Road Safety Campaigns

Driver compliance can either be voluntary with the help of standardized infrastructure or mandatory based on the level of road safety regulation enforcement. This study seeks to establish the contribution of road safety regulation enforcement as a mediating variable between road infrastructure and driver compliance. The introduction of the mediating variable is meant to provide for preventive and as opposed to dealing with the after effects of driver non driver compliance. Data was collected from 285 respondents comprising of traffic officers and analyzed using SPSS. The findings revealed that road Infrastructure and road safety regulation enforcement have a positive significant correlation with driver compliance. The study also considered the existing Risk Homoeostasis theory against road infrastructure development and makes numerous contributions by providing practical policy implications and recommendations to improve driver compliance.

This paper reviews theoretical and empirical evidence relating to the effectiveness of fear (threat) appeals in improving driver safety. The results of the review highlight the mixed and inconsistent findings that have been reported in the literature. While fear arousal appears important for attracting attention, its contribution to behaviour change appears less critical than other factors, such as perceptions of vulnerability and effective coping strategies. Furthermore, threatening appeals targeting young males (a high-risk group of concern) have traditionally relied on the portrayal of physical harm. However, the available evidence questions the relevance, and hence effectiveness, of strong physical threats with this group. Consequently, further research is required to determine the optimum way to utilise fear in road safety advertising, as well as the type of threat(s) most effective with different road users.

Introduction
Nowadays, the problem of road accident rates is one of the most important health and social policy issues concerning the countries in all continents. Each year, nearly 1.3 million people worldwide lose their life on roads, and 20–50 million sustain severe injuries, the majority of which require long-term treatment.
Discussion
The objective of the study was to identify the most frequent, constantly occurring causes of road accidents, as well as outline actions constituting a basis for the strategies and programmes aiming at improving traffic safety on local and global levels. Comparative analysis of literature concerning road safety was performed, confirming that although road accidents had a varied and frequently complex background, their causes have changed only to a small degree over the years. The causes include: lack of control and enforcement concerning implementation of traffic regulation (primarily driving at excessive speed, driving under the influence of alcohol, and not respecting the rights of other road users (mainly pedestrians and cyclists), lack of appropriate infrastructure and unroadworthy vehicles.
Conclusions
The number of fatal accidents and severe injuries, resulting from road accidents, may be reduced through applying an integrated approach to safety on roads. The strategies and programmes for improving road traffic should include the following measures: reducing the risk of exposure to an accident, prevention of accidents, reduction in bodily injuries sustained in accidents, and reduction of the effects of injuries by improvement of post-accident medical care.

Il fenomeno degli incidenti stradali è stato avvertito come problema pubblico solo negli ultimi anni. In questo volume viene fornito un quadro completo della situazione, dal traffico insostenibile alla sicurezza dei veicoli, ai comportamenti di guida, ai costi umani e sociali dell'insicurezza sulle strade. Vengono poi analizzate le politiche della sicurezza stradale adottate in vari Paesi europei e in Italia, mettendone a confronto gli esiti e mostrando che ridurre gli incidenti e le loro conseguenze è un obiettivo realistico oltre che conveniente sotto il profilo economico.

This review scrutinized the accident situations in Nigeria, which precipitated the Federal Government’s ban on sales of alcoholic drinks in all motor parks and factors that negatively affected the workability of the ban in preventing road accidents among commercial drivers. These were with a view to providing guidelines for effective future safety policy implementation in Nigeria. The ban was ineffective as a result of poor enlightenment about the programme, lack of enforcement, lack of evaluation, assessment reports and follow-up. The research concluded that safety policies and programmes such as the ban could be an impetus for accident prevention, if these issues are addressed. Also, empirical researches to evaluate such programmes are suggested.

Purpose-The general objective of this study was to examine the influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty. To achieve this, the research was guided by four specific objectives to which data collection was effected mainly by interview method using fully structured questionnaires. Design/methodology/approach-The study used random sampling technique and it covered 303 respondents on international flights using Entebbe International Airport. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences 16, were w 2 was used to test the hypothesis and regression analysis was performed to examine the relationships between variables. Findings-Findings indicated that the quality of pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight services had a statistically significant effect on passenger satisfaction. In addition to that, passenger satisfaction as a mediating variable also had a significant effect on passenger loyalty. It was noted that passenger satisfaction differed from person to person as some were more interested in off board facilities, others onboard, others in the quality of food while others wanted more extra luggage. Originality/value-It was recommended that airline management should consider developing various strategies for improving service quality based on demographic characteristics of the customers such as occupation, age, gender and education level.

