In 1949 the Dutch recognized the independence of the United States of Indonesia, ending three hun... more In 1949 the Dutch recognized the independence of the United States of Indonesia, ending three hundred years of colonial rule. The new country was a federation of sixteen states, but within the year the federal system was abolished and the unitary Republic of Indonesia was declared. The August 17, 1950 declaration of the ROI affirmed the five-principle nationalist creed of pancasila. Sustaining the new polity required elite and popular belief in the originality and functionality of both the unitary state and pancasila.
The exact details of the 1623 Amboyna Massacre, the killing of at least 10 Englishmen and others ... more The exact details of the 1623 Amboyna Massacre, the killing of at least 10 Englishmen and others by Dutch agents of the VOC on Ambon Island, remain uncertain. However, the incident clearly affected England's relations with the Dutch in three stages: it sparked English popular outcry against the Dutch; the event was used by the English for propaganda and negotiation in the First Anglo-Dutch War; Amboyna became a rhetorical point for English warhawks and an artistic trope.
Napoleonic era had a centralizing and lasting impact on the Netherlands evident in three aspects ... more Napoleonic era had a centralizing and lasting impact on the Netherlands evident in three aspects of the country: polity, money, and education. I will first contextualize the condition of these areas before the Napoleonic era, then argue the centralization of each from c. 1796-1825.
In 1949 the Dutch recognized the independence of the United States of Indonesia, ending three hun... more In 1949 the Dutch recognized the independence of the United States of Indonesia, ending three hundred years of colonial rule. The new country was a federation of sixteen states, but within the year the federal system was abolished and the unitary Republic of Indonesia was declared. The August 17, 1950 declaration of the ROI affirmed the five-principle nationalist creed of pancasila. Sustaining the new polity required elite and popular belief in the originality and functionality of both the unitary state and pancasila.
The exact details of the 1623 Amboyna Massacre, the killing of at least 10 Englishmen and others ... more The exact details of the 1623 Amboyna Massacre, the killing of at least 10 Englishmen and others by Dutch agents of the VOC on Ambon Island, remain uncertain. However, the incident clearly affected England's relations with the Dutch in three stages: it sparked English popular outcry against the Dutch; the event was used by the English for propaganda and negotiation in the First Anglo-Dutch War; Amboyna became a rhetorical point for English warhawks and an artistic trope.
Napoleonic era had a centralizing and lasting impact on the Netherlands evident in three aspects ... more Napoleonic era had a centralizing and lasting impact on the Netherlands evident in three aspects of the country: polity, money, and education. I will first contextualize the condition of these areas before the Napoleonic era, then argue the centralization of each from c. 1796-1825.
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