The study is devoted to an exceptionally rich and significant assemblage of coins from the
excava... more The study is devoted to an exceptionally rich and significant assemblage of coins from the excavations at the Tum stronghold in the years 1948-55 and 2009-11. The author distinguishes two main periods of the occurrence of coins. The first coincides with the early Piast monarchy (between the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 12th century) the second with the period between the middle of the 13th century and the middle of the 14th century. The analysed coins from the first period include German, Bohemian, Hungarian, Anglo-Saxon, and Polish coins, imitations and silver shreds, as well as Arabic dirhams. The latter (14 specimens) should be linked with the early Piast stronghol , as they disappear from the circulation in the fourth decade of the 11th century and begin to be replaced by European coins. In the first period, the Polish coins from the Tum stronghold are represented by the royal denarii of Boleslaw the Generous, rare in this part of Poland, and coins of his successors, Władysław Herman and Boleslaw the Wrymouth. A denarius, recently ascribed to Boleslaw the Wrymouth, depicts the head of St. John and was most probably struck at the Wrocław mint. The cross denarii are treated differently, both the German ones and those associated with Władysław Herman. These coins, so popular in medieval Poland, form the main mass of the coins during the 11th century at the Tum stronghold. If we analyse the period which started in the middle of the 12th century with regard to numismatic artefacts, we can observe the decline of the centre’s significance, as we do not find 12t century coins of duchy princes. The first bracteates only appear during the last quarter of the 13th century. One of the youngest coins is a kwartnik of Casimir the Great, which concluded the medieval history of coins at the Tum stronghold .
Ludwik Edward Rajszel was a soldier in the period of 1827-1831 of 4th Regiment of Line Infantry. ... more Ludwik Edward Rajszel was a soldier in the period of 1827-1831 of 4th Regiment of Line Infantry. He was active in November Conspiracy 1830 and Polish-Russian War 1830-31. He was awarded the Golden Cross of Virtuti Militari. After the war has a prison supervisor in Sandomierz and Łęczyca. Also he was an author of a fairy tales for children. He collected mainly ancient coins of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. About 1850 he possessed two XIth century hoards, found in Goszczynna and Sierpów near Łęczyca. These sets of coins were soon purchased by Karol Beyer. At the end of his life – probably because of a poor financial status – Rajszel ordered the Jewish jeweler Broda to make false early medieval coins. He then gave these coins to Beyer. Rajszel died on March, 6 1871. He was buried at parish cemetery of St. Andrew the Apostle church in Łęczyca beside his wife and children in the grave presently not existing. His collection of antiquities, earlier partly sold out, was after his death dispersed.
Das Institut für Archäologie und Ethnologie der Akademie der Wissenschaften veröffentlicht die ne... more Das Institut für Archäologie und Ethnologie der Akademie der Wissenschaften veröffentlicht die neue Reihe Frühmittelalterliche Münzfunde aus Polen, in der alle Schatz- und Einzelfunde des Zeitraums 500–1150 veröffentlicht werden. Band V für Ermland und Masuren. Funde aus Polen 2011-2013. Addenda et Corrigenda. 340 Seiten liefern detaillierte Listen und Beschreibungen der Schätze, Münzen und der Schmuckstücke: insgesamt 127 verzeichnete Funde, die 8.643 Objekte enthalten. Die Listen werden ergänzt durch zahlreiche Abbildungen auf 90 Tafeln. Das Buch kann bestellt werden beim IAE: http://www.iaepan.edu.pl (bookshop@iaepan.edu.pl) oder bei dem Buchladen Historische Bücher: http://ksiazkihistoryczne.pl ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4 PREIS: 50 PLN (ca. 17 Euro)
Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN prezentuje tom Inwentarzy Polskich Skarbów Wczesnośredniowiecznych, w którym zebrano znaleziska skarbów i monet z lat 500–1150, z obszaru Warmii i Mazur oraz znaleziska z Polski z lat 2011-2013 wraz z uzupełnieniami i poprawkami. Na 340 stronach znajdują się szczegółowe wykazy i opisy skarbów, monet i ozdób – łącznie zarejestrowano 127 znalezisk, zawierających 8 643 obiekty. Wykazy uzupełnione są licznymi ilustracjami na 90 tablicach. Książkę można zamawiać w IAE PAN: http://www.iaepan.edu.pl (bookshop@iaepan.edu.pl) oraz w Księgarni Historycznej: http://ksiazkihistoryczne.pl ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4 CENA: 50 PLN
The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology presents the Polish Early Medieval Hoards Inventories, bringing together all the hoard and single finds (500–1150) in the area of Ermland and Masuria together with finds from Poland 2011-2013 and Addenda et Corrigenda. At 340 pages the volume provides detailed lists and descriptions of hoards, coins and ornaments – a total of 127 registered finds, containing 8 643 objects. The lists are supplemented with numerous illustrations on 90 plates. The book can be ordered from IAE PAN: http://www.iaepan.edu.pl (bookshop@iaepan.edu.pl) or Historical Bookshop: http://ksiazkihistoryczne.pl ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4 PRICE: 50 PLN (approx. 17 Euro)
Omówiony zabytek stanowi piękny okaz mennictwa czasów piastowskich, posiadający liczne analogie n... more Omówiony zabytek stanowi piękny okaz mennictwa czasów piastowskich, posiadający liczne analogie na terenie dzisiejszej Polski. Jak wspomniano już w tekście, w kontekście osady przedlokacyjnej w Staromieściu jest to z pewnością znalezisko ważne. Obok innych znalezisk odkrytych w trakcie badań archeologicznych w 2022 r. moneta jest bowiem cennym, materialnym dowodem istnienia tu osady już w XII stuleciu. Do niedawna wiedza o niej ograniczała się jedynie do często ogólnych, a wręcz lakonicznych przekazów historycznych. Dzięki współpracy archeologów, lokalnych władz oraz pasjonatów kultury i historii udało się w 2022 r. wykonać pierwszy krok do poznania niewątpliwie ciekawej i z pewnością kryjącej jeszcze wiele tajemnic historii tego terenu. Moneta, która stała się przedmiotem naszego opracowania, jest poniekąd również symbolem współpracy w celu poznania i ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego tutejszej „małej ojczyzny”, obejmującej mikroregion Lelowa i okolic. Niewątpliwie właśnie to te „lokalne dzieje” tworzą piękną i rozmaitą historię naszego kraju.
