Papers by Babandi I B R A H I M Gumel
Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 2023
This study examines the nexus between liquidity and credit risks and their impact on bank stabili... more This study examines the nexus between liquidity and credit risks and their impact on bank stability in Nigeria. In order to achieve the research objectives, this study utilizes secondary data, which covers 12 Nigerian banks from 2010 to 2021. The Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) was estimated using the Arellano and Bond estimation technique. The results revealed that credit and liquidity risks negatively and significantly impacted bank stability individually and jointly in Nigeria. Furthermore, we deduced a positive correlation between credit and liquidity risks, with the correlation result statistically significant. Further investigation using the Pairwise Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel Causality Tests indicated a one-way (uni-directional) causality from liquidity to credit risk. Further analysis showed that other internal bank-related indicators significantly impact bank performance. Bank Size, Equity, and Capital Adequacy positively and significantly impact bank performance. Likewise, macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth positively and significantly impact bank performance. In contrast, the inflation rate has a negative but insignificant impact on bank stability in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends joint management of credit and liquidity risks since a rise in liquidity risk will increase credit risk, resulting in bank instability. Thus, the results
International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Educational Research (IJMCER), 2023
The study focused on the cost-to-income ratio (CIR) as a measure of efficiency and its impact on ... more The study focused on the cost-to-income ratio (CIR) as a measure of efficiency and its impact on bank performance of tier 1 and tier 2 banks in Nigeria. The results revealed that the impact of CIR on return on assets (ROA) is negative and significant, reflecting the detrimental effect of high CIR on bank performance. With capital adequacy and bank size, the impact of CIR on ROA became positive, although insignificant. However, in terms of size effect, the tier 2 banks showed more negative impact than the tier 1 banks. Thus, with a high cost-to-income ratio, the performance of the tier 1 banks is better than the tier 2 banks, implying that the tier 1 banks are more cost-efficient.
Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 2023
This study examines the nexus between liquidity and credit risks and their impact on bank stabili... more This study examines the nexus between liquidity and credit risks and their impact on bank stability in Nigeria. In order to achieve the research objectives, this study utilizes secondary data, which covers 12 Nigerian banks from 2010 to 2021. The Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) was estimated using the Arellano and Bond estimation technique. The results revealed that credit and liquidity risks negatively and significantly impacted bank stability individually and jointly in Nigeria. Furthermore, we deduced a positive correlation between credit and liquidity risks, with the correlation result statistically significant. Further investigation using the Pairwise Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel Causality Tests indicated a one-way (uni-directional) causality from liquidity to credit risk. Further analysis showed that other internal bank-related indicators significantly impact bank performance. Bank Size, Equity, and Capital Adequacy positively and significantly impact bank performance. Likewise, macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth positively and significantly impact bank performance. In contrast, the inflation rate has a negative but insignificant impact on bank stability in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends joint management of credit and liquidity risks since a rise in liquidity risk will increase credit risk, resulting in bank instability. Thus, the results
Small business enterprises are important to the economic growth of Nigeria because they make up 9... more Small business enterprises are important to the economic growth of Nigeria because they make up 97% of the economy and contribute 70% of the country’s job opportunity. Notwithstanding the importance of small businesses in the Nigerian economy, 80% fail within the first five years. Based on system theory developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, the purpose of this multi-unit qualitative case study was to investigate the strategies owners and managers used to sustain operations longer than first five years. Twelve senior managers of small businesses in Dutse Nigeria participated in an interview. Methodological triangulation of interview questions was used to collect the data. Review of transcribed data and member checking were used to affirm the validity, credibility, and reliability of the study. Ten dominant themes emerged as findings: managers with educational and professional qualifications, skills, and experience; written business and strategic planning; additional financing; commitm...
Small business sector supports the Nigerian economy where it provides employment opportunity to m... more Small business sector supports the Nigerian economy where it provides employment opportunity to most of its citizens. Despite its importance, most small businesses fail within the first five years notwithstanding the agencies established by Nigerian Government to support the sector. Most of the failure is due to numerous challenges facing the sector which borders of the success factors of small businesses. This paper identified the challenges based on the Lampadarious (2015) success factors framework to providing information for owners, managers, and researchers of small business success strategies. The paper identified fifteen critical challenges facing small businesses in Nigeria. The information will help owners and managers of small businesses to develop strategies to mitigate the challenges. Small business researchers will use the information to study challenges that are specific to the industry and investigate the strategies used by successful small businesses to mitigate the ...