Evidence shows when a motorcycle is involved in an accident with another vehicle, the driver not the rider is usually to blame. Yet motorcycle riders are portrayed as dangerous road users, the reality is motorcycle riders are no more dangerous than any other road users, they are however “endangered” by them.

Reckless driving is a major contributing factor to road morbidity and mortality. While further research into the nature and impact of reckless driving, particularly among young people, is urgently needed, the measurement of reckless driving behaviour also requires increased attention. Three major shortcomings apparent in established measures of driver behaviour are that they do not target the full range of reckless driving behaviours, they measure characteristics other than driving behaviours, and/or they fail to categorise and label reckless driver behaviour based on characteristics of the behaviours themselves. To combat these shortcomings, this paper reports the development and preliminary validation of a new measure of reckless driving behaviour for young drivers. Exploratory factor analysis of self-reported driving data revealed four, conceptually distinct categories of reckless driving behaviour: those that increase crash-risk due to (a) distractions or deficits in perception, attention or reaction time (labelled “distracted”), (b) driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol (labelled “substance-use”), (c) placing the vehicle in an unsafe environment beyond its design expectations (labelled “extreme”), and (d) speed and positioning of the vehicle relative to other vehicles and objects (labelled “positioning”). Confirmatory factor analysis of data collected from a separate, community sample confirmed this four-factor structure. Multiple regression analyses found differences in the demographic and psychological variables related to these four factors, suggesting that interventions in one reckless driving domain may not be helpful in others.

The use of toll roads has risen dramatically in many countries around the world. Although toll roads offer a high level of service, and in general they are well-maintained roadways, there is a lack of research that quantifies the safety impacts of using different toll collection systems. This study examines the traffic safety impact of using different designs of the Hybrid Mainline Toll Plaza (HMTP). HMTP are plazas that combines open road tolling for Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and plaza structure for manual payment. Also, this study helps understand the relationship between the crash frequency and several important crash-related factors and circumstances.
Crash data from a seven-year period was investigated, and a hundred mainline toll plazas in Florida were evaluated. The analysis was conducted using Negative Binomial and Log-Linear models.
The results of this study proved that there is a significant difference between the different designs of the HMTP. And there is an indication that the majority of crashes occurred at diverge-and-merge areas before and after the plaza. Moreover, the results indicated significant relationships between the crash frequency and toll plaza types, annual average daily traffic, and driver-age. This study has also proved that the HMTP and the All-Electronic Toll Collection were associated with less number of crashes than the traditional mainline toll plazas by 44.7 and 72.6 percent, respectively. For those countries who cannot adopt the HMTP and AETC systems, improving traffic safety at traditional mainline toll plazas should take a priority.

An efficient management system and leadership body is one of the key requirements for a road safety improvement program. In low-and middle-income countries, the organizational structure of the management system may suffer from deficiencies weakening the institutional functions across key road safety players. Hence, it is necessary to form an inner-and inter-organization evaluation framework encompassing all the processes, events, dependencies, and causation among road safety players. In this paper, a (three-stage) system thinking approach is developed to evaluate the behavior of inter-organizational complex system and to determine major deficiencies in the role of the road safety lead agency. The first stages of the system thinking approach starts with drawing diagrams (i.e. multiple-effect and multiple-criteria trees) that allows identifying the chains of reasoning behind events or consequences. The next stage of the system thinking approach embodies the analytic network process (ANP), an advanced multi-criteria decision-making technique, which handles the lead agency capacity evaluation and helps to determine how and by what magnitude any of the players can affect the national road safety. The proposed method applies to the case of Iran, a middle-income developing country in the Middle East. Since in Iran, the Road Safety Commission (RSC) has been established as the lead agency, it was expected that RSC owns the greatest influence on the status of road safety. However, our results show that the overall influence of RSC on road safety is far less than what was expected. Subsequently, a supplementary procedure is proposed to specify institutional reforms in order to avoid such organizational inefficiencies.

Traditional mainline toll plaza (TMTP) is considered the most high risk locations on the toll roads. Conversion from TMTP or Hybrid Mainline Toll Plaza (HMTP) to an All-Electronic Toll Collection (AETC) system has demonstrated measured improvements in traffic operations and environmental issues. However, there is a lack of research that quantifies the safety impacts of these new tolling systems. This study evaluated the safety effectiveness of conversion from TMTP or HMTP to AETC system. An extensive data collection was conducted that included a hundred mainline toll plazas located on more than 750 miles of the toll roads in Florida. Various observational before-after studies including the Empirical Bayes method were applied.
The results indicated that the conversion from the TMTP to an AETC system resulted in an average crash reduction of 77, 76, and 67 percent for total, fatal-and-injury and Property Damage Only (PDO) crashes, respectively; for rear end and Lane Change Related (LCR) crashes the average reductions were 81 and 75 percent. The conversion from HMTP to AETC system enhanced traffic safety by reducing crashes by 23, 29 and 19 percent for total, fatal-and-injury, and PDO crashes; also, for rear end and LCR crashes, the average reductions were 15 and 21 percent, respectively.
Overall, this paper provided an up-to-date safety impact of using different toll collection systems. The results proved that the AETC system significantly improved traffic safety for all crash categories; and changed toll plazas from the highest risk on Expressways to be similar to regular segments.

