus origines no están nada claras. Analizando la arquitectura doméstica, la decoración interior, e incluso la jardinería se pone de manifiesto que el espacio doméstico se nacionalizó durante las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX. La arquitectura regionalista se puso de moda para las villas y casas de campo y los muebles se inspiraron cada vez más en la artesanía tradicional. Lo mismo ocurrió con prácticas domésticas como la cocina, el consumo, y la limpieza. De este modo se “inventaron” la cocina española y los platos regionales. A partir de fuentes heterogéneas como la prensa, manuales, y discursos, esbozamos la nacionalización del hogar en España en su fase inicial, contribuyendo de esta manera a la historia del nacionalismo, los estudios de género, la historia de la arquitectura, y los estudios de la alimentación, que por centrarse tanto en los procesos de modernización ignoraron casi por completo esta nacionalización de la esfera privada.
This paper provides a short historical overview of the rise and consolidation of Catalan national... more This paper provides a short historical overview of the rise and consolidation of Catalan nationalism during the 20th century. It also discusses the wider implications of the failed attempt to secede from Spain in October 2017, while reflecting on the role of the European Union, the economic consequences and the disadvantages of identity politics.
History: Reviews of New Books, 2018
Nationalism studies have advanced considerably since 1983. This annus mirabilis witnessed the sim... more Nationalism studies have advanced considerably since 1983. This annus mirabilis witnessed the simultaneous publication of Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities (Verso), Ernest Gellner’s Nations and Nationalism (Cornell University Press), and Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger’s edited volume, The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge University Press). These authors’ groundbreaking views on the rise of nationalism as a consequence of a more general modernization process and their interpretation of the nation as a social construct still form the basis of nationalism studies today. Although their modernist and constructivist approaches remain dominant, many of their interpretations have been criticized or heavily revised. A number of studies, now tries to come to a new global understanding of nationalism. But how promising are they?
OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03612759.2019.1589807
Een monumentaal standaardwerk voor wie de huidige tijd beter wil begrijpen.
Het nationalisme is ... more Een monumentaal standaardwerk voor wie de huidige tijd beter wil begrijpen.
Het nationalisme is onmiskenbaar aan een opmars bezig. Dat maken recente verkiezingsoverwinningen van populistische politici over de hele wereld en ook in ons eigen land wel duidelijk. Wanneer is dit verschijnsel ontstaan en hoe heeft het zich ontwikkeld? Waarom vormde de Franse revolutie het startpunt en zien we sinds het uiteenvallen van de Sovjet-Unie een opleving?
In Nationalisme beschrijft Eric Storm de geschiedenis van dit fenomeen en de vaak verstrekkende gevolgen ervan. Zo bracht de uitvinding van de natiestaat politieke inspraak, maar lang niet voor iedereen: eeuwenlang werden vrouwen en mensen van kleur uitgesloten. Nationalisme werkte ook door in taal, sport en toerisme en zorgde er zo voor dat een wereld met afzonderlijke naties, elk met hun eigen identiteit, volstrekt vanzelfsprekend werd. Inmiddels zien we nationalisme overal terug: niet alleen in standbeelden en straatnamen, maar ook in andere vormen van cultureel erfgoed, in folklore, typische gerechten, zelfs in de marketing van auto’s en kleding, en is het gedachtengoed doorgedrongen tot alle haarvaten van de hedendaagse maatschappij. Nationalisme is overal. Hoog tijd voor een allesomvattende wereldgeschiedenis.
"Voor elke nationalist en internationalist een must" (Beatrice de Graaf)
Prachtig interview over mijn boek uit de Mare (bewonder vooral de prachtige illustraties) en link... more Prachtig interview over mijn boek uit de Mare (bewonder vooral de prachtige illustraties) en link naar recensie in NRC Handelsblad.
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History of Nationalism by Eric Storm
Storm shows how nationalism influences the arts and humanities, mapping its dissemination through newspapers, television, and social media. Sports and tourism, too, have helped fashion a world of discrete nations, each with its own character, heroes, and highlights. Nationalism saturates the physical environment, not only in the form of national museums and patriotic statues but also in efforts to preserve cultural heritage, create national parks, invent ethnic dishes and beverages, promote traditional building practices, and cultivate native plants. Nationalism has even been used for selling cars, furniture, and fashion.
By tracing these tendencies across countries, Storm shows that nationalism’s watershed moments were global. He argues that the rise of new nation-states was largely determined by shifts in the international context, that the relationships between nation-states and their citizens largely developed according to global patterns, and that worldwide intellectual trends influenced the nationalization of both culture and environment. Over the centuries, nationalism has transformed both geopolitics and the everyday life of ordinary people.