The study investigated how financial institution financing played a role in the growth of small b... more The study investigated how financial institution financing played a role in the growth of small businesses in Nigeria. Researchers found family and personal savings as the main source of funding small businesses in Nigeria which makes it difficult for owners to secure long-term funding from financial institutions. Lack of long-term funding from a financial institution is one of the challenges that negate the growth of small businesses in Nigeria. The study revealed there is a relationship between financial institutions financing and growth of small business in Nigeria, and knowledge of how to secure the loan by managers is critical in securing long-term funding for small business growth. The study used Chi Square and found small business owners should employ experts who can process long-term loan and manage the loan for the growth of the business.
When entrepreneurs discovered an opportunity, they take the risk of exploiting it by sourcing res... more When entrepreneurs discovered an opportunity, they take the risk of exploiting it by sourcing resources and applying them to develop the product or service, offer the product to customers through the relevant market, gather the appropriate human resources, and satisfy all the stakeholders. It is therefore important to understand the factors that will influence both entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. This article presented a literature review and findings from the reviewed literature as it relates to critical factors that influence opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. The finding might help entrepreneurs understand critical factors that will influence them to discover entrepreneurial opportunity quickly and efficiently, and exploit the opportunity to form a new venture. The information presented in the article might guide researchers to explore more factors that will influence entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation...
Small businesses are important to the growth of the Nigerian economy by employing more than 80% o... more Small businesses are important to the growth of the Nigerian economy by employing more than 80% of the country’s workforce. Despite the importance of small businesses to the Nigerian economy, there is a continuing decline in their establishment, growth, and maintenance. The phenomenological study revealed the interpretations of entrepreneurs of the central phenomenon on establishing, growing, and maintaining small businesses in Nigeria. Using the Moustakas’s (1996) modified van Kaam method, data were collected through the interview with 25 business leaders from Jigawa State – Nigeria. Five leaders of small businesses from each of the following five sectors were interviewed: agricultural, construction, manufacturing, wholesale and retail, and transportation. The participants selected were from the five emirates of Jigawa State. The study revealed entrepreneurship activities including planning and identification of opportunities, appropriate leadership style, establishing and implemen...
SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2019
Purpose- The purpose of the paper is to provide owners and managers of small businesses with nece... more Purpose- The purpose of the paper is to provide owners and managers of small businesses with necessary information about the challenges facing small businesses in Nigeria and present the possible tools, policies, and strategies to mitigate them. Design/Methodology- Using the multi-case qualitative study, managers of successful small businesses narrated in an interview the tools, policies, and strategies they used to mitigate the identified challenges. The study answered the central question: what are the tools, policies, and strategies used by managers of successful small businesses to mitigate the challenges facing their firms? Findings- The findings identified continuous government intervention and support to small businesses as a major tool that reduced the challenges facing the sector. Practical Implications- The information found in this study can be used by small business managers to mitigate the challenges facing small businesses and reduce their massive failure in the econom...
SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2019
Abstract Purpose- The purpose of the paper is to provide owners and managers of small businesses... more Abstract Purpose- The purpose of the paper is to provide owners and managers of small businesses with necessary information about the challenges facing small businesses in Nigeria and present the possible tools, policies, and strategies to mitigate them.
Design/Methodology- Using the multi-case qualitative study, managers of successful small companies narrated in an interview the tools, systems, and procedures they used to mitigate the identified challenges. The study answered the central question: what are the tools, policies, and strategies employed by managers of successful small businesses to mitigate the challenges facing their firms? Findings- The findings identified continuous government intervention and support to small businesses as a vital tool that reduced the challenges facing the sector.
Practical Implications- The information found in this study can be used by small business managers to mitigate the challenges facing small businesses and reduce their massive failure in the economy. Mitigating the challenges facing small businesses in Nigeria will increase the number of successful small businesses, which will result in the reduced unemployment rate in the economy. A reduced unemployment rate in the Nigerian economy will increase the wellbeing of citizens, thereby reducing the unemployment rate in the economy.
SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2019
Purpose- There is a need to develop a framework that will improve the understandings of business ... more Purpose- There is a need to develop a framework that will improve the understandings of business planning and performance and its effects on growth particularly during the stages of small business development. The study attempted to fill in the gap stated.