Cross denarii from the archaeological research near the Kraków Gate
and Łokietek Square in Lublin... more Cross denarii from the archaeological research near the Kraków Gate and Łokietek Square in Lublin
In 2018, during the revitalisation of the Krakowskie Przedmieście Street in Lublin, archaeologists under the supervision of Rafał Niedźwiadek found a fragment of an early-medieval cemetery. From eleven skeletons, three graves were equipped with coins, all of which can be included in the group of so-called cross denarii. Two are decorated with an image of a crosier, and can most probably be described as Polish emissions from the end of the 11th century. Identical copies of coins were confirmed in other findings from Greater Poland, Silesia, or central Poland, as well as in the treasury from Lublin–Rury. The third denarius is an underhand imitation of a denarius with pearl cross of unknown origin. Key words: cross denarii, skeleton cemeteries, coins minted with common pair of stamps
Among the most interesting numismatic relics of the 17th Century Silesia are
the thaler klippe of... more Among the most interesting numismatic relics of the 17th Century Silesia are the thaler klippe of Silesian Estates from 1621. These one-sided coins were struck on a rhomboidal plates, gold and silver. The representation contains the Silesian coat of arms – Silesian Eagle, year 1621 and name of denomination. There were five denominations: 12 1/2 in gold, and 6, 3, 1 1/2 , 3/4 thaler in silver. Silver coins are frequent in numismatic trade. In the current text the author tries to describe all the variants of these coins, based onauctions and museum collections. 16 different variants were distinguished and described.
Unsolved so far problem in the history of researches on the beginnings of the Piasts’ coinage
is ... more Unsolved so far problem in the history of researches on the beginnings of the Piasts’ coinage is the matter of origin of silver of which first Piasts’ denarii were struck. On the ground of researches on chemical composition of metals the authors tried to show similarities and differences in composition of silver of denarii of Boleslav the Brave and Mieszko Bolesławowic in comparison with commonly occurred in circulation foreign coins from the turn of the 10th century. The authors took into consideration Arabic dirhams, denarii from terrains of the Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia, England and Hungary. It was commonly accepted in Polish literature, that coins of the first Piasts had to come from melted coins - mainly dirhams and German coins. As researches suggest - with greater probability this first kind of material was used because of high contents of silver, low contents of gold as well as absence or very low content of bismuth. In the article there was also rose the issue of close chronology of some types of denarii of Boleslav the Brave and Mieszko Bolesławowic which is proved by dispersion of finds as well as large similarity in chemical composition of coins. Executed analysis we treat as an introduction to researches on chemical composition of early-mediaeval coins in the Laboratory of Researches on Relics Technology of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź.
Dotychczas stosunkowo mało uwagi poświęcono w literaturze polskiej badaniom składu chemicznego monet pierwszych Piastów. W niniejszym artykule prezentu-jemy możliwość wykorzystania takich badań, jako jednego z elementów wspomagających opracowania numizmatyczne. Niewyjaśnionym problemem jest nadal źródło surowca, z którego wybijali monety pierwsi władcy Polski. Charakterystycznym zjawiskiem związanym z cyrkulacją kruszców, jakie wystąpiło na terenach wczesnośredniowiecznej Polski był fakt, iż napływające masowo srebro pozostawało przede wszystkim w tutejszej sferze gospodarczej. Na tereny Polski w okresie od IX do początków XI wieku, napływały przede wszystkim arabskie dirhamy, głównie z mennic azjatyckich. Pod koniec X i na początku XI wieku zdecydowaną przewagę w składzie depozytów osiągają denary z terenów Cesarstwa Niemieckiego. Również monety czeskie w zauważalnych ilościach spotyka-ne są w skarbach z interesującego nas okresu. Mniejszą rolę w obiegu monetarnym odgrywały monety węgierskie i anglosaskie. Pełniły one nadal rolę pieniądza monetarnego lub były wykorzystywane do przebicia na monetę rodzimą. W Muzeum Archeologicznym i Etnograficznym w Łodzi podjęto próbę po-równania składu chemicznego dostępnych monet pierwszych Piastów z współwystępującymi w skarbach monetami obcymi. Głównym celem tej pracy było dostarczenie analitycznych danych o monetach z przełomu X i XI wieku występujących na terenach polskich. Mamy nadzieję, że skład chemiczny srebrnych monet z interesującego nas okresu rzuci dodatkowe światło na pochodzenie srebra i procedury technologiczne. Podobnym problemem powiązania źródeł surowca z wybitymi monetami zajmowali się m.in. badacze niemieccy i polscy.
The origins of cross deniers and also the technology of their production were discussed many time... more The origins of cross deniers and also the technology of their production were discussed many times in the Warsaw Numismatic Diary. Not so much place was devoted to the imitations of these coins, the local emissions of unknown origin. These coins are characterised by the primitive motives which should make them similar to the deniers from the legal mints. About one hundred cross deniers which can be recognised as imitations were identified in the collections of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź. The attention was focused on those coins which were struck by the same pair of dies, or by the die-links with the other coins found within many finds on Polish territory. Such method of research will allow to identify in the future the probable place of production of these coins and directions of their diffusion.