See for more info on the book (also in paperback and e-book) also:
https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/writing-the-history-of-nationalism-9781350064317/
The dossier contains the following articles:
• Storm, Eric and Van Ginderachter, Maarten, Introduction. Questioning the Wilsonian Moment. The Role of Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Dissolution of European Empires from the Belle Époque through the First World War
• Christoph Mick (University of Warwick), Legality, ethnicity and violence in Austrian Galicia, 1890-1920
• Martin O’Donoghue (National University of Ireland), ‘Ireland’s Independence Day’: The Fall of the Irish Parliamentary Party in 1918
• Jan Rybak (European University Institute), ‘Universal Freedom’ and the ‘English Declaration’: Watershed Moments for Radical Jewish Politics
• Jasper Heinzen (University of York), Making democracy safe for tribal homelands? Self-determination and political regionalism in Weimar Germany
Keywords: methodological nationalism; national identity; nationalism studies; Spain; El Greco
RESUMEN La nacionalización del hogar en España es un tema todavía sin estudiar. Recientemente ha aumentado el interés por el estudio del nacionalismo banal y el impacto del nacionalismo en la vida cotidiana, sobre todo durante el franquismo y la democracia. Sin embargo, sus origines no están nada claras. Analizando la arquitectura doméstica, la decoración interior, e incluso la jardinería se pone de manifiesto que el espacio doméstico se nacionalizó durante las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX. La arquitectura regionalista se puso de moda para las villas y casas de campo y los muebles se inspiraron cada vez más en la artesanía tradicional. Lo mismo ocurrió con prácticas domésticas como la cocina, el consumo, y la limpieza. De este modo se “inventaron” la cocina española y los platos regionales. A partir de fuentes heterogéneas como la prensa, manuales, y discursos, esbozamos la nacionalización del hogar en España en su fase inicial, contribuyendo de esta manera a la historia del nacionalismo, los estudios de género, la historia de la arquitectura, y los estudios de la alimentación, que por centrarse tanto en los procesos de modernización ignoraron casi por completo esta nacionalización de la esfera privada.
OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03612759.2019.1589807
Het nationalisme is onmiskenbaar aan een opmars bezig. Dat maken recente verkiezingsoverwinningen van populistische politici over de hele wereld en ook in ons eigen land wel duidelijk. Wanneer is dit verschijnsel ontstaan en hoe heeft het zich ontwikkeld? Waarom vormde de Franse revolutie het startpunt en zien we sinds het uiteenvallen van de Sovjet-Unie een opleving?
In Nationalisme beschrijft Eric Storm de geschiedenis van dit fenomeen en de vaak verstrekkende gevolgen ervan. Zo bracht de uitvinding van de natiestaat politieke inspraak, maar lang niet voor iedereen: eeuwenlang werden vrouwen en mensen van kleur uitgesloten. Nationalisme werkte ook door in taal, sport en toerisme en zorgde er zo voor dat een wereld met afzonderlijke naties, elk met hun eigen identiteit, volstrekt vanzelfsprekend werd. Inmiddels zien we nationalisme overal terug: niet alleen in standbeelden en straatnamen, maar ook in andere vormen van cultureel erfgoed, in folklore, typische gerechten, zelfs in de marketing van auto’s en kleding, en is het gedachtengoed doorgedrongen tot alle haarvaten van de hedendaagse maatschappij. Nationalisme is overal. Hoog tijd voor een allesomvattende wereldgeschiedenis.
"Voor elke nationalist en internationalist een must" (Beatrice de Graaf)
Storm shows how nationalism influences the arts and humanities, mapping its dissemination through newspapers, television, and social media. Sports and tourism, too, have helped fashion a world of discrete nations, each with its own character, heroes, and highlights. Nationalism saturates the physical environment, not only in the form of national museums and patriotic statues but also in efforts to preserve cultural heritage, create national parks, invent ethnic dishes and beverages, promote traditional building practices, and cultivate native plants. Nationalism has even been used for selling cars, furniture, and fashion.
By tracing these tendencies across countries, Storm shows that nationalism’s watershed moments were global. He argues that the rise of new nation-states was largely determined by shifts in the international context, that the relationships between nation-states and their citizens largely developed according to global patterns, and that worldwide intellectual trends influenced the nationalization of both culture and environment. Over the centuries, nationalism has transformed both geopolitics and the everyday life of ordinary people.
See for more info on the book (also in paperback and e-book) also:
https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/writing-the-history-of-nationalism-9781350064317/
The dossier contains the following articles:
• Storm, Eric and Van Ginderachter, Maarten, Introduction. Questioning the Wilsonian Moment. The Role of Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Dissolution of European Empires from the Belle Époque through the First World War
• Christoph Mick (University of Warwick), Legality, ethnicity and violence in Austrian Galicia, 1890-1920
• Martin O’Donoghue (National University of Ireland), ‘Ireland’s Independence Day’: The Fall of the Irish Parliamentary Party in 1918
• Jan Rybak (European University Institute), ‘Universal Freedom’ and the ‘English Declaration’: Watershed Moments for Radical Jewish Politics
• Jasper Heinzen (University of York), Making democracy safe for tribal homelands? Self-determination and political regionalism in Weimar Germany
Keywords: methodological nationalism; national identity; nationalism studies; Spain; El Greco
RESUMEN La nacionalización del hogar en España es un tema todavía sin estudiar. Recientemente ha aumentado el interés por el estudio del nacionalismo banal y el impacto del nacionalismo en la vida cotidiana, sobre todo durante el franquismo y la democracia. Sin embargo, sus origines no están nada claras. Analizando la arquitectura doméstica, la decoración interior, e incluso la jardinería se pone de manifiesto que el espacio doméstico se nacionalizó durante las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX. La arquitectura regionalista se puso de moda para las villas y casas de campo y los muebles se inspiraron cada vez más en la artesanía tradicional. Lo mismo ocurrió con prácticas domésticas como la cocina, el consumo, y la limpieza. De este modo se “inventaron” la cocina española y los platos regionales. A partir de fuentes heterogéneas como la prensa, manuales, y discursos, esbozamos la nacionalización del hogar en España en su fase inicial, contribuyendo de esta manera a la historia del nacionalismo, los estudios de género, la historia de la arquitectura, y los estudios de la alimentación, que por centrarse tanto en los procesos de modernización ignoraron casi por completo esta nacionalización de la esfera privada.
OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03612759.2019.1589807
Het nationalisme is onmiskenbaar aan een opmars bezig. Dat maken recente verkiezingsoverwinningen van populistische politici over de hele wereld en ook in ons eigen land wel duidelijk. Wanneer is dit verschijnsel ontstaan en hoe heeft het zich ontwikkeld? Waarom vormde de Franse revolutie het startpunt en zien we sinds het uiteenvallen van de Sovjet-Unie een opleving?
In Nationalisme beschrijft Eric Storm de geschiedenis van dit fenomeen en de vaak verstrekkende gevolgen ervan. Zo bracht de uitvinding van de natiestaat politieke inspraak, maar lang niet voor iedereen: eeuwenlang werden vrouwen en mensen van kleur uitgesloten. Nationalisme werkte ook door in taal, sport en toerisme en zorgde er zo voor dat een wereld met afzonderlijke naties, elk met hun eigen identiteit, volstrekt vanzelfsprekend werd. Inmiddels zien we nationalisme overal terug: niet alleen in standbeelden en straatnamen, maar ook in andere vormen van cultureel erfgoed, in folklore, typische gerechten, zelfs in de marketing van auto’s en kleding, en is het gedachtengoed doorgedrongen tot alle haarvaten van de hedendaagse maatschappij. Nationalisme is overal. Hoog tijd voor een allesomvattende wereldgeschiedenis.
"Voor elke nationalist en internationalist een must" (Beatrice de Graaf)
What types of heritage enabled the architects to construct a distinguishable and attractive pavilion that reflected the territorial identity of a specific nation or region? In this chapter, I will devise a typology of regionalist pavilions, first by distinguishing between cultural and natural heritage. Within the cultural heritage category, the focus can be on the European/Western legacy or on indigenous/exotic elements. The other axis represents the type of architecture—formal or vernacular—that is used as a source of inspiration. I will also critically reflect on the limited explanatory power of centre-periphery constellations and the agency of various actors. In order to explain the rise of specific regionalist styles we should not only analyse the discourse of intellectuals and the power of political and cultural institutions, but also take commercial actors and the role of consumption into account. Although it is difficult to study the demand side, there are some clear indications that the wishes of the wider public were taken into account by the architects.
Providing a valuable overview of regionalism throughout the entire continent, Regionalism in Modern Europe combines both geographical and thematic approaches to examine the origins and development of regional movements and identities in Europe from 1890 to the present.
A wide range of internationally renowned scholars from the USA, the UK and mainland Europe are brought together here in one volume to examine the historical roots of the current regional movements, and to explain why some of them - Scotland, Catalonia and Flanders, among others – evolve into nationalist movements and even strive for independence, while others – Brittany, Bavaria – do not. They look at how regional identities - through regional folklore, language, crafts, dishes, beverages and tourist attractions - were constructed during the 20th century and explore the relationship between national and subnational identities, as well as regional and local identities. The book also includes 7 images, 7 maps and useful end-of-chapter further reading lists.
This is a crucial text for anyone keen to know more about the history of the topical – and at times controversial – subject of regionalism in modern Europe.
See for more info on the book (also in paperback and e-book) also:
https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/regionalism-and-modern-europe-9781474275200/
Regional identities, like national identities, were created and sometimes even invented; and this was equally the case in France, Germany and Spain. Artists, architects and international exhibitions played a highly influential role in this process. They all appropriated, and in some cases perverted, the regionalist message showing that strong regional identities would ultimately reinforce national unity.
This book offers new perspectives to specialists of regionalism and nationalism, but will also be of interest to students of the cultural history of France, Germany and Spain and to specialists from the fields of politics, ethnology, art history, cultural studies and architectural history.
This chapter is part of a comparative book on the culture of regionalism between 1890 and 1939. Earlier chapters analyze the discourse on regionalist painting and architecture in major German, French and Spanish magazines, focusing on painters such as Ignacio Zuloaga, Lucien Simon and Fritz Mackensen and architects like Hermann Muthesius, Fritz Schumacher, Louis Cordonnier and Leonardo Rucabado. It also deals briefly with regionalist garden cities in Germany, France and Spain. This chapter on two Spanish regionalist exhibitions is then followed by a chapter on the Centre Régional at the Parisian Universal Exposition of 1937 and another chapter on two regionalist exhibitions of the same year in Nazi Germany, which make clear that regionalism did not really flourish under the left-wing Popular Front, nor in the Fascist Third Reich.