Design - The single case qualitative study relates small business growth with strategic planning where financial performance, market share, sales, and profits or instead return on investment is used to measure the growth. Existing literature fails to establish a concrete relationship between strategic planning and growth of small businesses which indicates a gap in the literature that will help understand the steps of managing the organizational transition of small business growth.
Findings - The study fails to establish a significant relationship between formal planning and transitional growth, but instead found the influence of the planning process in communication the owner’s goals, vision, mission, and intentions to both internal and external stakeholders of small businesses. The study influence of the shared vision with customers on making them loyal and advertisers through word of mouth. The study revealed how customers’ word of mouth increased the customer base of small businesses thereby increasing the product demand and eventual expansion of capacity leading to the growth of small businesses. The growth of small businesses will result in an increased reduction in the unemployment rate which will reduce the poverty rate in the Nigerian economy.
Practical Implications- Answering the primary and supporting questions will help small business owners to understand how strategic planning is essential in the transitional growth of their businesses.
Keywords - Strategic Planning, Small Business Strategic Planning, Small Business Growth, Small Business Transitional Growth, and Customer Loyalty
Small businesses are important to the growth of the Nigerian economy by employing more than 80% o... more Small businesses are important to the growth of the Nigerian economy by employing more than 80% of the country's workforce. Despite the importance of small businesses to the Nigerian economy, there is a continuing decline in their establishment, growth, and maintenance. The phenomenological study revealed the interpretations of entrepreneurs of the central phenomenon on establishing, growing, and maintaining small businesses in Nigeria. Using the Moustakas's (1996) modified van Kaam method, data were collected through the interview with 25 business leaders from Jigawa State – Nigeria. Five leaders of small businesses from each of the following five sectors were interviewed: agricultural, construction, manufacturing, wholesale and retail, and transportation. The participants selected were from the five emirates of Jigawa State. The study revealed entrepreneurship activities including planning and identification of opportunities, appropriate leadership style, establishing and implementation of innovative and creative organizational culture, and constant and continuous learning organizations as major strategies of establishing, growing and maintaining small businesses in Nigeria. The study might help small businesses sustain operations in Nigeria which will result in creating jobs to grow the country's economy.
International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review ISSN 0976 – 4852, 2018
When entrepreneurs discovered an opportunity, they take the risk of exploiting it by sourcing res... more When entrepreneurs discovered an opportunity, they take the risk of exploiting it by sourcing resources and applying them to develop the product or service, offer the product to customers through the relevant market, gather the appropriate human resources, and satisfy all the stakeholders. It is therefore important to understand the factors that will influence both entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. This article presented a literature review and findings from the reviewed literature as it relates to critical factors that influence opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. The finding might help entrepreneurs understand critical factors that will influence them to discover entrepreneurial opportunity quickly and efficiently, and exploit the opportunity to form a new venture. The information presented in the article might guide researchers to explore more factors that will influence entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation especially as it relates to specific industries.
Small businesses are important to the growth of the Nigerian economy by employing more than 80% o... more Small businesses are important to the growth of the Nigerian economy by employing more than 80% of the country's workforce. Despite the importance of small businesses to the Nigerian economy, there is a continuing decline in their establishment, growth, and maintenance. The phenomenological study revealed the interpretations of entrepreneurs of the central phenomenon on establishing, growing, and maintaining small businesses in Nigeria. Using the Moustakas's (1996) modified van Kaam method, data were collected through the interview with 25 business leaders from Jigawa State – Nigeria. Five leaders of small businesses from each of the following five sectors were interviewed: agricultural, construction, manufacturing, wholesale and retail, and transportation. The participants selected were from the five emirates of Jigawa State. The study revealed entrepreneurship activities including planning and identification of opportunities, appropriate leadership style, establishing and implementation of innovative and creative organizational culture, and constant and continuous learning organizations as major strategies of establishing, growing and maintaining small businesses in Nigeria. The study might help small businesses sustain operations in Nigeria which will result in creating jobs to grow the country's economy.