In May 2013 the Center for Research Design and Entrepreneurship received a commission from the company Maersk Oil Qatar to design a brochure about the proper installation and use of child car seats. The team tasked with creating the brochure began with a question: how can design change peoples’ behavior? This question was the first step toward the quick evolution and exponential expansion of the project from a single brochure on child car seats to a nation-wide campaign and social movement encompassing all aspects of road safety. The Center for Research Design and Entrepreneurship at VCUQatar began with ideas for the commissioned brochure on child car seats as a foundation and turned to both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to answer key questions about changing behaviors and the impact of design. The multidisciplinary team combined design thinking and participatory research to develop a series of pilot projects, which led to the development of the “ONE SECOND” campaign. The government of Qatar has adopted this campaign and the team is now responsible for deploying the project nationwide. This paper presents the evolution of the project from small and focused to large-scale and widespread, and the integration of research and design at each step. The “ONE SECOND” campaign is as an example of a successful integrative-interdisciplinary research project that demonstrated a practical model applicable in addressing social problems.

Overview:
This study examines for the first time the traffic safety impact of using different designs of the Hybrid Mainline Toll Plaza (HMTP). The HMTP is a plaza combines open road tolling for electronic toll collection and plaza structure for manual payment.

This study also helps understand the relationship between the crash frequency and several important crash-related factors and circumstances using multiple analytical techniques such as Negative Binomial Regression Model and Log-Linear Models.

The results of this study proved that there is a significant difference between the different designs of the HMTP. And also indicated significant relationships between the crash frequency and toll plaza types, annual average daily traffic, and driver-age.

Moreover, this study has also proved that the HMTP and the All-Electronic Toll Collection (AETC) were associated with less number of crashes than the Traditional Mainline Toll Plazas.

In May 2013 the Center for Research Design and Entrepreneurship received a commission from the company Maersk Oil Qatar to design a brochure about the proper installation and use of child car seats. The team tasked with creating the brochure began with a question: how can design change peoples’ behavior? This question was the first step toward the quick evolution and exponential expansion of the project from a single brochure on child car seats to a nation-wide campaign and social movement encompassing all aspects of road safety. The Center for Research Design and Entrepreneurship at VCUQatar began with ideas for the commissioned brochure on child car seats as a foundation and turned to both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to answer key questions about changing behaviors and the impact of design. The multidisciplinary team combined design thinking and participatory research to develop a series of pilot projects, which led to the development of the “ONE SECOND” campaign. The government of Qatar has adopted this campaign and the team is now responsible for deploying the project nationwide. This paper presents the evolution of the project from small and focused to large-scale and widespread, and the integration of research and design at each step. The “ONE SECOND” campaign is as an example of a successful integrative-interdisciplinary research project that demonstrated a practical model applicable in addressing social problems.

Overview:
Traditional Mainline Toll Plaza (TMTP) is considered the most high risk location on toll roads.

There is a lack of research that quantifies the safety impacts of the new tolling systems.

This study evaluated the safety effectiveness of conversion from TMTP or Hybrid Mainline Toll Plaza (HMTP) to All-Electronic Toll Collection (AETC) system.

Data included all mainline toll plazas in Florida was used in the analysis. And crash data for eleven-year period (2003-2013) was investigated.

Various observational Before-After studies including the Empirical Bayes method were applied.

This paper provided an up-to-date safety impact of using different toll collection systems. And proved for the first time the benefits of using AETC system.

Visibility is a critical component to the task of driving on all types of roads. The
visibility detection and warning systems provide real-time, automated detection as well
as appropriate responses to counteract reduced visibility conditions due to fog, heavy
rain, snow, smoke, dust, or haze by informing drivers of present conditions and lowering
the speed limits to match the reduced visibility condition. The objective of this research
is to provide a synthesis of visibility detection systems and traffic control techniques
that are developed and/or implemented in the United States and around the world. This
article provides an overview of the best practices of fixed visibility systems at areas of
recurrent dense fog and mobile systems for seasonal visibility reduction for areas of
predicted seasonal fog or smoke from wildfires. Ongoing research efforts of developing
new camera-based visibility detection systems are also discussed.