This chapter is part of a comparative book on the culture of regionalism between 1890 and 1939. Earlier chapters analyze the discourse on regionalist painting and architecture in major German, French and Spanish magazines, focusing on painters such as Ignacio Zuloaga, Lucien Simon and Fritz Mackensen and architects like Hermann Muthesius, Fritz Schumacher, Louis Cordonnier and Leonardo Rucabado. It also deals briefly with regionalist garden cities in Germany, France and Spain. This chapter on the Centre Régional at the Parisian Universal Exposition of 1937 is preceded by a chapter on two Spanish regionalist exhibitions in Barcelona and Seville in 1929 is then followed by a chapter on two regionalist exhibitions in Nazi Germany in 1937, which makes clear that regionalism did not really flourish in the Third Reich.
This chapter is part of a comparative book on the culture of regionalism between 1890 and 1939. Earlier chapters analyze the discourse on regionalist painting and architecture in major German, French and Spanish magazines, focusing on painters such as Ignacio Zuloaga, Lucien Simon and Fritz Mackensen and architects like Hermann Muthesius, Fritz Schumacher, Louis Cordonnier and Leonardo Rucabado. It also deals briefly with regionalist garden cities in Germany, France and Spain. This chapter on two regionalist exhibitions in Nazi Germany in 1937 is preceded by a chapter on two Spanish regionalist exhibitions in Barcelona and Seville in 1929 and another on the Centre Régional at the Parisian Universal Exposition of 1937, which makes clear that regionalism did not really flourish under the left-wing Popular Front Government of Léon Blum.
libro de bolsillo: https://www.ucm.es/ediciones-complutense/la-construccion-de-identidades-regionales-en-espana,-francia-y-alemania,-1890-1939
ebook: https://www.unebook.es/es/ebook/la-construccion-de-identidades-regionales-en-espana-francia-y-alemania-1890-1939_E0002659786
Este artículo es la traducción española de capítulo 6 de mi libro The Culture of Regionalism: Art, Arquitecture and International Exhibitions in France, Germany and Spain, 1890-1939 (Manchester University Press 2010).
This book examines the work of painters, art critics, writers, scholars and philosophers from France, Germany and Spain, and the role of exhibitions, auctions, monuments and commemorations. Paintings and associated anecdotes are discussed, and historical debates such as El Greco’s supposed astigmatism are addressed in a highly readable and engaging style. This book will be of interest to both specialists and the interested art public.
Si el interés por el Greco coincidió con la llegada del arte moderno, su interpretación por parte de algunas figuras eminentes de las letras y el pensamiento europeos del cambio de siglo estuvo directamente ligado a la creciente influencia del nacionalismo en el arte. Así, en unas décadas el Greco no sólo se convirtió en uno de los patriarcas del arte moderno, sino también, de manera igualmente inesperada, en un intérprete privilegiado del alma española y en el precursor del realismo español del siglo XVII encabezado por Velázquez. El «descubrimiento» de este patrimonio europeo a través de una cadena fascinante de artistas y entendidos —algunos famosos, otros casi desconocidos— se analiza con detenimiento en este libro riguroso y ameno, excelente panorama de la fortuna del Greco en la cultura y el arte europeos entre 1860 y 1914.
En este capítulo analizaremos el impacto del nacionalismo sobre la construcción del canon artístico español. Quizá el caso más fascinante sea el del Greco (1541-1614), un pintor cretense que tuvo su educación artística en Italia y solamente llegó a España cuando tenía unos 35 años. En el Museo del Prado Domenikos Theotokopoulos, que era su verdadero nombre, era clasificado como miembro de la escuela veneciana, ya que había sido alumno de Tiziano. Durante el siglo XIX observadores extranjeros, sin embargo, le veían como un pintor español, porque solo conocían las obras que pintó después de su llegada a Toledo. El espectacular redescubrimiento de El Greco, que se produjo sobre todo gracias al interés que tenían en su arte pintores modernos, como los impresionistas franceses y los expresionistas alemanes ya es sobradamente conocido. Nuestro objetivo, sin embargo, es enseñar que el nacionalismo tuvo un papel crucial convirtiendo al pintor de un forastero extravagante en un genio de la pintura española. Para ello nos fijamos sobre todo en la primera biografía científico de El Greco, que todavía se considera como un clásico y que fue escrito por el destacado pedagogo e historiador de arte Manuel Bartolomé Cossío, para enseñar que su interpretación de la obra del pintor fue determinado en gran medida por un fuerte nacionalismo de talante progresista.