The International Journal Of Business & Management (ISSN 2321–8916), 2017
There was a general problem of retaining customers and attracting new ones by start-up grocery st... more There was a general problem of retaining customers and attracting new ones by start-up grocery stores. There is not enough information for managers and owner’s groceries stores to develop customer relationship management strategies to
retain and attract customers. The participant observations which includes an interview with major actors in the management and transactions of the grocery store provides me with a concise view of the features, actors, activities, and interactions in
the store. Using the twelve stages developed by Spradley (1980) of conducting and reporting participants observation, three broad shopping stages which were divided into 28 different sub-units were revealed. Within the three broad shopping stages,
management of grocery stores embedded various customer management strategies that made shopping a pleasant experience for their customers. Ten dominant themes emerge as information that can be used by owners and managers of grocery stores to develop customer relationship management strategies that will retain customers and attract new ones. Retaining customers by grocery store will provide word of mouth ads which will attract new customers to the stores.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 2017
Small business enterprises are important to the economic growth of Nigeria because small business... more Small business enterprises are important to the economic growth of Nigeria because small businesses makeup 97% of the economy and contribute 70% of the country's job opportunity. Notwithstanding the importance of small businesses in the Nigerian economy, 80% fail within the first five years. Based on system theory developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, the purpose of this multi-unit qualitative case study was to investigate the strategies owners and managers used to sustain operations longer than first five years. Twelve senior managers of small businesses in Dutse Nigeria participated in an interview. Methodological triangulation of interview questions was used to collect the data. Review of transcribed data and member checking were used to affirm the validity, credibility, and reliability of the study. Ten dominant themes emerged as findings: managers with educational and professional qualifications, skills, and experience; written business and strategic planning; additional financing; commitment of owners; and improved working conditions and good employees manager rapport. Other findings include the use of word of mouth and maintaining a close relationship with top 20% and high spending customers; use of local FM radio stations, social media, and face-to-face contacts marketing; and the use of e-commerce and e-payment platforms. The findings also include the use of support services; and knowledge of seasonality, cutting cost, and financial discipline.Findings might be utilized by small business owners and managers to develop success strategies to sustain operations longer than first five years which might mitigate small business failure. Mitigating small business failure might contribute to the growth of Nigerian economy.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research (ISSN 2229-5518), 2017
Small business sector supports the Nigerian economy where it provides employment opportunity to m... more Small business sector supports the Nigerian economy where it provides employment opportunity to most of its citizens. Despite its importance, most small businesses fail within the first five years notwithstanding the agencies established by Nigerian Government to support the sector. Most of the failure is due to numerous challenges facing the sector which borders of the success factors of small businesses. This paper identified the challenges based on the Lampadarious (2015) success factors framework to providing information for owners, managers, and researchers of small business success strategies. The paper identified fifteen critical challenges facing small businesses in Nigeria. The information will help owners and managers of small businesses to develop strategies to mitigate the challenges. Small business researchers will use the information to study challenges that are specific to the industry and investigate the strategies used by successful small businesses to mitigate the challenges. This paper might guide Nigerian government to develop policies that might reduce the external business environmental challenges of small businesses.
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (ISSN 2250-3153), 2017
The study investigated how financial institution financing played a role in the growth of small b... more The study investigated how financial institution financing played a role in the growth of small businesses in Nigeria. Researchers found family and personal savings as the main source of funding small businesses in Nigeria which makes it difficult for owners to secure long-term funding from financial institutions. Lack of long-term funding from a financial institution is one of the challenges that negate the growth of small businesses in Nigeria. The study revealed there is a relationship between financial institutions financing and growth of small business in Nigeria, and knowledge of how to secure the loan by managers is critical in securing long-term funding for small business growth. The study used Chi Square and found small business owners should employ experts who can process long-term loan and manage the loan for the growth of the business.
Thesis Chapters by Babandi I B R A H I M Gumel
Babandi Ibrahim Gumel, 2017
The paper is an appendix to the Doctoral thesis I presented to CSU to give more insight into the ... more The paper is an appendix to the Doctoral thesis I presented to CSU to give more insight into the City (Dutse) I conducted the study. The paper is a brief description of Dutse Business Climate including the nature of small businesses environment in the City, and why businesses start-ups are located in the City.
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Papers by Babandi I B R A H I M Gumel
Design/Methodology- Using the multi-case qualitative study, managers of successful small companies narrated in an interview the tools, systems, and procedures they used to mitigate the identified challenges. The study answered the central question: what are the tools, policies, and strategies employed by managers of successful small businesses to mitigate the challenges facing their firms? Findings- The findings identified continuous government intervention and support to small businesses as a vital tool that reduced the challenges facing the sector.
Practical Implications- The information found in this study can be used by small business managers to mitigate the challenges facing small businesses and reduce their massive failure in the economy. Mitigating the challenges facing small businesses in Nigeria will increase the number of successful small businesses, which will result in the reduced unemployment rate in the economy. A reduced unemployment rate in the Nigerian economy will increase the wellbeing of citizens, thereby reducing the unemployment rate in the economy.