In May 2013 the Center for Research Design and Entrepreneurship received a commission from the company Maersk Oil Qatar to design a brochure about the proper installation and use of child car seats. The team tasked with creating the brochure began with a question: how can design change peoples’ behavior? This question was the first step toward the quick evolution and exponential expansion of the project from a single brochure on child car seats to a nation-wide campaign and social movement encompassing all aspects of road safety. The Center for Research Design and Entrepreneurship at VCUQatar began with ideas for the commissioned brochure on child car seats as a foundation and turned to both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to answer key questions about changing behaviors and the impact of design. The multidisciplinary team combined design thinking and participatory research to develop a series of pilot projects, which led to the development of the “ONE SECOND” campaign. The government of Qatar has adopted this campaign and the team is now responsible for deploying the project nationwide. This paper presents the evolution of the project from small and focused to large-scale and widespread, and the integration of research and design at each step. The “ONE SECOND” campaign is as an example of a successful integrative-interdisciplinary research project that demonstrated a practical model applicable in addressing social problems.

In this study, a convenient sample of drivers provided their opinions and perceptions of two seat-belt wearing advertisements with different emotional appeals. One advertisement had a more negative emotional appeal (fear) while the other had more a positive emotional appeal (humor). More importantly, they were both produced overseas and one of them was from a very different culture from the viewers. However, both advertisements appeared to possess several of the key message characteristics prescribed by established scientific models. Our results revealed that both advertisements were successful in increasing viewers’ intention to wear a seat-belt and obey the seat-belt law. In addition, significant correlations were found between these adaptive intentions and several key message characteristics. Our results attested to the importance of using established theoretical models when developing a road safety message.

In May 2013 the Center for Research Design and Entrepreneurship received a commission from the company Maersk Oil Qatar to design a brochure about the proper installation and use of child car seats. The team tasked with creating the brochure began with a question: how can design change peoples’ behavior? This question was the first step toward the quick evolution and exponential expansion of the project from a single brochure on child car seats to a nation-wide campaign and social movement encompassing all aspects of road safety. The Center for Research Design and Entrepreneurship at VCUQatar began with ideas for the commissioned brochure on child car seats as a foundation and turned to both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to answer key questions about changing behaviors and the impact of design. The multidisciplinary team combined design thinking and participatory research to develop a series of pilot projects, which led to the development of the “ONE SECOND” campaign. The government of Qatar has adopted this campaign and the team is now responsible for deploying the project nationwide. This paper presents the evolution of the project from small and focused to large-scale and widespread, and the integration of research and design at each step. The “ONE SECOND” campaign is as an example of a successful integrative-interdisciplinary research project that demonstrated a practical model applicable in addressing social problems.

According to World Life Expectancy (2011), road crash rates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) currently exceed 23 deaths per 100,000 population, substantially greater than other highly motorised countries (Sweden is less than 4 per 100,000 currently). There are no reliable figures available on adult seatbelt use, nor the use of Child Restraint Systems (CRS) in passenger vehicles in the KSA.  This study was based on the premise that an increase in seatbelt wearing will significantly reduce personal injury in traffic crashes and that local data will help identify intervention strategies necessary to improve seatbelt wearing in the region.
This study set out to identify (i) what residents of Dammam, the capital of the Eastern Province, and the fifth largest city in Saudi Arabia, understand about the importance of wearing seat belts in cars; and (ii) what the level of seat belt wearing is on roads in the region.

Summary of Key Findings
•Majorityofrespondents(53%)wentthroughadrivingschoolbeforetheystarteddriving.Similarly,64%passedadrivingtestbeforetheywereissuedtheirdriverslicenses.
•Variousagenciesandofficialsstopmotoristsanddemandtosighttheirlicenses.ThePolicemorefrequentlydemandforlicenses(79%)while“unidentifiedofficials”havealsobeenreporteddemandingforlicenses(44%).
•Motoristsreportthatwhenstoppedbyofficials,majoritieshavenotbeenaskedtopaybribes.Only28%wereaskedforbribesatFRSCstopswhile59%werenotaskedtopaybribeswhenstoppedbythepolice.
•Mostofthosewhoadmittedtopayingbribespaidoutofthefearofbeingarrestedorhavingtheirvehiclesimpounded.
•Amongthosewhoappliedfortheirlicensesusing“unofficial”processes,majority(57%)reportthattheydidsobecausetheunofficialprocesswasfaster.Another50%reportthatfriendsandfamilysuggestedtheyusethissystem.
•39%ofthosewhowentthroughtheofficialchannelreportthatittakes1to2monthstoreceivethelicense.However,whenaskedtolistthechallengesfacingtheapplicationsystem,respondentsciteslowprocessingtime(62%),extortionbytouts(20%)andissuanceoffakelicensesbytouts/agents(11%).
•7%ofrespondentssayitisnotpossibletosuccessfullyapplyfororrenewadrivers’licenseinNigeriawithoutpayingabribe