The topic of this paper is the issue of a possible place of coining the cross denarii with the le... more The topic of this paper is the issue of a possible place of coining the cross denarii with the legend +UVALHVZE, associated with the town of Wallhausen on the Helme river. Chronology of the coin production is touched upon, as well as the direction of its inflow based on the spread of hoards containing that piece. In the early 1930’s a heated debate regarding those coins took place between two distinguished numismatist of that time – Julius Menadier and Marian Gumowski. The German scholar dated the coin to the beginning of the 11th century and connected it with Mathilde the Abbess of Quedlinburg. In the legend he saw the name of a small town – Wallhausen on the Helme, where the Emperors palace was located. Gumowski on the other hand linked the coins with the count palatine Sieciech and dated it close to the year 1080. The analysis of hoards and a single find from the Schulzenwerder island allowed for the narrowing of the coins chronology to the years 1060-1070. It was Menadier who was probably right in linking it with the town of Wallhausen as we lack other interpretations of the legend. It could have been minted by Eberhard the Bishop of Naumburg (1045-1079), or by the Archbishopric of Magdeburg which was the superior of Naumburg. The coins had been minted with one obverse die, which with the passage of time was repaired and two reverse dies.
Coin circulation within the territory of the present-day Polish state was characterized in the ea... more Coin circulation within the territory of the present-day Polish state was characterized in the early middle ages by its transboundary nature. During the reign of the first rulers of the Piast dynasty the indigenous coin production only served as a supplement to the great amount of monetary silver that was reaching our lands from the north and west. German coins flowed in from both of these directions. In 1951 the numismatic collection of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Lodz received a hoard from Kartuzy or nearby, which possibly formed part of a larger find. All of the surviving coins from this hoard are of type V according to the classification of M. Gumowski. Their obverse bears a cross surrounded by pearls, and, in the rim, various letters. Archival research shows that these coins are probably a part of a hoard that did not survive intact down to our times. One cannot be absolutely certain, however, that the deposit came from the vicinity of Kartuzy.
Obieg pieniężny na ziemiach Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu miał charakter transgraniczny. W okresie panowania pierwszych Piastów moneta rodzima była jedynie dopełnieniem dużej masy srebra monetarnego, które docierało na ziemie Polski z kierunków północnego i zachodniego. Z obu napływała moneta niemiecka. W roku 1951 do zbiorów numizmatycznych Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi przekazano zespół monet wczesnośredniowiecznych, będący najprawdopodobniej częścią większego znaleziska, pochodzącego z Kartuz lub niedalekich okolic tej miejscowości. Wskazują na to materiały archiwalne oraz bliskość chronologiczna denarów. Należą one do typu V według klasyfikacji M. Gumowskiego. Na awersach mają krzyż otoczony wieńcem pereł oraz napisy otokowe.
The study is devoted to an exceptionally rich and significant assemblage of coins from the
excava... more The study is devoted to an exceptionally rich and significant assemblage of coins from the excavations at the Tum stronghold in the years 1948-55 and 2009-11. The author distinguishes two main periods of the occurrence of coins. The first coincides with the early Piast monarchy (between the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 12th century) the second with the period between the middle of the 13th century and the middle of the 14th century. The analysed coins from the first period include German, Bohemian, Hungarian, Anglo-Saxon, and Polish coins, imitations and silver shreds, as well as Arabic dirhams. The latter (14 specimens) should be linked with the early Piast stronghol , as they disappear from the circulation in the fourth decade of the 11th century and begin to be replaced by European coins. In the first period, the Polish coins from the Tum stronghold are represented by the royal denarii of Boleslaw the Generous, rare in this part of Poland, and coins of his successors, Władysław Herman and Boleslaw the Wrymouth. A denarius, recently ascribed to Boleslaw the Wrymouth, depicts the head of St. John and was most probably struck at the Wrocław mint. The cross denarii are treated differently, both the German ones and those associated with Władysław Herman. These coins, so popular in medieval Poland, form the main mass of the coins during the 11th century at the Tum stronghold. If we analyse the period which started in the middle of the 12th century with regard to numismatic artefacts, we can observe the decline of the centre’s significance, as we do not find 12t century coins of duchy princes. The first bracteates only appear during the last quarter of the 13th century. One of the youngest coins is a kwartnik of Casimir the Great, which concluded the medieval history of coins at the Tum stronghold .
Ludwik Edward Rajszel was a soldier in the period of 1827-1831 of 4th Regiment of Line Infantry. ... more Ludwik Edward Rajszel was a soldier in the period of 1827-1831 of 4th Regiment of Line Infantry. He was active in November Conspiracy 1830 and Polish-Russian War 1830-31. He was awarded the Golden Cross of Virtuti Militari. After the war has a prison supervisor in Sandomierz and Łęczyca. Also he was an author of a fairy tales for children. He collected mainly ancient coins of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. About 1850 he possessed two XIth century hoards, found in Goszczynna and Sierpów near Łęczyca. These sets of coins were soon purchased by Karol Beyer. At the end of his life – probably because of a poor financial status – Rajszel ordered the Jewish jeweler Broda to make false early medieval coins. He then gave these coins to Beyer. Rajszel died on March, 6 1871. He was buried at parish cemetery of St. Andrew the Apostle church in Łęczyca beside his wife and children in the grave presently not existing. His collection of antiquities, earlier partly sold out, was after his death dispersed.
