Rajnish Kurchania
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Physics, Faculty Member
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Research Interests: Condensed Matter Physics, Materials Science, Chemistry, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, and 8 moreCurie temperature, X ray diffraction, Dielectric Loss, Dielectric Constant, Particle Size, Room Temperature, Physical Properties, and Electrical And Electronic Engineering
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Abstract Hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are in existence in the field of photovoltaic technology since 2009 and they have achieved a major improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from just 3.8% in 2009 to 25.2% in 2019.... more
Abstract Hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are in existence in the field of photovoltaic technology since 2009 and they have achieved a major improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from just 3.8% in 2009 to 25.2% in 2019. However, they do not last long due to the instability of hybrid perovskites caused by humid conditions and temperature. The stability issue of PSC can be resolved using cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) inorganic perovskite. CsPbBr3 perovskite has well resistant towards moisture and heat which provides better operational stability to the inorganic PSCs. These PSCs are easy to fabricate unlike silicon solar cells but, these PSCs are still not in commercial use as the hybrid PSCs have a limited lifetime and the inorganic PSCs have limited PCE. In this review article, we discuss the CsPbBr3 inorganic perovskite, its fabrication processes, properties, device configurations, and recent advancements. Moreover, here the alternatives of lead (Pb) to develop a non-toxic perovskite are also discussed.
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Niobium-modified lead zirconate titanate thin films (PNZT) with nominal compositions, Pb(1-0.5x) (Zr0.53 Ti0.47)1-x NbxO3:x = 0.02–0.07, have been prepared using a diol based sol-gel route. Single-layer (0.5 µm) films were fabricated on... more
Niobium-modified lead zirconate titanate thin films (PNZT) with nominal compositions, Pb(1-0.5x) (Zr0.53 Ti0.47)1-x NbxO3:x = 0.02–0.07, have been prepared using a diol based sol-gel route. Single-layer (0.5 µm) films were fabricated on platinised silicon substrates by spin-coating. The effect of niobium additions with regard to phase development, microstructure, and ferroelectric and dielectric properties were investigated for different annealing temperatures. For
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This article reports a novel photocatalytic lime render for indoor and outdoor air quality improvement that is composed of a lime binder and doped TiO2 (KRONOClean 7000®) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were distributed throughout the... more
This article reports a novel photocatalytic lime render for indoor and outdoor air quality improvement that is composed of a lime binder and doped TiO2 (KRONOClean 7000®) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were distributed throughout the bulk of the finishing render, instead of as a thin coating, thus ensuring the durability of the photocatalytic properties upon superficial damage. The physical properties of these renders were not affected by the addition of nanoparticles except in the case of surface area, which increased significantly. In terms of their photocatalytic activity, these novel lime renders were shown to degrade up to 12% NOx under UV light and up to 11% formaldehyde under visible light.
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The present statement deals with the study of electrical conductivity measurements of CdSe-PVA undoped and CdSe-PVA doped with CU nanocomposite by chemical method. In the electrical measurements, the dark conductivity (σd) and the... more
The present statement deals with the study of electrical conductivity measurements of CdSe-PVA undoped and CdSe-PVA doped with CU nanocomposite by chemical method. In the electrical measurements, the dark conductivity (σd) and the photoconductivity (σph) of CdSe and CDSE:Cu prepared thin films have been studied in the temperature cycle 308–343 K. The intensity on conductivity and effect of temperature has been analyzed for CdSe and CdSe:Cu nanocomposite films. The conductivity of every sample increases with increasing temperature representing the semiconducting activities of the sample. The value of dark activation energy is more than the photo activation energy due to the shift in energy levels under illumination.
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Films of nominal composition Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 (PZT) in the thickness range 0.25−10 μm have been fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a propanediol-based sol-gel route. The spun-on coatings were prefired at 350 and 600 °C between... more
Films of nominal composition Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 (PZT) in the thickness range 0.25−10 μm have been fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a propanediol-based sol-gel route. The spun-on coatings were prefired at 350 and 600 °C between successive depositions before firing the multilayer stack at 700 °C for 15 min. The variations in crystallite orientation, microstructure, and dielectric and ferroelectric properties were determined as a function of film thickness. For a constant applied field of 150 kV cm−1, remanent polarization decreased progressively from 35 to 17 μC cm−2 as film thickness decreased in the range 10–0.25 μm; values of coercive field were reasonably constant, 18–19 kV cm−1, for films between 2 and 10 μm, but increased sharply below 2 μm, reaching 46 kV cm−1 for a 0.25 μm film. Relative permittivity (εr) decreased from approximately 1400 to approximately 940 with most of the reduction occurring in films less than 2 μm in thickness. These trends are discussed in terms of the presumed influence of interfacial phenomena on the measured electrical response.