Los primeros en ver al Greco como un artista espiritual excepcional fueron dos jóvenes pintores españoles: Ignacio Zuloaga y Santiago Rusiñol. En el invierno de 1893-1894, descubrieron al Greco cuando compartieron un piso en el centro de París. Tanto para Zuloaga como para Rusiñol el conocimiento de la obra del Greco coincidió con un cambio decisivo en su evolución artística. Su fascinación por el viejo maestro de Toledo fue paralela a su creciente interés por los sentimientos y las emociones. Su objetivo ya no era una reproducción lo más exacta posible de la realidad externa, sino interpretarla de una manera personal. Este giro subjetivo les abrió los ojos a la belleza y a la profundidad espiritual de la obra de El Greco. Al mismo tiempo, su obra supuso una nueva inspiración para ellos, que, sin embargo, no le proporcionó lo mismo a cada uno. Para Rusiñol era sobre todo un pintor que sabía penetrar en la psicología de los retratados, mientras que Zuloaga lo consideraba más como un intérprete insuperable del “espíritu nacional”. Los dos reconocían públicamente su aprecio por El Greco y, por lo tanto, jugaron un papel crucial en la revaloración internacional del Greco como un “pintor del alma” de gran actualidad.
Although true beauty does not know boundaries, art is generally defined along national lines. However, this way of classifying art only began during the Enlightenment. Regarding the role of geographical borders in the history of art, three more tendencies can be distinguished. A second trend that came to the fore around 1890 and was highly influential until 1945 was characterized by a nationalistic search for origins, which paradoxically led to a rapidly growing interest in all kind of sub-state and meso-regions. A third, formalist, cosmopolitan and modernist narrative had its origins around 1900, but only became dominant after 1945, while it reinforced the role of methodological nationalism. This in turn was replaced around the 1980s by the last trend, which could be defined as postmodern diversity, while showing a renewed interest in the geography of art.
- Memory and Historiography
- Comparisons and Provisional Results
- Structure of the Volume
This introduction can be read almost entirely (only last sentences and notes are missing) on the site of Routledge.
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Azcárate, Gumersindo de, El self-government y la monarquía doctrinaria (Madrid 1877).
Azcárate, Gumersindo de, “El problema social (resumen del debate en el Ateneo de Madrid en el curso de 1877 a 1878)” en: Idem, Ensayo sobre la historia del derecho de propiedad (Madrid 1879-1883) III pp. 357-454.
Azcárate, Gumersindo de, El régimen parlamentario en la práctica (1885; Madrid 1978).
Pi y Margall, Francisco, Las nacionalidades (1876; Madrid s.a.).
Gener, Pompeyo, Heregías. Estudios de crítica inductiva sobre asuntos españoles (Barcelona 1887).
Almirall, Valentí, España tal como es (1887) (Ed. Antoni Jutglar, Barcelona 1983).
Castelar, Emilio, La cuestión social y la paz armada en Europa (Conferencia dada en el Círculo de la Unión Mercantil, el día 31 de mayo de 1890; Madrid 1890).
Moret, Segismundo, De las causas que han producido la decadencia y desprestigio del sistema parlamentaria (Discurso en el Ateneo de Madrid con motivo de la apertura de sus cátedras, el día 18 de diciembre de 1899).
Echegaray, José, ¿Qué es lo que constituye la fuerza de las naciones? (Discurso leído el día 10 de noviembre de 1898 en el Ateneo Científico, Literario y Artístico de Madrid con motivo de la apertura de sus cátedras).
Macías Picavea, Ricardo, El problema nacional (hechos, causas, remedios) (1899; Madrid 1991).
Morote, Luis, La moral de la derrota (Madrid 1900).
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio, Problemas contemporáneos (Madrid 1884) 3 vol.
Sánchez de Toca, Joaquín, La crisis agraria europea y sus remedios en España (Madrid 1887).
Sánchez de Toca, Joaquín, El régimen parlamentario y el sufragio universal (Madrid 1889).
Sánchez de Toca, Joaquín, Del poder naval en España y su política económica para la nacionalidad Ibero-americana (Madrid 1898).
Sánchez de Toca, Joaquín, Reconstitución de España en vida de economía política actual (Madrid 1911).
Isern, Damián, Del desastre nacional y sus causas (Madrid 1899).
Silvela, Francisco, “Extracto de la discusión habida en la Academia acerca de «El Socialismo de Estado»” (enero 1894-febr. 1895) en: Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas VIII (Madrid 1898).
Silvela, Francisco, “Sin pulso”, El Tiempo (16-VIII-1898).
Silvela, Francisco, “Ensayo de una historia de las ideas éticas en España” (Conferencias pronunciadas en el Ateneo de Madrid 1904-1905) en: Idem, Artículos, discursos, conferencias y cartas (Madrid 1923) III.
Menéndez Pelayo, Marcelino, La ciencia española. (Polémicas, proyectos y bibliografía (1876; Madrid 1887) 3 vol.
Menéndez Pelayo, Marcelino, Historia de los heterodoxos españoles (Madrid 1881) 3 vol.
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Costa, Joaquín, La vida del derecho. (Ensayo sobre el derecho consuetudinario) (1876; Madrid 1914).
Costa, Joaquín, “Misión social de los riegos en España” (1880) en: Idem, Política hidráulica (Madrid 1911) pp. 1-36.
Costa, Joaquín, “Porvenir de la raza española (Conferencia pronunciada en la sesión inaugural del Congreso Español de Geografía Colonial y Mercantil el día 4 de noviembre de 1883)” en: Idem, Reconstitución y europeización de España y otros escritos (Madrid 1981) pp. 39-83.