Das Institut für Archäologie und Ethnologie der Akademie der Wissenschaften veröffentlicht die ne... more Das Institut für Archäologie und Ethnologie der Akademie der Wissenschaften veröffentlicht die neue Reihe Frühmittelalterliche Münzfunde aus Polen, in der alle Schatz- und Einzelfunde des Zeitraums 500–1150 veröffentlicht werden. Band V für Ermland und Masuren. Funde aus Polen 2011-2013. Addenda et Corrigenda. 340 Seiten liefern detaillierte Listen und Beschreibungen der Schätze, Münzen und der Schmuckstücke: insgesamt 127 verzeichnete Funde, die 8.643 Objekte enthalten. Die Listen werden ergänzt durch zahlreiche Abbildungen auf 90 Tafeln. Das Buch kann bestellt werden beim IAE: http://www.iaepan.edu.pl (bookshop@iaepan.edu.pl) oder bei dem Buchladen Historische Bücher: http://ksiazkihistoryczne.pl ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4 PREIS: 50 PLN (ca. 17 Euro)
Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN prezentuje tom Inwentarzy Polskich Skarbów Wczesnośredniowiecznych, w którym zebrano znaleziska skarbów i monet z lat 500–1150, z obszaru Warmii i Mazur oraz znaleziska z Polski z lat 2011-2013 wraz z uzupełnieniami i poprawkami. Na 340 stronach znajdują się szczegółowe wykazy i opisy skarbów, monet i ozdób – łącznie zarejestrowano 127 znalezisk, zawierających 8 643 obiekty. Wykazy uzupełnione są licznymi ilustracjami na 90 tablicach. Książkę można zamawiać w IAE PAN: http://www.iaepan.edu.pl (bookshop@iaepan.edu.pl) oraz w Księgarni Historycznej: http://ksiazkihistoryczne.pl ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4 CENA: 50 PLN
The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology presents the Polish Early Medieval Hoards Inventories, bringing together all the hoard and single finds (500–1150) in the area of Ermland and Masuria together with finds from Poland 2011-2013 and Addenda et Corrigenda. At 340 pages the volume provides detailed lists and descriptions of hoards, coins and ornaments – a total of 127 registered finds, containing 8 643 objects. The lists are supplemented with numerous illustrations on 90 plates. The book can be ordered from IAE PAN: http://www.iaepan.edu.pl (bookshop@iaepan.edu.pl) or Historical Bookshop: http://ksiazkihistoryczne.pl ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4 PRICE: 50 PLN (approx. 17 Euro)
Omówiony zabytek stanowi piękny okaz mennictwa czasów piastowskich, posiadający liczne analogie n... more Omówiony zabytek stanowi piękny okaz mennictwa czasów piastowskich, posiadający liczne analogie na terenie dzisiejszej Polski. Jak wspomniano już w tekście, w kontekście osady przedlokacyjnej w Staromieściu jest to z pewnością znalezisko ważne. Obok innych znalezisk odkrytych w trakcie badań archeologicznych w 2022 r. moneta jest bowiem cennym, materialnym dowodem istnienia tu osady już w XII stuleciu. Do niedawna wiedza o niej ograniczała się jedynie do często ogólnych, a wręcz lakonicznych przekazów historycznych. Dzięki współpracy archeologów, lokalnych władz oraz pasjonatów kultury i historii udało się w 2022 r. wykonać pierwszy krok do poznania niewątpliwie ciekawej i z pewnością kryjącej jeszcze wiele tajemnic historii tego terenu. Moneta, która stała się przedmiotem naszego opracowania, jest poniekąd również symbolem współpracy w celu poznania i ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego tutejszej „małej ojczyzny”, obejmującej mikroregion Lelowa i okolic. Niewątpliwie właśnie to te „lokalne dzieje” tworzą piękną i rozmaitą historię naszego kraju.
Cross denarii from the archaeological research near the Kraków Gate
and Łokietek Square in Lublin... more Cross denarii from the archaeological research near the Kraków Gate and Łokietek Square in Lublin
In 2018, during the revitalisation of the Krakowskie Przedmieście Street in Lublin, archaeologists under the supervision of Rafał Niedźwiadek found a fragment of an early-medieval cemetery. From eleven skeletons, three graves were equipped with coins, all of which can be included in the group of so-called cross denarii. Two are decorated with an image of a crosier, and can most probably be described as Polish emissions from the end of the 11th century. Identical copies of coins were confirmed in other findings from Greater Poland, Silesia, or central Poland, as well as in the treasury from Lublin–Rury. The third denarius is an underhand imitation of a denarius with pearl cross of unknown origin. Key words: cross denarii, skeleton cemeteries, coins minted with common pair of stamps
Among the most interesting numismatic relics of the 17th Century Silesia are
the thaler klippe of... more Among the most interesting numismatic relics of the 17th Century Silesia are the thaler klippe of Silesian Estates from 1621. These one-sided coins were struck on a rhomboidal plates, gold and silver. The representation contains the Silesian coat of arms – Silesian Eagle, year 1621 and name of denomination. There were five denominations: 12 1/2 in gold, and 6, 3, 1 1/2 , 3/4 thaler in silver. Silver coins are frequent in numismatic trade. In the current text the author tries to describe all the variants of these coins, based onauctions and museum collections. 16 different variants were distinguished and described.
Unsolved so far problem in the history of researches on the beginnings of the Piasts’ coinage
is ... more Unsolved so far problem in the history of researches on the beginnings of the Piasts’ coinage is the matter of origin of silver of which first Piasts’ denarii were struck. On the ground of researches on chemical composition of metals the authors tried to show similarities and differences in composition of silver of denarii of Boleslav the Brave and Mieszko Bolesławowic in comparison with commonly occurred in circulation foreign coins from the turn of the 10th century. The authors took into consideration Arabic dirhams, denarii from terrains of the Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia, England and Hungary. It was commonly accepted in Polish literature, that coins of the first Piasts had to come from melted coins - mainly dirhams and German coins. As researches suggest - with greater probability this first kind of material was used because of high contents of silver, low contents of gold as well as absence or very low content of bismuth. In the article there was also rose the issue of close chronology of some types of denarii of Boleslav the Brave and Mieszko Bolesławowic which is proved by dispersion of finds as well as large similarity in chemical composition of coins. Executed analysis we treat as an introduction to researches on chemical composition of early-mediaeval coins in the Laboratory of Researches on Relics Technology of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź.
