interdisciplinary organization of volunteers dedicated to cooperation among researchers and pract... more interdisciplinary organization of volunteers dedicated to cooperation among researchers and practitioners who are trying to understand and limit lethal violence. The HRWG has the following goals: � to forge links between research, epidemiology and practical programs to reduce levels of mortality from violence; � to promote improved data quality and the linking of diverse homicide data sources; � to foster collaborative, interdisciplinary research on lethal and nonlethal violence; � to encourage more efficient sharing of techniques for measuring and analyzing homicide; � to create and maintain a communication network among those collecting, maintaining and analyzing homicide data sets; and � to generate a stronger working relationship among homicide researchers. Homicide Research Working Group publications, which include the
... Login to save citations to My List. Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Journal Article]. Homicide... more ... Login to save citations to My List. Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Journal Article]. Homicide syndromes and vulnerability: Violence in Chicago community areas over 25 years. Block, Richard;Block, Carolyn R. Studies on Crime & Crime Prevention, Vol 1(1), 1992, 61-87. Abstract. ...
Comparison of national crime surveys must be made very cautiously because of differences in sampl... more Comparison of national crime surveys must be made very cautiously because of differences in sampling, methodology and content. In this report methodological differences between the United States' National Crime Survey and victimization surveys of other countries are examined and survey estimates of victimization are adjusted. It is found that U.S. rates of assault/threat, robbery, and burglary are not extraordinarily higher than those of other eleven other countries or regions. However, U.S. levels of gun use are much higher and U.S. levels of both gun and non-gun lethal violence (using Killias, 1990) far exceed those of other industrialized societies.
This article examines the consequences of encounters between strangers that might have resulted i... more This article examines the consequences of encounters between strangers that might have resulted in robbery or rape and explores how the eventual outcomes of those incidents were related to the resistance offered by their potential victims. It is based on data from the National Crime Survey. Although the conclusions necessarily are tentative, it appears that forceful resistance was related to less frequent success by robbers, but robbery victims resisting forcefully had a greater risk of being physically attacked. Forceful resistance in potential rape incidents was related to higher risk of attack and bodily injury with no apparent reduction in risk of rape. On the other hand, victims who were able to offer nonforceful resistance reported a reduced risk of being robbed and suffered less frequent attack and injury. In rape incidents, nonforceful resistance was linked to lower risk of actual rape but was unrelated to risk of attack or other forms of injury.
SaTScan was developed by Martin Kulldorff to scan for temporal, spatial, and spatial temporal clu... more SaTScan was developed by Martin Kulldorff to scan for temporal, spatial, and spatial temporal clusters. It places circles or ellipses of continuously varying size over a spatial study area and can add time as a continuously varying third-dimension scan. The program offers a wide variety of scanning models. Paraphrasing Kulldorff, SaTScan calculates a Poisson-based model according to a known population at risk, a Bernoulli model which allows for cases and controls, a space-time permutation model that needs only case data, an ordinal model, an exponential model for survival analysis, and a normal model for continuous data. Either the data may be aggregated to a geographic region or each case may have unique coordinates. The end result is quite intuitive and includes the location of a cluster in space and time and the significance of the cluster based on a Monte Carlo simulation. Although analysis is easy to do and interpret, input and output are unnecessarily cumbersome. SaTScan has n...
... in Chicago *. Richard Block a , Aneta Galary a and Darryl Brice b. ... patterns. Following fr... more ... in Chicago *. Richard Block a , Aneta Galary a and Darryl Brice b. ... patterns. Following from General Travel Demand Modeling (Ortuzar and Willumsen, 2001), most crimes occur near places that the offender knows. Environmental ...
