Drafts by S. Defne Kartal
• Araştırma Konusu: Türkçe'de, bazı annelerin çocuklarına 'anne' kelimesine-(ci)m ek(ler)ini ekle... more • Araştırma Konusu: Türkçe'de, bazı annelerin çocuklarına 'anne' kelimesine-(ci)m ek(ler)ini ekleyerek hitap etmeleri. • Amaç: Bu kullanımın sebeplerini ve Türkçe'deki yerini anlamak. • Yöntem: Öncelikle dilin bu kullanımının tanımı yapılacak ve daha önce yapılmış araştırmalar ve yaklaşımlar gözden geçirilicektir. 1085 anneye bu kullanım hakkında anket formatında 8 soru sorulmuştur. Bu soruların cevapları yorumlanacak ve daha önce yapılmış araştırmalar ile karşılaştırılarak bir sonuca varılacaktır. '
Bethan Benwell makes an overview of the field that studies men's language in his article "Languag... more Bethan Benwell makes an overview of the field that studies men's language in his article "Language and Masculinity". He also analyzes one of his own case studies which is about "gross-out", a type of discourse that is associated with masculinity. Kiesling's question "How do men use language to 'do friendship' in a heterosexist atmosphere?" which was mentioned in the article made me think of how men use sexual slang when talking to one another. Whether this kind of talk is special to a certain group of young Turkish men is a matter of discussion which requires further research. However, I often find young Turkish men use very explicitly sexual language with their friends. This language is not just sexual but often emphasizes the speaker asserting their dominance. I find this interesting because somehow they manage to not cross the line over to a point where this kind of speech would defy heteronormativity and indicate homosexuality. I would relate this to a point in Deborah Cameron's article "Performing Gender Identity: Young Men's Talk and the Construction of Heterosexual Masculinity". She analyzes the speech of the young men in this case study as performing their masculine identity by stripping another of that, a fellow student who they define as gay. However, they talk about how he is seemingly flirting with other girls, which is contradicting. Cameron comments on this by stating that during that performance, the sexual aspect of being gay is not relevant, only the attributes of that person who are not 'manly' (i.e. too well dressed, having feminine physical features, flirting with 'ugly' women etc.) really matter because they make him less of a man. Similarly, when men use sexual language with each other that indicates explicit sexual acts, they use it as a tool of dominance. They perform those speech acts in such a way that it does not make the impression of a desire to be intimate but a dominance that it needs to be asserted via physical power. I strongly believe that this type of discourse is tied to rape culture. Rape as a punishment among men is an especially common occurrence in prisons. I see this punishment and dominance attitude in sexually explicit language among men as the factor that makes it heterosexist and masculilne. It is heterosexist because for heterosexual men, the preferred sexual partner is a female. So in these conversations, there is an underlying message that the dominated person is somewhat feminine because they are the one that the sexual act is being performed on. Another conversational practice that I often observe is men insulting one anoher very casually and frequently.
Thesis Chapters by S. Defne Kartal
Lund University Student Papers, 2021
The Turkish tense-aspect-modality system and its complexity has been the topic of many previous s... more The Turkish tense-aspect-modality system and its complexity has been the topic of many previous studies (Csato, 2000; Johanson, 2016; Slobin & Aksu, 1982) and there are many arguments on whether some of the tense-aspect-modality markers should be categorized as such in the first place, as well as what they express when used in combination with different grammatical markers. This thesis focuses on two sentence types; (i) those that have predicates marked by the primarily evidentiality marking-mış and (ii) those marked by the imperfective marking-ıyor. These predicates are also marked with the first person marker-ım and the generalizing modality marker-dır. The aim of the thesis is to explore whether or not there is a new use of such sentences on the internet, and if yes, how this new use can be described. This is based on their use on the internet that deviates from the standard desriptions in Turkish grammars (Göksel & Kerslake, 2005) of these sentences with predicates marked as such. The study further examines the influence of age, gender, education, L2 level, and social media use on the acceptability, interpretation, and use of these constructions. The method is quantiative and qualitative, using non-elicited online data and elicited data in the form of a questionnaire in order to answer the research questions. The quantitative analysis has shown that there a correlation between age, education, highest self-identified L2 level, and social media use and the perception of these constructions. Most significantly, it was found that these structures are more acceptable for younger respondents and less acceptable for older respondents. The qualitative analysis illustrated different attitudes of the respondents towards these types of sentences and their users. There were also contradictory findings regarding gender, L2 and education level, which call for further analyses of the social implications of these constructions and their use.
Thesis, 2019
Address inversion coined by Renzi (1968) is defined as (Braun, 1988) the use of a kinship term th... more Address inversion coined by Renzi (1968) is defined as (Braun, 1988) the use of a kinship term that does not express the addressee's but the speaker's role in the relationship. Turkish is listed as one of the languages which are a ‘candidate' for address inversion (Boeder, 1979). Today, address inversion has become a common way of addressing children in Turkish. It is not only common but also socially relevant. This study aims to present an extensive description of address inversion in Turkish and illustrate its social relevance through non-prompted and elicited data from users and non-users of address inversion. The non-prompted data is collected from online forums and newspapers and the elicited data is from a survey conducted on 1085 mothers who are users of address inversion. The data are analyzed in terms of the purpose and attitudes of both users and non-users, as well as the debate on the recency of the usage. The results demonstrate that address inversion in Turkish is a controversial matter for speakers of Turkish regarding its effects on children, what it entails for the socioeconomic status of the user and its origin. While address inversion is a linguistic tool for demonstrating affection in Turkish, it also has negative connotations related to social class for non-users. Although address inversion has been spreading around in the language for around 50 years, it continues to have social relevance for its users and non-users.
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Drafts by S. Defne Kartal
Thesis Chapters by S. Defne Kartal