The Crucible of Revolutionary and Napoleonic Warfare and European Transitions to Modern Economic Growth, 2022
In this chapter we confirm that the war caused substantial hardship to Portugal, yet was less pro... more In this chapter we confirm that the war caused substantial hardship to Portugal, yet was less protracted, devastating and costly than has been supposed by many. We note that it did not cause the huge financial strain which some other states endured and which led to major fiscal reforms. On the geo- political side, the outcome was mixed. Portugal, a more than seven- hundred- year- old state, retained full autonomy under its traditional reigning family and avoided incorporation into its arch- rival Spain. On the other hand, it suffered the amputation of Brazil, its richest colony. Lastly, it adopted most of the institutional changes inspired by Napoleonic rule and generally perceived as the foundations of modern Liberal Europe. However, these growth- stimulating reforms were adopted comparatively late and hesitantly and this may have delayed the speed of its development. The country failed to make the transition to the modern society and effective institutions required by emerging industrial capitalism. The nineteenth century was not the time in which Portugal decisively joined the train of modern economic growth.
In this research we try to explain the dual character of the monetary system of the Luso-Brazilia... more In this research we try to explain the dual character of the monetary system of the Luso-Brazilian Empire brought about by the introduction of a parallel, or complementary, currency in Brazil by the end of the XVII century. The simultaneous circulation of 'provincial' and 'national' coins can explain why these units of exchange did not act as both store and standard of value. Money had not only a hierarchy character according the value of payments (gold, silver and copper) but also the mint policy varied in the different areas of circulation. This implied that not all these coins were hoarded or obtained the same status on international market. Nevertheless, since the 17th century we have an evolution that we need to recognize and understand. This implied that 'provincial' money as a concept had an evolution and other attributes to make this money broadly acceptable as units of exchange. Which are the convergence of mechanisms that explain the emergence and consolidation of a money economy in the Portuguese Empire? We will analyse the monetary relations between Brazil and Portugal and the time span is since the 17th century until the 19th century.
In this article we estimate MO for the period between 1834 and 1891. The first section deals with... more In this article we estimate MO for the period between 1834 and 1891. The first section deals with an interconnected and, in a certain sense, previous subject: monetary regime. The period under consideration will be 1797-1891. Its beginning coincides with the introduction of paper-money in Portugal and its end with the declaration of inconvertibility after a financial and banking crisis. Section 3 presents an analysis of monetary evolution on the economy.
The aim of this chapter is to examine the trade patterns and finance between Portugal and Russia ... more The aim of this chapter is to examine the trade patterns and finance between Portugal and Russia as they related to diplomatic relations. The analysis is focused on the Baltic Sea region in a context of the major international changes during 1770-1850, a period of new global wars, neutrality, and peace, in particular due to the American War of Independence and the Napoleonic Wars. Portugal and Russia should be analyzed in the context of the changed trading conditions of both empires. We argue that the commercial relations between these two markets can be explained on the basis of the role of Russia as a large trade nation determined to impose its neutrality status in Europe, at least until the end of the 18th century.
This article analyses the transition from bimetallism to the gold standard in Portugal. The resea... more This article analyses the transition from bimetallism to the gold standard in Portugal. The research has emphasised that the high percentage of gold coins in circulation and the network externalities were the main reasons for the de jure adoption of the gold standard in 1854. However, it has not provided a justification for either the appreciation of gold in the Portuguese market in 1847 which was contrary to the international trend or the reasons behind the decision to continue to circulate British gold sovereigns in 1851 when all other foreign coins were withdrawn. We argue that the political pressure applied by groups with ownership of British gold coins explains the transition from bimetallism to the gold standard.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study how budgetary constraints can have ethical implicat... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study how budgetary constraints can have ethical implications on patient treatment options. Design/methodology/approach By applying a qualitative methodological approach (interviews) and participant observation, this paper studies the behaviour of surgeons in scenarios of financial restriction. Findings The empirical findings show that despite the conflict between the economy and the leges artis, surgeons maintain the ethical and deontological principles of their profession with fair rules of orientation. Practical implications The importance of this study can be realised by its continuity. One of the authors is already implicated on a wider research to investigate the influence of the economic scarcity of resources on general surgeons’ ethical behaviours. Social implications This paper is a contribution to understanding the rules that restrain the activities of surgeons. Politicians sometimes do not have a full understanding of the pressures ...
Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, 2011
En este artículo se explica el cambio de prácticas contables en la Casa da Moeda de Lisboa encuad... more En este artículo se explica el cambio de prácticas contables en la Casa da Moeda de Lisboa encuadrándolas en la política de difusión de la contabilidad por partida doble en el ámbito público en Portugal durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII.<br />La necesidad del Estado de ejercer un mayor control sobre sus fuentes de ingresos justificó la transformación ocurrida demostrando la adaptación de las prácticas contables a las características de cada organización. En la Casa da Moeda, lo específico de su misión acuñación de monedas originó una legislación propia fechada en 1773. <br />La periodización de estas prácticas contables en la Casa da Moeda de Lisboa se organizó en tres fases: la primera entre 1686 y 1761, la segunda entre 1761 y 1773 y por último desde 1773 a 1797, período final de este estudio.<br /><br />This article explains the changes made to accounting practices at the Lisbon Mint within the context of the introduction of double-entry bookkeepi...
Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão-GHES …, 2001
1 Documento de Trabalho/ Working Paper n? 20 MOEDA E ESTADO: POL?TICAS MONET?RIAS E DETERMINANTES... more 1 Documento de Trabalho/ Working Paper n? 20 MOEDA E ESTADO: POL?TICAS MONET?RIAS E DETERMINANTES DA PROCURA (168-1797) Rita Martins de Sousa GHES Gabinete de Hist?ria Econ?mica e Social Lisboa 2001 2 Resumo O Estado desempenha, em rela ...
In this paper, we assess the production, supply, and circulation of national gold coins in Brazil... more In this paper, we assess the production, supply, and circulation of national gold coins in Brazil in the eighteenth century. New estimates have been provided of the volume of production of these gold coins at Mints of Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and Minas Gerais. Comparing the values of this coinage with remittances to Lisbon, the first half of the eighteenth century reveals a more stable conjuncture than the second half. This latter period shows fluctuations that were expressed in the faster growth of the supply, despite the fall that took place in the production-coinage of gold. Our conclusions question the historiographical theses about the shortage of currency in Brazil throughout the Eighteenth Century. The growth of the economy from the last quarter of the Century onwards implied an increase in the demand for money, which may explain the increase in the supply of national gold coins.
This paper provides a general view of the evolution of banking in the Portuguese Colonial Empire ... more This paper provides a general view of the evolution of banking in the Portuguese Colonial Empire between the founding of the first Portuguese colonial bank in 1864 and the independence of most Portuguese colonies in 1975. The text summarizes the legal background, presents ...
In this paper, we assess the production, supply, and circulation of national gold coins in Brazil... more In this paper, we assess the production, supply, and circulation of national gold coins in Brazil in the eighteenth century. New estimates have been provided of the volume of production of these gold coins at Mints of Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and Minas Gerais. Comparing the values of this coinage with remittances to Lisbon, the first half of the eighteenth century reveals a more stable conjuncture than the second half. This latter period shows fluctuations that were expressed in the faster growth of the supply, despite the fall that took place in the production-coinage of gold. Our conclusions question the historiographical theses about the shortage of currency in Brazil throughout the Eighteenth Century. The growth of the economy from the last quarter of the Century onwards implied an increase in the demand for money, which may explain the increase in the supply of national gold coins.