Dotychczas stosunkowo mało uwagi poświęcono w literaturze polskiej badaniom składu chemicznego monet pierwszych Piastów. W niniejszym artykule prezentu-jemy możliwość wykorzystania takich badań, jako jednego z elementów wspomagających opracowania numizmatyczne. Niewyjaśnionym problemem jest nadal źródło surowca, z którego wybijali monety pierwsi władcy Polski. Charakterystycznym zjawiskiem związanym z cyrkulacją kruszców, jakie wystąpiło na terenach wczesnośredniowiecznej Polski był fakt, iż napływające masowo srebro pozostawało przede wszystkim w tutejszej sferze gospodarczej. Na tereny Polski w okresie od IX do początków XI wieku, napływały przede wszystkim arabskie dirhamy, głównie z mennic azjatyckich. Pod koniec X i na początku XI wieku zdecydowaną przewagę w składzie depozytów osiągają denary z terenów Cesarstwa Niemieckiego. Również monety czeskie w zauważalnych ilościach spotyka-ne są w skarbach z interesującego nas okresu. Mniejszą rolę w obiegu monetarnym odgrywały monety węgierskie i anglosaskie. Pełniły one nadal rolę pieniądza monetarnego lub były wykorzystywane do przebicia na monetę rodzimą. W Muzeum Archeologicznym i Etnograficznym w Łodzi podjęto próbę po-równania składu chemicznego dostępnych monet pierwszych Piastów z współwystępującymi w skarbach monetami obcymi. Głównym celem tej pracy było dostarczenie analitycznych danych o monetach z przełomu X i XI wieku występujących na terenach polskich. Mamy nadzieję, że skład chemiczny srebrnych monet z interesującego nas okresu rzuci dodatkowe światło na pochodzenie srebra i procedury technologiczne. Podobnym problemem powiązania źródeł surowca z wybitymi monetami zajmowali się m.in. badacze niemieccy i polscy.
The origins of cross deniers and also the technology of their production were discussed many time... more The origins of cross deniers and also the technology of their production were discussed many times in the Warsaw Numismatic Diary. Not so much place was devoted to the imitations of these coins, the local emissions of unknown origin. These coins are characterised by the primitive motives which should make them similar to the deniers from the legal mints. About one hundred cross deniers which can be recognised as imitations were identified in the collections of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź. The attention was focused on those coins which were struck by the same pair of dies, or by the die-links with the other coins found within many finds on Polish territory. Such method of research will allow to identify in the future the probable place of production of these coins and directions of their diffusion.
The topic of this paper is the issue of a possible place of coining the cross denarii with the le... more The topic of this paper is the issue of a possible place of coining the cross denarii with the legend +UVALHVZE, associated with the town of Wallhausen on the Helme river. Chronology of the coin production is touched upon, as well as the direction of its inflow based on the spread of hoards containing that piece. In the early 1930’s a heated debate regarding those coins took place between two distinguished numismatist of that time – Julius Menadier and Marian Gumowski. The German scholar dated the coin to the beginning of the 11th century and connected it with Mathilde the Abbess of Quedlinburg. In the legend he saw the name of a small town – Wallhausen on the Helme, where the Emperors palace was located. Gumowski on the other hand linked the coins with the count palatine Sieciech and dated it close to the year 1080. The analysis of hoards and a single find from the Schulzenwerder island allowed for the narrowing of the coins chronology to the years 1060-1070. It was Menadier who was probably right in linking it with the town of Wallhausen as we lack other interpretations of the legend. It could have been minted by Eberhard the Bishop of Naumburg (1045-1079), or by the Archbishopric of Magdeburg which was the superior of Naumburg. The coins had been minted with one obverse die, which with the passage of time was repaired and two reverse dies.
Coin circulation within the territory of the present-day Polish state was characterized in the ea... more Coin circulation within the territory of the present-day Polish state was characterized in the early middle ages by its transboundary nature. During the reign of the first rulers of the Piast dynasty the indigenous coin production only served as a supplement to the great amount of monetary silver that was reaching our lands from the north and west. German coins flowed in from both of these directions. In 1951 the numismatic collection of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Lodz received a hoard from Kartuzy or nearby, which possibly formed part of a larger find. All of the surviving coins from this hoard are of type V according to the classification of M. Gumowski. Their obverse bears a cross surrounded by pearls, and, in the rim, various letters. Archival research shows that these coins are probably a part of a hoard that did not survive intact down to our times. One cannot be absolutely certain, however, that the deposit came from the vicinity of Kartuzy.
Obieg pieniężny na ziemiach Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu miał charakter transgraniczny. W okresie panowania pierwszych Piastów moneta rodzima była jedynie dopełnieniem dużej masy srebra monetarnego, które docierało na ziemie Polski z kierunków północnego i zachodniego. Z obu napływała moneta niemiecka. W roku 1951 do zbiorów numizmatycznych Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi przekazano zespół monet wczesnośredniowiecznych, będący najprawdopodobniej częścią większego znaleziska, pochodzącego z Kartuz lub niedalekich okolic tej miejscowości. Wskazują na to materiały archiwalne oraz bliskość chronologiczna denarów. Należą one do typu V według klasyfikacji M. Gumowskiego. Na awersach mają krzyż otoczony wieńcem pereł oraz napisy otokowe.
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excavations at the Tum stronghold in the years 1948-55 and 2009-11. The author distinguishes
two main periods of the occurrence of coins. The first coincides with the early Piast monarchy
(between the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 12th century) the second with the period between
the middle of the 13th century and the middle of the 14th century. The analysed coins from
the first period include German, Bohemian, Hungarian, Anglo-Saxon, and Polish coins, imitations
and silver shreds, as well as Arabic dirhams. The latter (14 specimens) should be linked with the
early Piast stronghol , as they disappear from the circulation in the fourth decade of the 11th century
and begin to be replaced by European coins.
In the first period, the Polish coins from the Tum stronghold are represented by the royal denarii
of Boleslaw the Generous, rare in this part of Poland, and coins of his successors, Władysław
Herman and Boleslaw the Wrymouth. A denarius, recently ascribed to Boleslaw the Wrymouth,
depicts the head of St. John and was most probably struck at the Wrocław mint. The cross denarii
are treated differently, both the German ones and those associated with Władysław Herman.
These coins, so popular in medieval Poland, form the main mass of the coins during the 11th century
at the Tum stronghold. If we analyse the period which started in the middle of the 12th century
with regard to numismatic artefacts, we can observe the decline of the centre’s significance, as we
do not find 12t century coins of duchy princes. The first bracteates only appear during the last
quarter of the 13th century. One of the youngest coins is a kwartnik of Casimir the Great, which
concluded the medieval history of coins at the Tum stronghold .