The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepa... more The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report:
High neighborhood crime and low perceptions of safety may influence blood pressure through chroni... more High neighborhood crime and low perceptions of safety may influence blood pressure through chronic stress. Few studies have examined these associations using longitudinal data. We used longitudinal data from 528 participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (aged 45-84, non-hypertensive at baseline) who lived in Chicago, Illinois. We examined associations of changes in individual-level perceived safety, aggregated neighborhood-level perceived safety, and past-year rates of police-recorded crime in a one-mile, half-mile, or quarter-mile buffer per 1,000 population with changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressures using fixed-effects linear regression. Blood pressure was measured 5 times between 2000 and 2012 and was adjusted for antihypertensive medication use (+10 mm Hg added to systolic and +5 mm Hg added to diastolic blood pressure for participants on medication). Models were adjusted for time-varying socio-demographic and health-related characteristics and neighb...
Using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we evaluated associations of ne... more Using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we evaluated associations of neighborhood crime and safety with changes in adiposity (body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference). MESA is a longitudinal study of cardiovascular disease among adults aged 45-84 years at baseline in 2000-2002, from 6 US sites, with follow-up for MESA participants until 2012. Data for this study were limited to Chicago, Illinois, participants in the MESA Neighborhood Ancillary Study, for whom police-recorded crime data were available, and who had complete baseline data (n = 673). We estimated associations of individual-level safety, aggregated neighborhood-level safety, and police-recorded crime with baseline levels and trajectories of BMI and waist circumference over time using linear mixed modeling with random effects. We also estimated how changes in these factors related to changes in BMI and waist circumference using econometric fixed-effects models. At baseline, greater individu...
The Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 2017
This article examines the hypothesis that in street robbery location choices, the importance of l... more This article examines the hypothesis that in street robbery location choices, the importance of location attributes is conditional on the time of day and on the day of the week. The hypothesis is assessed by estimating and comparing separate discrete location choice models for each two-hour time block of the day and for each day of the week. The spatial units of analysis are census blocks. Their relevant attributes include presence of various legal and illegal cash economies, presence of high schools, measures of accessibility, and distance from the offender's home. The hypothesis is strongly rejected because for almost all census block attributes, their importance hardly depends on time of day or day of week. Only the effect of high schools in census blocks follows expectations, as its effect is only demonstrated at the times and on the days that schools are open. The results suggest that street robbers' location choices are not as strongly driven by spatial variations in i...
interdisciplinary organization of volunteers dedicated to cooperation among researchers and pract... more interdisciplinary organization of volunteers dedicated to cooperation among researchers and practitioners who are trying to understand and limit lethal violence. The HRWG has the following goals: � to forge links between research, epidemiology and practical programs to reduce levels of mortality from violence; � to promote improved data quality and the linking of diverse homicide data sources; � to foster collaborative, interdisciplinary research on lethal and nonlethal violence; � to encourage more efficient sharing of techniques for measuring and analyzing homicide; � to create and maintain a communication network among those collecting, maintaining and analyzing homicide data sets; and � to generate a stronger working relationship among homicide researchers. Homicide Research Working Group publications, which include the
... Login to save citations to My List. Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Journal Article]. Homicide... more ... Login to save citations to My List. Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Journal Article]. Homicide syndromes and vulnerability: Violence in Chicago community areas over 25 years. Block, Richard;Block, Carolyn R. Studies on Crime & Crime Prevention, Vol 1(1), 1992, 61-87. Abstract. ...
Comparison of national crime surveys must be made very cautiously because of differences in sampl... more Comparison of national crime surveys must be made very cautiously because of differences in sampling, methodology and content. In this report methodological differences between the United States' National Crime Survey and victimization surveys of other countries are examined and survey estimates of victimization are adjusted. It is found that U.S. rates of assault/threat, robbery, and burglary are not extraordinarily higher than those of other eleven other countries or regions. However, U.S. levels of gun use are much higher and U.S. levels of both gun and non-gun lethal violence (using Killias, 1990) far exceed those of other industrialized societies.
This article examines the consequences of encounters between strangers that might have resulted i... more This article examines the consequences of encounters between strangers that might have resulted in robbery or rape and explores how the eventual outcomes of those incidents were related to the resistance offered by their potential victims. It is based on data from the National Crime Survey. Although the conclusions necessarily are tentative, it appears that forceful resistance was related to less frequent success by robbers, but robbery victims resisting forcefully had a greater risk of being physically attacked. Forceful resistance in potential rape incidents was related to higher risk of attack and bodily injury with no apparent reduction in risk of rape. On the other hand, victims who were able to offer nonforceful resistance reported a reduced risk of being robbed and suffered less frequent attack and injury. In rape incidents, nonforceful resistance was linked to lower risk of actual rape but was unrelated to risk of attack or other forms of injury.