Costa, Joaquín, “Agricultura de regadío (Discurso en la Asamblea de Agricultores en Barbastro, el 8 de septiembre de 1892)” en: Idem, Política hidráulica (Madrid 1911) pp. 37-81.
Costa, Joaquín, “Viriato y la cuestión social en España en el siglo II antes de Jesucristo”(Conferencia leída en el Ateneo de Madrid el 19 de noviembre de 1895) en: Idem, Tutela de pueblos en la historia (Madrid 1911) pp. 1-55.
Costa, Joaquín, Colectivismo agrario en España (1898; Madrid 1915).
Costa, Joaquín, “Reconstitución y europeización de España. Mensaje y programa de la Cámara agrícola del Alto-Aragón” (1898) en: Idem, Reconstitucion y europeización, pp. 1-39.
Costa, Joaquín, “Regeneración y tutela social” (1900) en: Ibídem, pp. 83-211.
Costa, Joaquín, “Quienes deben gobernar después de la catástrofe nacional” (1900) en: Ibídem, pp. 211-245.
Costa, Joaquín, “Crisis política de España. (Discurso como Mantenedor de los Juegos Florales de Salamanca, el día 15 de septiembre de 1901)” en: Idem, Crisis política de España (Barcelona 1980) pp. 61-113.
Costa, Joaquín, El problema de la ignorancia del derecho y sus relaciones con el status individual, el referéndum y la costumbre (Barcelona 1901).
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Costa, Joaquín, Oligarquía y caciquismo como la forma actual de gobierno en España: urgencia y modo de cambiarla (1901-1902; Madrid 1975) 2 vol.
Costa, Joaquín, “Los siete criterios de gobierno” (1906) en: Idem, Reconstitución y europeización, pp. 289-333.
Costa, Joaquín, “Muerte y resurrección de España. ¿Por qué ha caído?” (1906?) en: Ibídem, pp. 333-363.
Costa, Joaquín, Agricultura armónica (expectante, popular) (Madrid 1911).
Costa, Joaquín, Política quirúrgica (Madrid 1914).
Costa, Joaquín, Alemania contra España. Una lección a Bismarck. España duerme, pero no está muerta (Madrid 1915).
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Angel Ganivet, España filosófica contemporánea (1889).
Angel Ganivet, Granada la bella (1896).
Angel Ganivet, La conquista del reino Maya por el último conquistador Mío Cid (1897);19 novela.
Angel Ganivet, Idearium español (1897).
Angel Ganivet, Cartas finlandesas (1898).
Angel Ganivet, El escultor de su alma (1898).
Angel Ganivet, Los trabajos del infatigable creador Pío Cid (1898).
Angel Ganivet, Hombres del norte / Porvenir de España (1898).
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Unamuno, Miguel de, El derecho y la fuerza (Conferencia inédita, Casa-Museo Miguel de Unamuno, exp. 6/36).
Unamuno, Miguel de, “Einleitung zu einigen Betrachtungen über die bürgerliche Erziehung”, Der sozialistische Akademiker I, 4 (Berlín 15-2-1895) pp. 74-78.
Unamuno, Miguel de, “Der absolute Werth des Menschen und die Krankheit des Jahrhunderts”, Der sozialistische Akademiker I, 8 (15-4-1895) pp. 144-147.
Unamuno, Miguel de, “Die Triebkräfte in der sozialistischen Bewegung”, Der sozialistische Akademiker I, 24 (15-12-1895) pp. 478-482.
Unamuno, Miguel de, Paz en la guerra (1897; Madrid 1988).
Unamuno, Miguel de, El mal del siglo (Ensayo inédito, Casa-Museo Miguel de Unamuno, exp. 9/9).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Obras completas (ed. Afridisio Aguado Madrid 1958) 16 vol.
Unamuno, Miguel de, Diario íntimo (Madrid 1970).
Unamuno, Miguel & Luis de Zulueta, Cartas (1903/1933) (Madrid 1972).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Epistolario inédito I (1894-1914) (ed. Laureano Robles; Madrid 1991).
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Unamuno, Miguel de, Amor y pedagogía (1902; Madrid 1992).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho (1905; Madrid 1992).
Unamuno, Miguel de, La enseñanza universitaria (Discurso en la II Asamblea Universitaria en Barcelona, 2-7 enero 1905).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Conferencias, dadas en Málaga en los días 21, 22 y 23 de Agosto de 1906 (Málaga 1906).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Recuerdos de niñez y de mocedad (Madrid 1908).
Unamuno, Miguel de, La conciencia liberal y española de Bilbao (Conferencia dada en la Sociedad “El Sitio” de Bilbao, el 5 de septiembre de 1908).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Mi religión y otros ensayos breves (Madrid 1910).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Soliloquios y conversaciones (Madrid 1912).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Contra esto y aquello (1912; Madrid 1928).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Del sentimiento trágico de la vida. En los hombres y en los pueblos (1912; Madrid 1993).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Niebla (1914; Madrid 1988).
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Azorín, Diario de un enfermo (1901)
Azorín, La voluntad (1902; Madrid 1989).