About 1850 he possessed two XIth century hoards, found in Goszczynna and Sierpów near Łęczyca. These sets of coins were soon purchased by Karol Beyer. At the end of his life – probably because of a poor financial status – Rajszel ordered the Jewish jeweler Broda to make false early medieval coins. He then gave these coins to Beyer. Rajszel died on March, 6 1871. He was buried at parish cemetery of St. Andrew the
Apostle church in Łęczyca beside his wife and children in the grave presently not existing. His collection of antiquities, earlier partly sold out, was after his death dispersed.
ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4
PREIS: 50 PLN (ca. 17 Euro)
Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN prezentuje tom Inwentarzy Polskich Skarbów Wczesnośredniowiecznych, w którym zebrano znaleziska skarbów i monet z lat 500–1150, z obszaru Warmii i Mazur oraz znaleziska z Polski z lat 2011-2013 wraz z uzupełnieniami i poprawkami. Na 340 stronach znajdują się szczegółowe wykazy i opisy skarbów, monet i ozdób – łącznie zarejestrowano 127 znalezisk, zawierających 8 643 obiekty. Wykazy uzupełnione są licznymi ilustracjami na 90 tablicach. Książkę można zamawiać w IAE PAN: http://www.iaepan.edu.pl (bookshop@iaepan.edu.pl) oraz w Księgarni Historycznej: http://ksiazkihistoryczne.pl
ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4
CENA: 50 PLN
The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology presents the Polish Early Medieval Hoards Inventories, bringing together all the hoard and single finds (500–1150) in the area of Ermland and Masuria together with finds from Poland 2011-2013 and Addenda et Corrigenda. At 340 pages the volume provides detailed lists and descriptions of hoards, coins and ornaments – a total of 127 registered finds, containing 8 643 objects. The lists are supplemented with numerous illustrations on 90 plates. The book can be ordered from IAE PAN: http://www.iaepan.edu.pl (bookshop@iaepan.edu.pl) or Historical Bookshop: http://ksiazkihistoryczne.pl
ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4
PRICE: 50 PLN (approx. 17 Euro)
and Łokietek Square in Lublin
In 2018, during the revitalisation of the Krakowskie
Przedmieście Street in Lublin, archaeologists
under the supervision of Rafał Niedźwiadek found
a fragment of an early-medieval cemetery. From eleven
skeletons, three graves were equipped with coins, all of
which can be included in the group of so-called cross
denarii. Two are decorated with an image of a crosier,
and can most probably be described as Polish emissions
from the end of the 11th century. Identical copies
of coins were confirmed in other findings from Greater
Poland, Silesia, or central Poland, as well as in the
treasury from Lublin–Rury. The third denarius is an
underhand imitation of a denarius with pearl cross of
unknown origin.
Key words: cross denarii, skeleton cemeteries, coins
minted with common pair of stamps
the thaler klippe of Silesian Estates from 1621. These one-sided coins were struck on
a rhomboidal plates, gold and silver. The representation contains the Silesian coat of arms
– Silesian Eagle, year 1621 and name of denomination. There were five denominations: 12 1/2 in gold, and 6, 3, 1 1/2 , 3/4 thaler in silver. Silver coins are frequent in numismatic trade. In the current text the author tries to describe all the variants of these coins, based onauctions and museum collections. 16 different variants were distinguished and described.
is the matter of origin of silver of which first Piasts’ denarii were struck. On the ground of researches
on chemical composition of metals the authors tried to show similarities and differences in composition
of silver of denarii of Boleslav the Brave and Mieszko Bolesławowic in comparison with commonly
occurred in circulation foreign coins from the turn of the 10th century. The authors took into consideration
Arabic dirhams, denarii from terrains of the Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia, England and Hungary.
It was commonly accepted in Polish literature, that coins of the first Piasts had to come from melted
coins - mainly dirhams and German coins. As researches suggest - with greater probability this first
kind of material was used because of high contents of silver, low contents of gold as well as absence or
very low content of bismuth.
In the article there was also rose the issue of close chronology of some types of denarii of
Boleslav the Brave and Mieszko Bolesławowic which is proved by dispersion of finds as well as large
similarity in chemical composition of coins. Executed analysis we treat as an introduction to researches
on chemical composition of early-mediaeval coins in the Laboratory of Researches on Relics Technology
of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź.
Dotychczas stosunkowo mało uwagi poświęcono w literaturze polskiej badaniom składu chemicznego monet pierwszych Piastów. W niniejszym artykule prezentu-jemy możliwość wykorzystania takich badań, jako jednego z elementów wspomagających opracowania numizmatyczne. Niewyjaśnionym problemem jest nadal źródło surowca, z którego wybijali monety pierwsi władcy Polski. Charakterystycznym zjawiskiem związanym z cyrkulacją kruszców, jakie wystąpiło na terenach wczesnośredniowiecznej Polski był fakt, iż napływające masowo srebro pozostawało przede wszystkim w tutejszej sferze gospodarczej. Na tereny Polski w okresie od IX do początków XI wieku, napływały przede wszystkim arabskie dirhamy, głównie z mennic azjatyckich. Pod koniec X i na początku XI wieku zdecydowaną przewagę w składzie depozytów osiągają denary z terenów Cesarstwa Niemieckiego. Również monety czeskie w zauważalnych ilościach spotyka-ne są w skarbach z interesującego nas okresu. Mniejszą rolę w obiegu monetarnym odgrywały monety węgierskie i anglosaskie. Pełniły one nadal rolę pieniądza monetarnego lub były wykorzystywane do przebicia na monetę rodzimą. W Muzeum Archeologicznym i Etnograficznym w Łodzi podjęto próbę po-równania składu chemicznego dostępnych monet pierwszych Piastów z współwystępującymi w skarbach monetami obcymi. Głównym celem tej pracy było dostarczenie analitycznych danych o monetach z przełomu X i XI wieku występujących na terenach polskich. Mamy nadzieję, że skład chemiczny srebrnych monet z interesującego nas okresu rzuci dodatkowe światło na pochodzenie srebra i procedury technologiczne. Podobnym problemem powiązania źródeł surowca z wybitymi monetami zajmowali się m.in. badacze niemieccy i polscy.