Design - The single case qualitative study relates small business growth with strategic planning where financial performance, market share, sales, and profits or instead return on investment is used to measure the growth. Existing literature fails to establish a concrete relationship between strategic planning and growth of small businesses which indicates a gap in the literature that will help understand the steps of managing the organizational transition of small business growth.
Findings - The study fails to establish a significant relationship between formal planning and transitional growth, but instead found the influence of the planning process in communication the owner’s goals, vision, mission, and intentions to both internal and external stakeholders of small businesses. The study influence of the shared vision with customers on making them loyal and advertisers through word of mouth. The study revealed how customers’ word of mouth increased the customer base of small businesses thereby increasing the product demand and eventual expansion of capacity leading to the growth of small businesses. The growth of small businesses will result in an increased reduction in the unemployment rate which will reduce the poverty rate in the Nigerian economy.
Practical Implications- Answering the primary and supporting questions will help small business owners to understand how strategic planning is essential in the transitional growth of their businesses.
Keywords - Strategic Planning, Small Business Strategic Planning, Small Business Growth, Small Business Transitional Growth, and Customer Loyalty
retain and attract customers. The participant observations which includes an interview with major actors in the management and transactions of the grocery store provides me with a concise view of the features, actors, activities, and interactions in
the store. Using the twelve stages developed by Spradley (1980) of conducting and reporting participants observation, three broad shopping stages which were divided into 28 different sub-units were revealed. Within the three broad shopping stages,
management of grocery stores embedded various customer management strategies that made shopping a pleasant experience for their customers. Ten dominant themes emerge as information that can be used by owners and managers of grocery stores to develop customer relationship management strategies that will retain customers and attract new ones. Retaining customers by grocery store will provide word of mouth ads which will attract new customers to the stores.
Thesis Chapters by Babandi I B R A H I M Gumel
Design/Methodology- Using the multi-case qualitative study, managers of successful small companies narrated in an interview the tools, systems, and procedures they used to mitigate the identified challenges. The study answered the central question: what are the tools, policies, and strategies employed by managers of successful small businesses to mitigate the challenges facing their firms? Findings- The findings identified continuous government intervention and support to small businesses as a vital tool that reduced the challenges facing the sector.
Practical Implications- The information found in this study can be used by small business managers to mitigate the challenges facing small businesses and reduce their massive failure in the economy. Mitigating the challenges facing small businesses in Nigeria will increase the number of successful small businesses, which will result in the reduced unemployment rate in the economy. A reduced unemployment rate in the Nigerian economy will increase the wellbeing of citizens, thereby reducing the unemployment rate in the economy.
Design - The single case qualitative study relates small business growth with strategic planning where financial performance, market share, sales, and profits or instead return on investment is used to measure the growth. Existing literature fails to establish a concrete relationship between strategic planning and growth of small businesses which indicates a gap in the literature that will help understand the steps of managing the organizational transition of small business growth.
Findings - The study fails to establish a significant relationship between formal planning and transitional growth, but instead found the influence of the planning process in communication the owner’s goals, vision, mission, and intentions to both internal and external stakeholders of small businesses. The study influence of the shared vision with customers on making them loyal and advertisers through word of mouth. The study revealed how customers’ word of mouth increased the customer base of small businesses thereby increasing the product demand and eventual expansion of capacity leading to the growth of small businesses. The growth of small businesses will result in an increased reduction in the unemployment rate which will reduce the poverty rate in the Nigerian economy.
Practical Implications- Answering the primary and supporting questions will help small business owners to understand how strategic planning is essential in the transitional growth of their businesses.
Keywords - Strategic Planning, Small Business Strategic Planning, Small Business Growth, Small Business Transitional Growth, and Customer Loyalty
retain and attract customers. The participant observations which includes an interview with major actors in the management and transactions of the grocery store provides me with a concise view of the features, actors, activities, and interactions in
the store. Using the twelve stages developed by Spradley (1980) of conducting and reporting participants observation, three broad shopping stages which were divided into 28 different sub-units were revealed. Within the three broad shopping stages,
management of grocery stores embedded various customer management strategies that made shopping a pleasant experience for their customers. Ten dominant themes emerge as information that can be used by owners and managers of grocery stores to develop customer relationship management strategies that will retain customers and attract new ones. Retaining customers by grocery store will provide word of mouth ads which will attract new customers to the stores.