We describe a method of psychosocial counselling that we have used with HIV-infected patients in ... more We describe a method of psychosocial counselling that we have used with HIV-infected patients in Zambia. The protocol included providing the patient with factual information about HIV infection, understanding the patient's concept of their illness, and teaching the need to change sexual behaviour, reduce alcohol consumption, prevent stress, and adjust to family changes. Our aims have been to enable HIV-infected persons to avoid behaviour that might damage their own health, to minimize further transmission of HIV, and to prolong the period of asymptomatic HIV infection and life expectancy.
... Titre du document / Document title. Genital ulcers and male circumcision as risk factors for ... more ... Titre du document / Document title. Genital ulcers and male circumcision as risk factors for acquiring HIV-1 in Zambia. Auteur(s) / Author(s). HIRA SK ; KAMANGA J. ; MACUACUA R. ;MWANSA N. ; CRUESS DF ; PERINE PL ; Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation( ...
Clinical diagnosis of STDs is unreliable and therefore constitutes a poor basis for choice of tre... more Clinical diagnosis of STDs is unreliable and therefore constitutes a poor basis for choice of treatment. A syndromic approach has been suggested to increase effectiveness of treatment in resource poor settings. Algorithms for the treatment of STD syndromes were evaluated. A total of 436 patients were followed; cure rates were defined and estimated for genital ulcer disease (GUD), urethral and vaginal discharge. Cure rates for the discharge syndromes were high, 97-98%, for both sexes. The cure rate for GUD was 83% for female and 69% for male patients. A higher prevalence of syphilis in the female study population probably contributed to this. It is likely that a large proportion of the treatment failures were due to decreased susceptibility of Haemophilus ducreyi to trimethoprim-sulpha. The determination of cure rates met with a number of methodological problems. This makes it difficult to evaluate the algorithms as part of routine activities, as suggested earlier by WHO.
We aimed to measure the effectiveness of latex condoms and of nonoxynol-9 [N-9] spermicides, in p... more We aimed to measure the effectiveness of latex condoms and of nonoxynol-9 [N-9] spermicides, in preventing HIV transmission in heterosexual serodiscordant couples in Lusaka. Each couple was examined at clinic visits scheduled at 3-month intervals for one year or more per couple, or until seroconversion or discontinuation. Couples were given condoms and their choice of 3 N-9 products and advised to use both at every intercourse. Sexual exposure was ascertained from coital logs that recorded coitus and barrier method use. HIV serological testing was done at each clinic visit (ELISA and Western blot if positive). One hundred and ten discordant couples were followed for a mean of 17.6 months. Seventy-eight per cent of coital episodes were protected by condoms, 85% by spermicides and 6.4% were unprotected. Fourteen seroconversions occurred (8.7 infections per 100 couple-years [c-y]). The rate was higher among seronegative men than seronegative women. Among couples who reported using condoms at every intercourse the infection rate was 2.3/100 c-y, compared with 10.7/100 c-y among couples using condoms less consistently (rate ratio [RR] 0.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0-1.6). Among couples who reported using N-9 at every intercourse, the seroconversion rate was 6.9/100 c-y; among couples who reported less than full-time N-9 use, the rate was 8.9/100 c-y (RR 0.8; 95% CI 0.2-2.8). Among the subset of female seronegatives, the N-9 RR was 0.5 (95% CI 0.1-3.8). But when we calculated HIV rates according to N-9 consistency in coital acts when condoms were not used, there was no evidence of protection with higher N-9 use. Consistent use of latex condoms reduces the incidence of HIV infection, but the association between N-9 spermicides and HIV is less clear. The current study could not provide compelling data on the impact of N-9 spermicide use on risk of HIV infection. The study's small size, as well as the consistency of concurrent condom use, limited our inferences. Available spermicide products must be studied further.
Sexually transmitted disease (STD) case management was evaluated through observation and intervie... more Sexually transmitted disease (STD) case management was evaluated through observation and interviews at 2 urban and 4 rural health centres and 2 district hospital STD clinics in one urban and 2 rural districts in Central Province, Zambia. The analysis was limited to 59 patients (42 men and 17 women) who paid first visits for their disease and were managed by a clinical officer. The evaluation suffered from the lack of a standard for case management. Results showed that the patients engaged in risky sexual behaviour without being aware of the risks. At the health institutions, few patients were informed about condoms, the risk of HIV, and abstinence from sex during treatment and few were asked to notify their partners. Clinical officers with special STD training performed better than others but sill informed only one-fifth of the patients. Few clinical officers managed patients according to the syndromic approach recommended by the STD control programme.
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2002
Primary health centres in urban Lusaka, Zambia. To describe the distribution and risk factors for... more Primary health centres in urban Lusaka, Zambia. To describe the distribution and risk factors for delay among patients presenting with a cough to the urban health centres. A health systems research methodology was used. A participatory workshop analysed the problem and designed a cross-sectional survey of patients attending two urban health centres. Initial data analyses were performed in a second workshop, with results discussed with a broad range of policy-makers, health care staff and community members interested in tuberculosis. A total of 427 patients were interviewed; 35% had delayed for more than one month. Delay was associated with older age, severe underlying illness, poor perception of the health services, distance from the clinic and prior attendance at a private clinic. There was no relationship between delay and knowledge about tuberculosis, nor with education, socio-economic level or gender. Tuberculosis and HIV were felt to be closely linked and highly stigmatised, bu...