Road traffic injury is one of the most significant global public health issues of the 21st century. The extent to which negative, fear-evoking messages represent effective persuasive strategies remains a contentious public and empirical issue. Nevertheless, negative, fear-based appeals represent a frequently used approach in Australasian road safety advertising. The authors conducted a series of focus groups with 16 licensed drivers to explore the potential utility of appeals to emotions other than fear. More specifically, they sought to explore the utility of positive emotional appeals, such as those incorporating humor. The themes emerging from the qualitative analysis suggested that both emotion and the provision of strategies are key components contributing to the overall persuasiveness of a road safety advertisement. Overall, it appears there is support for researchers and health advertising practitioners to provide further attention to the role that positive emotional appeals might play in future campaigns.

Despite decades of research with mixed results, fear-based public health campaigns continue to be extensively used around the world. This study examined the impact of a fear-based advertising campaign targeted at reducing unsafe driving behaviour and fatal accident rates in New Zealand. We argued that a campaign that used a strong appeal to the emotion of fear would be effective but only among some segments of the population. Using Poisson regression models, we found that fatal accident rates had been reduced among three groups of drivers: female drivers aged between 15 and 24, female drivers aged between 25 and 34, and male drivers aged between 35 and 54. However, the fatal crash rate of the main target audience of the campaign, young male drivers, has not been affected.

This commentary explores the efficacy of a road safety advertising campaign in changing drivers’ perceptions and intentions to drink and drive. Using data collected via a survey on a sample of students at Lincoln University in New Zealand in October 1999, this study found that the campaign appeared to be successful in increasing the perceived apprehension and crash risks associated with drunk driving and decreasing the intentions of the drivers to drink and drive. However, contrary to expectation, the campaign did not elicit a stronger change in the target audience relative to the non-target audience. There
was partial evidence to support the publicity campaign, but some refinements could be made to increase its efficacy among
the target audience. In particular, the level of fear arousal should be moderated and the audience should be provided with effective and viable coping strategies to address the threat associated with drunk driving.

There has been a dearth of longitudinal attention to the prosecution of ‘road traffic deaths’ in Australia and worldwide, surprising given more than 50 million people have died or been killed to date. Globally, the ‘road toll’ is estimated at 1.35 million per year. Almost all of those deaths are attributable to some form of human error. A Lesser Species of Homicide examines the shifting nexus where human error, fault, act or omission meet the question of criminal liability.

In the first study of its kind in the world, Kerry King examines how parliaments, prosecutors, police and the courts have responded to deaths occasioned by the use of motor vehicles from the mid-twentieth century to the present, including the extent to which the community and judiciary have been prepared to label driving conduct culpable. She explores how our weddedness to the residual notion of ‘accident’, to speed, drink-driving, risk, masculinity and the broader driving culture, have intersected with the tenets of intention, negligence, dangerousness and carelessness to affect judgments about drivers’ conduct. Drawing on hundreds of cases, King carefully traces the construction of offences and case law while observing key emerging themes, including approaches to multiple fatalities, outcomes in cases involving vulnerable road users, the difficulties with prosecuting intoxicated drivers and, most importantly, trends in charging standards and sentencing.

A Lesser Species of Homicide seeks to explore how and why deaths on the road have been treated as a species apart.

https://uwap.uwa.edu.au/products/a-lesser-species-of-homicide

ISBN: 978-1-76080-002-4

A crash rate theory based on corporate economic utility maximization is applied to individual behavior in U.S. and German motorway death rates, by using wealth inhomogeneity data in ten-percentile bins to account for variations of utility maximization in the population.  Germany and the U.S. have similar median wealth figures, a well-known indicator of accident risk, but different motorway death rates, considered a puzzle by some.  It is found that inhomogeneity in roughly the 10th to 30th percentile, not revealed by popular measures such as the Gini index which focus on differences at the higher percentiles, provides a satisfactory explanation of the data.  This suggests data on inequality at lower percentiles may indicate socioeconomic risk better than extremes in the upper percentile ranges, and that the U.S. socioeconomic risk may be higher than generally realized.