SaTScan was developed by Martin Kulldorff to scan for temporal, spatial, and spatial temporal clu... more SaTScan was developed by Martin Kulldorff to scan for temporal, spatial, and spatial temporal clusters. It places circles or ellipses of continuously varying size over a spatial study area and can add time as a continuously varying third-dimension scan. The program offers a wide variety of scanning models. Paraphrasing Kulldorff, SaTScan calculates a Poisson-based model according to a known population at risk, a Bernoulli model which allows for cases and controls, a space-time permutation model that needs only case data, an ordinal model, an exponential model for survival analysis, and a normal model for continuous data. Either the data may be aggregated to a geographic region or each case may have unique coordinates. The end result is quite intuitive and includes the location of a cluster in space and time and the significance of the cluster based on a Monte Carlo simulation. Although analysis is easy to do and interpret, input and output are unnecessarily cumbersome. SaTScan has n...
... in Chicago *. Richard Block a , Aneta Galary a and Darryl Brice b. ... patterns. Following fr... more ... in Chicago *. Richard Block a , Aneta Galary a and Darryl Brice b. ... patterns. Following from General Travel Demand Modeling (Ortuzar and Willumsen, 2001), most crimes occur near places that the offender knows. Environmental ...
The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepa... more The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report:
High neighborhood crime and low perceptions of safety may influence blood pressure through chroni... more High neighborhood crime and low perceptions of safety may influence blood pressure through chronic stress. Few studies have examined these associations using longitudinal data. We used longitudinal data from 528 participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (aged 45-84, non-hypertensive at baseline) who lived in Chicago, Illinois. We examined associations of changes in individual-level perceived safety, aggregated neighborhood-level perceived safety, and past-year rates of police-recorded crime in a one-mile, half-mile, or quarter-mile buffer per 1,000 population with changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressures using fixed-effects linear regression. Blood pressure was measured 5 times between 2000 and 2012 and was adjusted for antihypertensive medication use (+10 mm Hg added to systolic and +5 mm Hg added to diastolic blood pressure for participants on medication). Models were adjusted for time-varying socio-demographic and health-related characteristics and neighb...
Using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we evaluated associations of ne... more Using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we evaluated associations of neighborhood crime and safety with changes in adiposity (body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference). MESA is a longitudinal study of cardiovascular disease among adults aged 45-84 years at baseline in 2000-2002, from 6 US sites, with follow-up for MESA participants until 2012. Data for this study were limited to Chicago, Illinois, participants in the MESA Neighborhood Ancillary Study, for whom police-recorded crime data were available, and who had complete baseline data (n = 673). We estimated associations of individual-level safety, aggregated neighborhood-level safety, and police-recorded crime with baseline levels and trajectories of BMI and waist circumference over time using linear mixed modeling with random effects. We also estimated how changes in these factors related to changes in BMI and waist circumference using econometric fixed-effects models. At baseline, greater individu...
The Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 2017
This article examines the hypothesis that in street robbery location choices, the importance of l... more This article examines the hypothesis that in street robbery location choices, the importance of location attributes is conditional on the time of day and on the day of the week. The hypothesis is assessed by estimating and comparing separate discrete location choice models for each two-hour time block of the day and for each day of the week. The spatial units of analysis are census blocks. Their relevant attributes include presence of various legal and illegal cash economies, presence of high schools, measures of accessibility, and distance from the offender's home. The hypothesis is strongly rejected because for almost all census block attributes, their importance hardly depends on time of day or day of week. Only the effect of high schools in census blocks follows expectations, as its effect is only demonstrated at the times and on the days that schools are open. The results suggest that street robbers' location choices are not as strongly driven by spatial variations in i...
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