About one hundred cross deniers which can be recognised as imitations were identified in the collections of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź. The attention was focused on those coins which were struck by the same pair of dies, or by the die-links with the other coins found within many finds on Polish territory. Such method of research will allow to identify in the future the probable place of production of these coins and directions of their diffusion.
+UVALHVZE, associated with the town of Wallhausen on the Helme river. Chronology of the coin production is
touched upon, as well as the direction of its inflow based on the spread of hoards containing that piece. In the early
1930’s a heated debate regarding those coins took place between two distinguished numismatist of that time – Julius
Menadier and Marian Gumowski. The German scholar dated the coin to the beginning of the 11th century and connected
it with Mathilde the Abbess of Quedlinburg. In the legend he saw the name of a small town – Wallhausen on the
Helme, where the Emperors palace was located. Gumowski on the other hand linked the coins with the count palatine
Sieciech and dated it close to the year 1080. The analysis of hoards and a single find from the Schulzenwerder island
allowed for the narrowing of the coins chronology to the years 1060-1070. It was Menadier who was probably right
in linking it with the town of Wallhausen as we lack other interpretations of the legend. It could have been minted by
Eberhard the Bishop of Naumburg (1045-1079), or by the Archbishopric of Magdeburg which was the superior of
Naumburg. The coins had been minted with one obverse die, which with the passage of time was repaired and two
reverse dies.
however, that the deposit came from the vicinity of Kartuzy.
Obieg pieniężny na ziemiach Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu miał charakter transgraniczny. W okresie panowania pierwszych Piastów moneta rodzima była jedynie dopełnieniem dużej masy srebra monetarnego, które docierało na ziemie Polski z kierunków północnego i zachodniego. Z obu napływała moneta niemiecka. W roku 1951 do zbiorów numizmatycznych Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi przekazano zespół monet wczesnośredniowiecznych, będący najprawdopodobniej częścią większego znaleziska, pochodzącego
z Kartuz lub niedalekich okolic tej miejscowości. Wskazują na to materiały archiwalne oraz bliskość chronologiczna denarów. Należą one do typu V według klasyfikacji M. Gumowskiego. Na awersach mają krzyż otoczony wieńcem pereł oraz napisy otokowe.
excavations at the Tum stronghold in the years 1948-55 and 2009-11. The author distinguishes
two main periods of the occurrence of coins. The first coincides with the early Piast monarchy
(between the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 12th century) the second with the period between
the middle of the 13th century and the middle of the 14th century. The analysed coins from
the first period include German, Bohemian, Hungarian, Anglo-Saxon, and Polish coins, imitations
and silver shreds, as well as Arabic dirhams. The latter (14 specimens) should be linked with the
early Piast stronghol , as they disappear from the circulation in the fourth decade of the 11th century
and begin to be replaced by European coins.
In the first period, the Polish coins from the Tum stronghold are represented by the royal denarii
of Boleslaw the Generous, rare in this part of Poland, and coins of his successors, Władysław
Herman and Boleslaw the Wrymouth. A denarius, recently ascribed to Boleslaw the Wrymouth,
depicts the head of St. John and was most probably struck at the Wrocław mint. The cross denarii
are treated differently, both the German ones and those associated with Władysław Herman.
These coins, so popular in medieval Poland, form the main mass of the coins during the 11th century
at the Tum stronghold. If we analyse the period which started in the middle of the 12th century
with regard to numismatic artefacts, we can observe the decline of the centre’s significance, as we
do not find 12t century coins of duchy princes. The first bracteates only appear during the last
quarter of the 13th century. One of the youngest coins is a kwartnik of Casimir the Great, which
concluded the medieval history of coins at the Tum stronghold .
About 1850 he possessed two XIth century hoards, found in Goszczynna and Sierpów near Łęczyca. These sets of coins were soon purchased by Karol Beyer. At the end of his life – probably because of a poor financial status – Rajszel ordered the Jewish jeweler Broda to make false early medieval coins. He then gave these coins to Beyer. Rajszel died on March, 6 1871. He was buried at parish cemetery of St. Andrew the
Apostle church in Łęczyca beside his wife and children in the grave presently not existing. His collection of antiquities, earlier partly sold out, was after his death dispersed.
ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4
PREIS: 50 PLN (ca. 17 Euro)
Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN prezentuje tom Inwentarzy Polskich Skarbów Wczesnośredniowiecznych, w którym zebrano znaleziska skarbów i monet z lat 500–1150, z obszaru Warmii i Mazur oraz znaleziska z Polski z lat 2011-2013 wraz z uzupełnieniami i poprawkami. Na 340 stronach znajdują się szczegółowe wykazy i opisy skarbów, monet i ozdób – łącznie zarejestrowano 127 znalezisk, zawierających 8 643 obiekty. Wykazy uzupełnione są licznymi ilustracjami na 90 tablicach. Książkę można zamawiać w IAE PAN: http://www.iaepan.edu.pl (bookshop@iaepan.edu.pl) oraz w Księgarni Historycznej: http://ksiazkihistoryczne.pl
ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4
CENA: 50 PLN
The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology presents the Polish Early Medieval Hoards Inventories, bringing together all the hoard and single finds (500–1150) in the area of Ermland and Masuria together with finds from Poland 2011-2013 and Addenda et Corrigenda. At 340 pages the volume provides detailed lists and descriptions of hoards, coins and ornaments – a total of 127 registered finds, containing 8 643 objects. The lists are supplemented with numerous illustrations on 90 plates. The book can be ordered from IAE PAN: http://www.iaepan.edu.pl (bookshop@iaepan.edu.pl) or Historical Bookshop: http://ksiazkihistoryczne.pl
ISBN: 978-83-63760-851-4
PRICE: 50 PLN (approx. 17 Euro)
and Łokietek Square in Lublin
In 2018, during the revitalisation of the Krakowskie
Przedmieście Street in Lublin, archaeologists
under the supervision of Rafał Niedźwiadek found
a fragment of an early-medieval cemetery. From eleven
skeletons, three graves were equipped with coins, all of
which can be included in the group of so-called cross
denarii. Two are decorated with an image of a crosier,
and can most probably be described as Polish emissions
from the end of the 11th century. Identical copies
of coins were confirmed in other findings from Greater
Poland, Silesia, or central Poland, as well as in the
treasury from Lublin–Rury. The third denarius is an
underhand imitation of a denarius with pearl cross of
unknown origin.