The Crucible of Revolutionary and Napoleonic Warfare and European Transitions to Modern Economic Growth, 2022
In this chapter we confirm that the war caused substantial hardship to Portugal, yet was less pro... more In this chapter we confirm that the war caused substantial hardship to Portugal, yet was less protracted, devastating and costly than has been supposed by many. We note that it did not cause the huge financial strain which some other states endured and which led to major fiscal reforms. On the geo- political side, the outcome was mixed. Portugal, a more than seven- hundred- year- old state, retained full autonomy under its traditional reigning family and avoided incorporation into its arch- rival Spain. On the other hand, it suffered the amputation of Brazil, its richest colony. Lastly, it adopted most of the institutional changes inspired by Napoleonic rule and generally perceived as the foundations of modern Liberal Europe. However, these growth- stimulating reforms were adopted comparatively late and hesitantly and this may have delayed the speed of its development. The country failed to make the transition to the modern society and effective institutions required by emerging industrial capitalism. The nineteenth century was not the time in which Portugal decisively joined the train of modern economic growth.
In this research we try to explain the dual character of the monetary system of the Luso-Brazilia... more In this research we try to explain the dual character of the monetary system of the Luso-Brazilian Empire brought about by the introduction of a parallel, or complementary, currency in Brazil by the end of the XVII century. The simultaneous circulation of &#39;provincial&#39; and &#39;national&#39; coins can explain why these units of exchange did not act as both store and standard of value. Money had not only a hierarchy character according the value of payments (gold, silver and copper) but also the mint policy varied in the different areas of circulation. This implied that not all these coins were hoarded or obtained the same status on international market. Nevertheless, since the 17th century we have an evolution that we need to recognize and understand. This implied that &#39;provincial&#39; money as a concept had an evolution and other attributes to make this money broadly acceptable as units of exchange. Which are the convergence of mechanisms that explain the emergence and consolidation of a money economy in the Portuguese Empire? We will analyse the monetary relations between Brazil and Portugal and the time span is since the 17th century until the 19th century.
In this article we estimate MO for the period between 1834 and 1891. The first section deals with... more In this article we estimate MO for the period between 1834 and 1891. The first section deals with an interconnected and, in a certain sense, previous subject: monetary regime. The period under consideration will be 1797-1891. Its beginning coincides with the introduction of paper-money in Portugal and its end with the declaration of inconvertibility after a financial and banking crisis. Section 3 presents an analysis of monetary evolution on the economy.
The aim of this chapter is to examine the trade patterns and finance between Portugal and Russia ... more The aim of this chapter is to examine the trade patterns and finance between Portugal and Russia as they related to diplomatic relations. The analysis is focused on the Baltic Sea region in a context of the major international changes during 1770-1850, a period of new global wars, neutrality, and peace, in particular due to the American War of Independence and the Napoleonic Wars. Portugal and Russia should be analyzed in the context of the changed trading conditions of both empires. We argue that the commercial relations between these two markets can be explained on the basis of the role of Russia as a large trade nation determined to impose its neutrality status in Europe, at least until the end of the 18th century.
This article analyses the transition from bimetallism to the gold standard in Portugal. The resea... more This article analyses the transition from bimetallism to the gold standard in Portugal. The research has emphasised that the high percentage of gold coins in circulation and the network externalities were the main reasons for the de jure adoption of the gold standard in 1854. However, it has not provided a justification for either the appreciation of gold in the Portuguese market in 1847 which was contrary to the international trend or the reasons behind the decision to continue to circulate British gold sovereigns in 1851 when all other foreign coins were withdrawn. We argue that the political pressure applied by groups with ownership of British gold coins explains the transition from bimetallism to the gold standard.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study how budgetary constraints can have ethical implicat... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study how budgetary constraints can have ethical implications on patient treatment options. Design/methodology/approach By applying a qualitative methodological approach (interviews) and participant observation, this paper studies the behaviour of surgeons in scenarios of financial restriction. Findings The empirical findings show that despite the conflict between the economy and the leges artis, surgeons maintain the ethical and deontological principles of their profession with fair rules of orientation. Practical implications The importance of this study can be realised by its continuity. One of the authors is already implicated on a wider research to investigate the influence of the economic scarcity of resources on general surgeons’ ethical behaviours. Social implications This paper is a contribution to understanding the rules that restrain the activities of surgeons. Politicians sometimes do not have a full understanding of the pressures ...
Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, 2011
En este artículo se explica el cambio de prácticas contables en la Casa da Moeda de Lisboa encuad... more En este artículo se explica el cambio de prácticas contables en la Casa da Moeda de Lisboa encuadrándolas en la política de difusión de la contabilidad por partida doble en el ámbito público en Portugal durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII.<br />La necesidad del Estado de ejercer un mayor control sobre sus fuentes de ingresos justificó la transformación ocurrida demostrando la adaptación de las prácticas contables a las características de cada organización. En la Casa da Moeda, lo específico de su misión acuñación de monedas originó una legislación propia fechada en 1773. <br />La periodización de estas prácticas contables en la Casa da Moeda de Lisboa se organizó en tres fases: la primera entre 1686 y 1761, la segunda entre 1761 y 1773 y por último desde 1773 a 1797, período final de este estudio.<br /><br />This article explains the changes made to accounting practices at the Lisbon Mint within the context of the introduction of double-entry bookkeepi...
Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão-GHES …, 2001
1 Documento de Trabalho/ Working Paper n? 20 MOEDA E ESTADO: POL?TICAS MONET?RIAS E DETERMINANTES... more 1 Documento de Trabalho/ Working Paper n? 20 MOEDA E ESTADO: POL?TICAS MONET?RIAS E DETERMINANTES DA PROCURA (168-1797) Rita Martins de Sousa GHES Gabinete de Hist?ria Econ?mica e Social Lisboa 2001 2 Resumo O Estado desempenha, em rela ...
In this paper, we assess the production, supply, and circulation of national gold coins in Brazil... more In this paper, we assess the production, supply, and circulation of national gold coins in Brazil in the eighteenth century. New estimates have been provided of the volume of production of these gold coins at Mints of Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and Minas Gerais. Comparing the values of this coinage with remittances to Lisbon, the first half of the eighteenth century reveals a more stable conjuncture than the second half. This latter period shows fluctuations that were expressed in the faster growth of the supply, despite the fall that took place in the production-coinage of gold. Our conclusions question the historiographical theses about the shortage of currency in Brazil throughout the Eighteenth Century. The growth of the economy from the last quarter of the Century onwards implied an increase in the demand for money, which may explain the increase in the supply of national gold coins.
This paper provides a general view of the evolution of banking in the Portuguese Colonial Empire ... more This paper provides a general view of the evolution of banking in the Portuguese Colonial Empire between the founding of the first Portuguese colonial bank in 1864 and the independence of most Portuguese colonies in 1975. The text summarizes the legal background, presents ...
In this paper, we assess the production, supply, and circulation of national gold coins in Brazil... more In this paper, we assess the production, supply, and circulation of national gold coins in Brazil in the eighteenth century. New estimates have been provided of the volume of production of these gold coins at Mints of Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and Minas Gerais. Comparing the values of this coinage with remittances to Lisbon, the first half of the eighteenth century reveals a more stable conjuncture than the second half. This latter period shows fluctuations that were expressed in the faster growth of the supply, despite the fall that took place in the production-coinage of gold. Our conclusions question the historiographical theses about the shortage of currency in Brazil throughout the Eighteenth Century. The growth of the economy from the last quarter of the Century onwards implied an increase in the demand for money, which may explain the increase in the supply of national gold coins.
The Crucible of Revolutionary and Napoleonic Warfare and European Transitions to Modern Economic Growth, 2022
In this chapter we confirm that the war caused substantial hardship to Portugal, yet was less pro... more In this chapter we confirm that the war caused substantial hardship to Portugal, yet was less protracted, devastating and costly than has been supposed by many. We note that it did not cause the huge financial strain which some other states endured and which led to major fiscal reforms. On the geo- political side, the outcome was mixed. Portugal, a more than seven- hundred- year- old state, retained full autonomy under its traditional reigning family and avoided incorporation into its arch- rival Spain. On the other hand, it suffered the amputation of Brazil, its richest colony. Lastly, it adopted most of the institutional changes inspired by Napoleonic rule and generally perceived as the foundations of modern Liberal Europe. However, these growth- stimulating reforms were adopted comparatively late and hesitantly and this may have delayed the speed of its development. The country failed to make the transition to the modern society and effective institutions required by emerging industrial capitalism. The nineteenth century was not the time in which Portugal decisively joined the train of modern economic growth.