Azorín, Antonio Azorín (1903; Madrid 1992).
Azorín, Artículos olvidados de J. Martínez Ruiz (1894-1904) (Madrid 1972).
Azorín, (pseud. José Martínez Ruiz) Obras completas (Madrid 1975) I.
Baroja, Pío, Camino de perfección (1902; Madrid 1993).
Baroja, Pío, Escritos de juventud (1890-1904) (Madrid 1972).
Maeztu, Ramiro de, Hacia otra España (1899; Madrid 1967).
Maeztu, Ramiro de, Artículos desconocidos 1897-1904 (Madrid 1977).
Maeztu, Ramiro de (Van Poel Krupp), La guerra del Transvaal y los misterios de la Banca de Londres (1900; Madrid 1974).
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Azorín, Los pueblos. La Andalucía trágica y otros artículos (1904-1905) (Madrid 1987).
Azorín, “Andalucía trágica”, El Imparcial (3-24 abril 1905).
Azorín, “En el Romeral”, El Imparcial (25 & 28 abril 1905).
Azorín, El político (Con un epílogo futurista) (1908; Madrid 1919).
Azorín, “La obra de un ministro”, ABC (2-11 marzo 1910).
Azorín, “Un discurso de La Cierva”, La Vanguardia (21-7 / 6-10-1914).
Azorín, Parlamentarismo español (1904-1916) (Madrid 1916).
Azorín, La farándula (Zaragoza 1945).
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Azorín, “La ruta de don Quijote”, El Imparcial (4-25 marzo 1905).
Azorín, “Don Quijote en casa del caballero del Verde Gabán” en: El Ateneo en el centenario del Quijote, pp. 293-301.
Canalejas, José, “Don Quijote y el derecho” en: El Ateneo en el centenario del Quijote, pp. 441-451.
Morato, Juan José, “Don Quijote y los oprimidos” en: El Ateneo en el centenario del Quijote, pp. 351-361.
Navarro Ledesma, Francisco, El ingenioso hidalgo Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (Madrid 1905).
Navarro Ledesma, Francisco, “Como se hizo el Quijote” en: El Ateneo en el centenario del Quijote, pp. 1-85.
Navarro Ledesma, Francisco, “Discurso-resumen” en: El Ateneo en el centenario del Quijote, pp. 473-485.
Navarro Ledesma, Francisco, “La tierra de don Quijote”, Blanco y negro XV, p. 731 (6 de mayo 1905).
Navarro Ledesma, Francisco, “Discurso en la Universidad Complutense, Alcalá de Henares, el día 10 de mayo de 1905” en: Sawa & Becerra, Crónica del Centenario, pp. 297-305.
Palomero, Antonio, “La imitación de nuestro señor don Quijote” en: El Ateneo en el centenario del Quijote, pp. 179-189.
Pérez de Ayala, Ramón, “Don Quijote en el extranjero” en: El Ateneo en el centenario del Quijote, pp. 361-381.
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, Psicología de Don Quijote y el quijotismo (Discurso en el Colegio Médico de San Carlos, Madrid, el día 5 de mayo de 1905).
Sawa, Miguel & Pablo Becerra, eds. Crónica del Centenario del Don Quijote (Madrid 1905).
Unamuno, Miguel de, Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho (1905; Madrid 1992).
Valera, Juan, “Consideraciones sobre el «Quijote»” (Discurso escrito por encargo de la Real Academia Española para conmemorar el tercer centenario de la publicación del Don Quijote, leído el día 8 de mayo de 1905) en: Idem, Cervantes y el Quijote (Madrid 1952) pp. 105-172.
[Una versión anterior – pero más extensa – de este análisis del Centenario del Don Quijote de 1905 se publicó en la revista Hispania (1999) pp. 625-654.]
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Ortega y Gasset, José, Cartas de un joven español (1891-1907) (Madrid 1991).
Ortega y Gasset, José, Obras Completas (Madrid 1983) 12 vol.
Ortega y Gasset, Los terrores del año mil. Crítica de una leyenda (Memoria escrita para obtener el grado de Doctor en la facultad de Filosofía y Letras, en 1904) (Madrid 1909).
Algunas de las obras analizadas en este capítulo son:
Ortega y Gasset, José, Meditaciones del Quijote (1914; Madrid 1984).
Ortega y Gasset, José, Vieja y nueva política (1914).
Ortega y Gasset, José, Meditaciones sobre la literatura y el arte (La manera española de ver las cosas) (Madrid 1987).
Ortega y Gasset, José, Para la cultura del amor (Madrid 1988).
Ortega y Gasset, José, Obras Completas (Madrid 1983) 12 vol.