Key words: cross denarii, skeleton cemeteries, coins
minted with common pair of stamps
the thaler klippe of Silesian Estates from 1621. These one-sided coins were struck on
a rhomboidal plates, gold and silver. The representation contains the Silesian coat of arms
– Silesian Eagle, year 1621 and name of denomination. There were five denominations: 12 1/2 in gold, and 6, 3, 1 1/2 , 3/4 thaler in silver. Silver coins are frequent in numismatic trade. In the current text the author tries to describe all the variants of these coins, based onauctions and museum collections. 16 different variants were distinguished and described.
is the matter of origin of silver of which first Piasts’ denarii were struck. On the ground of researches
on chemical composition of metals the authors tried to show similarities and differences in composition
of silver of denarii of Boleslav the Brave and Mieszko Bolesławowic in comparison with commonly
occurred in circulation foreign coins from the turn of the 10th century. The authors took into consideration
Arabic dirhams, denarii from terrains of the Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia, England and Hungary.
It was commonly accepted in Polish literature, that coins of the first Piasts had to come from melted
coins - mainly dirhams and German coins. As researches suggest - with greater probability this first
kind of material was used because of high contents of silver, low contents of gold as well as absence or
very low content of bismuth.
In the article there was also rose the issue of close chronology of some types of denarii of
Boleslav the Brave and Mieszko Bolesławowic which is proved by dispersion of finds as well as large
similarity in chemical composition of coins. Executed analysis we treat as an introduction to researches
on chemical composition of early-mediaeval coins in the Laboratory of Researches on Relics Technology
of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź.
Dotychczas stosunkowo mało uwagi poświęcono w literaturze polskiej badaniom składu chemicznego monet pierwszych Piastów. W niniejszym artykule prezentu-jemy możliwość wykorzystania takich badań, jako jednego z elementów wspomagających opracowania numizmatyczne. Niewyjaśnionym problemem jest nadal źródło surowca, z którego wybijali monety pierwsi władcy Polski. Charakterystycznym zjawiskiem związanym z cyrkulacją kruszców, jakie wystąpiło na terenach wczesnośredniowiecznej Polski był fakt, iż napływające masowo srebro pozostawało przede wszystkim w tutejszej sferze gospodarczej. Na tereny Polski w okresie od IX do początków XI wieku, napływały przede wszystkim arabskie dirhamy, głównie z mennic azjatyckich. Pod koniec X i na początku XI wieku zdecydowaną przewagę w składzie depozytów osiągają denary z terenów Cesarstwa Niemieckiego. Również monety czeskie w zauważalnych ilościach spotyka-ne są w skarbach z interesującego nas okresu. Mniejszą rolę w obiegu monetarnym odgrywały monety węgierskie i anglosaskie. Pełniły one nadal rolę pieniądza monetarnego lub były wykorzystywane do przebicia na monetę rodzimą. W Muzeum Archeologicznym i Etnograficznym w Łodzi podjęto próbę po-równania składu chemicznego dostępnych monet pierwszych Piastów z współwystępującymi w skarbach monetami obcymi. Głównym celem tej pracy było dostarczenie analitycznych danych o monetach z przełomu X i XI wieku występujących na terenach polskich. Mamy nadzieję, że skład chemiczny srebrnych monet z interesującego nas okresu rzuci dodatkowe światło na pochodzenie srebra i procedury technologiczne. Podobnym problemem powiązania źródeł surowca z wybitymi monetami zajmowali się m.in. badacze niemieccy i polscy.
About one hundred cross deniers which can be recognised as imitations were identified in the collections of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź. The attention was focused on those coins which were struck by the same pair of dies, or by the die-links with the other coins found within many finds on Polish territory. Such method of research will allow to identify in the future the probable place of production of these coins and directions of their diffusion.
+UVALHVZE, associated with the town of Wallhausen on the Helme river. Chronology of the coin production is
touched upon, as well as the direction of its inflow based on the spread of hoards containing that piece. In the early
1930’s a heated debate regarding those coins took place between two distinguished numismatist of that time – Julius
Menadier and Marian Gumowski. The German scholar dated the coin to the beginning of the 11th century and connected
it with Mathilde the Abbess of Quedlinburg. In the legend he saw the name of a small town – Wallhausen on the
Helme, where the Emperors palace was located. Gumowski on the other hand linked the coins with the count palatine
Sieciech and dated it close to the year 1080. The analysis of hoards and a single find from the Schulzenwerder island
allowed for the narrowing of the coins chronology to the years 1060-1070. It was Menadier who was probably right
in linking it with the town of Wallhausen as we lack other interpretations of the legend. It could have been minted by
Eberhard the Bishop of Naumburg (1045-1079), or by the Archbishopric of Magdeburg which was the superior of
Naumburg. The coins had been minted with one obverse die, which with the passage of time was repaired and two
reverse dies.
however, that the deposit came from the vicinity of Kartuzy.
Obieg pieniężny na ziemiach Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu miał charakter transgraniczny. W okresie panowania pierwszych Piastów moneta rodzima była jedynie dopełnieniem dużej masy srebra monetarnego, które docierało na ziemie Polski z kierunków północnego i zachodniego. Z obu napływała moneta niemiecka. W roku 1951 do zbiorów numizmatycznych Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi przekazano zespół monet wczesnośredniowiecznych, będący najprawdopodobniej częścią większego znaleziska, pochodzącego
z Kartuz lub niedalekich okolic tej miejscowości. Wskazują na to materiały archiwalne oraz bliskość chronologiczna denarów. Należą one do typu V według klasyfikacji M. Gumowskiego. Na awersach mają krzyż otoczony wieńcem pereł oraz napisy otokowe.