Neste capítulo o enfoque dirige-se para as questões económicas e financeiras negociadas com a CEE... more Neste capítulo o enfoque dirige-se para as questões económicas e financeiras negociadas com a CEE para a efetiva adesão de Portugal em 1986. Este dossiê integrou três pilares: a União Económica e Monetária e a coordenação das políticas económicas; a coordenação das políticas monetárias e sistema monetário; os mecanismos financeiros. Dossiê iniciado na sétima reunião ao nível de suplentes, em 20 de fevereiro de 1980, foi encerrado a 21 de setembro de 1982, aquando da nona reunião ministerial. No entanto, a inclusão do escudo no ECU foi negociada posteriormente. Esta questão foi abordada na 20.ª e na 22.ª reuniões a nível ministerial, ficando apenas concluída na 31.ª reunião de suplentes, datada de 22 de abril de 1985. A adesão de Portugal ao SME foi o único ponto da agenda que permaneceu em aberto, uma vez que não fazia parte do acquis communautaire. Não se revelou um capítulo de difícil negociação, até porque não se tratava de um dossiê que pudesse espelhar interesses setoriais. Tratou ‑se de um capítulo com repercussões aparentemente menos visíveis sobre os agentes económicos e, nesse sentido, menos sujeito a grupos de pressão.
História da evolução de um dos principais órgãos responsáveis pela gestão fiscal, cobrança e just... more História da evolução de um dos principais órgãos responsáveis pela gestão fiscal, cobrança e justiça tributária em Portugal, a Direção Geral dos Impostos que começou por ser a Direção Geral das Contribuições Diretas. As alterações político-institucionais justificam as balizas temporais adotadas, a saber: 1849-1911; 1911-1926; 1926-1974; 1974-2011. Os problemas analisados prendem-se com: as reformas fiscais e suas repercussões na estrutura orgânica da administração fiscal; as inovações administrativas mais significativas em cada período, assim como a relação entre a adminstração tributária e os contribuintes; a arrecadação fiscal enquanto variável de aproximação à eficácia fiscal.
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Papers by Rita Martins de Sousa
On the geo- political side, the outcome was mixed. Portugal, a more than seven- hundred- year- old state, retained full autonomy under its traditional reigning family and avoided incorporation into its arch- rival Spain. On the other hand, it suffered the amputation of Brazil, its richest colony. Lastly, it adopted most of the institutional changes inspired by Napoleonic rule and generally perceived as the foundations of modern Liberal Europe. However, these growth- stimulating reforms were adopted comparatively late and hesitantly and this may have delayed the speed of its development. The country failed to make the transition to the modern society and effective institutions required by emerging industrial capitalism.
The nineteenth century was not the time in which Portugal decisively
joined the train of modern economic growth.
Dossiê iniciado na sétima reunião ao nível de suplentes, em 20 de fevereiro de 1980, foi encerrado a 21 de setembro de 1982, aquando da nona reunião ministerial. No entanto, a inclusão do escudo no ECU foi negociada posteriormente. Esta questão foi abordada na 20.ª e na 22.ª reuniões a nível ministerial, ficando apenas concluída na 31.ª reunião de suplentes, datada de 22 de abril de 1985. A adesão de Portugal ao SME foi o único ponto da agenda que permaneceu em aberto, uma vez que não fazia parte do acquis communautaire.
Não se revelou um capítulo de difícil negociação, até porque não se tratava de um dossiê que pudesse espelhar interesses setoriais. Tratou ‑se de um capítulo com repercussões aparentemente menos visíveis sobre os agentes económicos e, nesse sentido, menos sujeito a grupos de pressão.