Las cuestiones que interesaban más a los autores de la Generación del 98 también divergían de las de sus predecesores. Apenas si mostraron interés por las cuestiones jurídicas, por la relación entre el Estado y el ciudadano y por los derechos y deberes correspondientes. Y tampoco les interesaba el afán por lograr un progreso económico o el deseo de educar a la población para convertirla en ciudadanos conscientes de su deber o respetuosos con las autoridades. No querían socializar a la población y convertirlos en burgueses, sino hacer de ellos buenos españoles. Sin una clara perspectiva de futuro, la cuestión de la propia identidad —tanto la del individuo como la colectiva— se convertía en el centro de su pensamiento. ¿Cómo se había convertido el hombre en lo que era? ¿Tenía el individuo la posibilidad de escapar a la influencia de su entorno y del peso del Volksgeist y darle él mismo forma a su vida? Esta misma pregunta también se podía aplicar a la nación. ¿Era el pueblo un producto fatal del entorno natural y del pasado o se podía modelar o reformar el “alma española”? El lazo de unión que sentían estos autores con la nación y con símbolos nacionales como Don Quijote era mucho más íntimo, más existencial que el de sus predecesores. El joven Ortega y Gasset a su vez se rebelaba contra el extremado individualismo de Unamuno. Había que combatir por todos los medios la idea de que cada uno tenía que determinar por sí mismo cómo se debía interpretar el mundo y de qué manera había que vivir. Si todo el mundo, al igual que Don Quijote, se dedicara a perseguir su propia verdad, la sociedad se desharía en un montón de unidades sueltas. Dentro del perspectivismo propagado por Ortega ya no había sitio para relativizar el conocimiento o para el fatalismo pasivo y ha desaparecido también la base para un pensamiento utópico y dogmático. Además de seguir esta tendencia general europea, el debate político español también poseía algunas características específicas, que se analizan en esta conclusión.
la Sagrada Familia van Antonio Gaudí, Cervantes’
Don Quichot en de schilderijen van Pablo
Picasso: Spanje kent een rijke geschiedenis,
die met dit boek tot leven komt voor studenten,
toeristen en iedereen die van het land houdt.
De geografische, economische, sociale, religieuze
en politieke omstandigheden die deze
hoogtepunten van de Spaanse cultuur mogelijk
maakten zijn het onderwerp van dit historisch
overzicht. Vijf experts, Mario Damen, Maurits
Ebben, Peer Vries, Raymond Fagel en Eric Storm,
kijken met een open blik naar de Spaanse geschiedenis.
Het land dat Spanje heet blijkt meer
een eenheid te zijn dan alle regionale verschillen
doen vermoeden, en is tegelijkertijd nog veel diverser
dan verwacht. Het is deze paradox die van
Het land van Don Quichot een opwindend boek
maakt. De vele afbeeldingen tonen de cultuur
van het land in al haar facetten.
The full text of the updated version can be downloaded from:
https://www.rethinkingbelgium.eu/rebel-initiative-ebooks/ebook-20-multi-level-nationalism-the-catalan-question-lessons-for-belgium-europe
The final version of this chapter has been published as Eric Storm, 'The Spatial Turn and the History of Nationalism: Nationalism between Regionalism and Transnational Approaches' in: Stefan Berger and Eric Storm eds., Writing the History of Nationalism (London: Bloomsbury 2019) 215-239.
Although since the Romantic era rural areas were seen as the heartland of the nation only towards the end of the nineteenth century, strongly encouraged by world’s fairs, regional identities became more closely defined. This tendency was reinforced during the early decades of the twentieth century when the culture of regionalism became extremely popular, populating tourist resorts with neo-vernacular villa’s and providing them with artisanal souvenirs and typical dishes.
The main watershed was the Second World War, which interrupted the tourism business for almost a decade. However it was not the war itself that caused major changes, but the ideological transformations that were related to its outcome. Before 1939, regions primarily positioned themselves in the tourist market by emphasizing tradition and favouring rural aspects; after 1945 modernity became fashionable and urban culture set the tone. However, this does not mean that the war was a sharp turning point; many new tendencies – such as sun bathing, paid holidays and modernist architecture – had been anticipated in the 1920s and 30s, while older traditions continued in new forms. Thus, during the reconstruction era regions became more uniform – at least the build environment – and this also applied to the coastal areas where most tourists spent their holiday. Nevertheless, regional peculiarities remained a lucrative side-dish.
In the 1970s, heritage preservation, cultural tourism and destination marketing again underlined regional differences. New forms of tourism, such as roots tourism, rural tourism and visits to industrial heritage sites, further encouraged the construction and dissemination of regional identities.
The final version is published as: Eric Storm, 'Tourism and the Construction of Regional Identities' in Xosé M. Núñez Seixas & Eric Storm eds., Regionalism and Modern Europe: Identity Construction and Movements from 1890 to the Present Day (London: Bloomsbury 2019) 99-119.
A wide range of internationally renowned scholars from the USA, the UK and mainland Europe are brought together here in one volume to examine the historical roots of the current regional movements, and to explain why some of them - Scotland, Catalonia and Flanders, among others – evolve into nationalist movements and even strive for independence, while others – Brittany, Bavaria – do not. They look at how regional identities - through regional folklore, language, crafts, dishes, beverages and tourist attractions - were constructed during the 20th century and explore the relationship between national and subnational identities, as well as regional and local identities. The book also includes 7 images, 7 maps and useful end-of-chapter further reading lists.
This is a crucial text for anyone keen to know more about the history of the topical – and at times controversial – subject of regionalism in modern Europe.