We describe a method of psychosocial counselling that we have used with HIV-infected patients in ... more We describe a method of psychosocial counselling that we have used with HIV-infected patients in Zambia. The protocol included providing the patient with factual information about HIV infection, understanding the patient's concept of their illness, and teaching the need to change sexual behaviour, reduce alcohol consumption, prevent stress, and adjust to family changes. Our aims have been to enable HIV-infected persons to avoid behaviour that might damage their own health, to minimize further transmission of HIV, and to prolong the period of asymptomatic HIV infection and life expectancy.
... Titre du document / Document title. Genital ulcers and male circumcision as risk factors for ... more ... Titre du document / Document title. Genital ulcers and male circumcision as risk factors for acquiring HIV-1 in Zambia. Auteur(s) / Author(s). HIRA SK ; KAMANGA J. ; MACUACUA R. ;MWANSA N. ; CRUESS DF ; PERINE PL ; Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation( ...
Clinical diagnosis of STDs is unreliable and therefore constitutes a poor basis for choice of tre... more Clinical diagnosis of STDs is unreliable and therefore constitutes a poor basis for choice of treatment. A syndromic approach has been suggested to increase effectiveness of treatment in resource poor settings. Algorithms for the treatment of STD syndromes were evaluated. A total of 436 patients were followed; cure rates were defined and estimated for genital ulcer disease (GUD), urethral and vaginal discharge. Cure rates for the discharge syndromes were high, 97-98%, for both sexes. The cure rate for GUD was 83% for female and 69% for male patients. A higher prevalence of syphilis in the female study population probably contributed to this. It is likely that a large proportion of the treatment failures were due to decreased susceptibility of Haemophilus ducreyi to trimethoprim-sulpha. The determination of cure rates met with a number of methodological problems. This makes it difficult to evaluate the algorithms as part of routine activities, as suggested earlier by WHO.
We aimed to measure the effectiveness of latex condoms and of nonoxynol-9 [N-9] spermicides, in p... more We aimed to measure the effectiveness of latex condoms and of nonoxynol-9 [N-9] spermicides, in preventing HIV transmission in heterosexual serodiscordant couples in Lusaka. Each couple was examined at clinic visits scheduled at 3-month intervals for one year or more per couple, or until seroconversion or discontinuation. Couples were given condoms and their choice of 3 N-9 products and advised to use both at every intercourse. Sexual exposure was ascertained from coital logs that recorded coitus and barrier method use. HIV serological testing was done at each clinic visit (ELISA and Western blot if positive). One hundred and ten discordant couples were followed for a mean of 17.6 months. Seventy-eight per cent of coital episodes were protected by condoms, 85% by spermicides and 6.4% were unprotected. Fourteen seroconversions occurred (8.7 infections per 100 couple-years [c-y]). The rate was higher among seronegative men than seronegative women. Among couples who reported using condoms at every intercourse the infection rate was 2.3/100 c-y, compared with 10.7/100 c-y among couples using condoms less consistently (rate ratio [RR] 0.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0-1.6). Among couples who reported using N-9 at every intercourse, the seroconversion rate was 6.9/100 c-y; among couples who reported less than full-time N-9 use, the rate was 8.9/100 c-y (RR 0.8; 95% CI 0.2-2.8). Among the subset of female seronegatives, the N-9 RR was 0.5 (95% CI 0.1-3.8). But when we calculated HIV rates according to N-9 consistency in coital acts when condoms were not used, there was no evidence of protection with higher N-9 use. Consistent use of latex condoms reduces the incidence of HIV infection, but the association between N-9 spermicides and HIV is less clear. The current study could not provide compelling data on the impact of N-9 spermicide use on risk of HIV infection. The study's small size, as well as the consistency of concurrent condom use, limited our inferences. Available spermicide products must be studied further.
Sexually transmitted disease (STD) case management was evaluated through observation and intervie... more Sexually transmitted disease (STD) case management was evaluated through observation and interviews at 2 urban and 4 rural health centres and 2 district hospital STD clinics in one urban and 2 rural districts in Central Province, Zambia. The analysis was limited to 59 patients (42 men and 17 women) who paid first visits for their disease and were managed by a clinical officer. The evaluation suffered from the lack of a standard for case management. Results showed that the patients engaged in risky sexual behaviour without being aware of the risks. At the health institutions, few patients were informed about condoms, the risk of HIV, and abstinence from sex during treatment and few were asked to notify their partners. Clinical officers with special STD training performed better than others but sill informed only one-fifth of the patients. Few clinical officers managed patients according to the syndromic approach recommended by the STD control programme.
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2002
Primary health centres in urban Lusaka, Zambia. To describe the distribution and risk factors for... more Primary health centres in urban Lusaka, Zambia. To describe the distribution and risk factors for delay among patients presenting with a cough to the urban health centres. A health systems research methodology was used. A participatory workshop analysed the problem and designed a cross-sectional survey of patients attending two urban health centres. Initial data analyses were performed in a second workshop, with results discussed with a broad range of policy-makers, health care staff and community members interested in tuberculosis. A total of 427 patients were interviewed; 35% had delayed for more than one month. Delay was associated with older age, severe underlying illness, poor perception of the health services, distance from the clinic and prior attendance at a private clinic. There was no relationship between delay and knowledge about tuberculosis, nor with education, socio-economic level or gender. Tuberculosis and HIV were felt to be closely linked and highly stigmatised, bu...
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