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ABSTRACT A novel donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymer comprising of weak electron donating BDT moiety and strong 9-(2-octyldodecyl)−8H-pyrrolo[3,4-b] bisthieno[2,3-f:3',2'-h] quinoxaline-8,10(9H)-dione (PTQD) unit denoted as... more
ABSTRACT A novel donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymer comprising of weak electron donating BDT moiety and strong 9-(2-octyldodecyl)−8H-pyrrolo[3,4-b] bisthieno[2,3-f:3',2'-h] quinoxaline-8,10(9H)-dione (PTQD) unit denoted as P(PTQD-BDT) was synthesized as donor material for polymer solar cells. P(PTQD-BDT) shows a broad visible-near-infrared absorption band with an optical bandgap of 1.74 eV and possesses a relatively low-lying HOMO level at −5.28 eV. Bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cell with the optimized blend of 1:2 (weight ratio) P(PTQD-BDT):PC71BM (processed with chloroform) shows an open circuit voltage of 0.92 V, a short circuit current density of 7.84 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 0.50, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.61%. The PCE has been further improved to 5.55% (Jsc= 10.34 mA/cm2, Voc= 0.88V and FF = 0.61), when 3% vol 1,8-diio-dooctane (DIO) was used as solvent additive for the processing of P(PTQD-BDT):PC71BM blended film. The enhancement in Jsc is as a result of the appropriate morphology and efficient exciton dissociation into free charge carrier. The increase in PCE has been attributed to the favorable nanoscale morphology for efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport (reduction in the electron to hole mobility ratio). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015
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ABSTRACT Cerium ion doped ZnO (ZnO:Ce3+) nanomaterials were successfully synthesized via inexpensive sol–gel method. The effect of Ce ion doping on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles were investigated in detail.... more
ABSTRACT Cerium ion doped ZnO (ZnO:Ce3+) nanomaterials were successfully synthesized via inexpensive sol–gel method. The effect of Ce ion doping on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles were investigated in detail. Crystallography and morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X ray diffraction results revealed that increasing cerium concentration from 0.3 to 1.0 mol%, a gradual increment in lattice parameters followed by the reduction in average crystallite size from 20 nm to 16 nm was observed. The XRD patterns demonstrate that the ZnO nanoparticles are highly crystalline and cerium ions were successfully incorporated into the lattice position of ZnO. Formation of ZnO:Ce3+ nanoparticles were observed from the transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy measurements confirm this finding. Optical band gap energy of undoped ZnO was ∼3.18 eV which decreased to 3.14 eV by introducing cerium ion (0.3 mol%), moreover, the band gap reduced to 3.13 eV as a result of increasing cerium concentration up to 1.0 mol% which leads to the formation of various optically active sub-levels. Photoluminescence spectroscopic results revealed that UV emission originated from near-band-edge transitions. The shift in the near-band-edge emissions towards lower wavelength attributed to the change in the carrier concentration or strain induced by doping. The intense band ∼545 nm and 564 nm for ZnO:Ce1.0 mol% may be due to charge transfer of ZnO lattice to the cerium ion. The band ∼613 (2.02 eV) nm may be due to 4f–4f intra-shell transition 5D0 → 7F2 confirms the incorporation of Ce3+ in to wurtzite ZnO host by substitution on the Zn sub lattice.
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ABSTRACT Polycrystalline samples of Bi3.4Ce0.6Ti2.4Zr0.6O12 (CeZrBIT) ceramics were synthesized using solution combustion route. X-ray diffraction study indicates the presence of pyrochlore phase due to Ce doping and orthorhombic... more
ABSTRACT Polycrystalline samples of Bi3.4Ce0.6Ti2.4Zr0.6O12 (CeZrBIT) ceramics were synthesized using solution combustion route. X-ray diffraction study indicates the presence of pyrochlore phase due to Ce doping and orthorhombic distortion in the bismuth titanate lattice due to Zr addition. Improvement in dielectric and ferroelectric properties of CeZrBIT was observed in comparison with undoped bismuth titanate. Electrical behaviour of the sample was analyzed using the complex impedance plots as a function of frequency at different temperatures. Non-Debye type dielectric relaxation is shown by this lead free ceramic. The Nyquist plot demonstrates the negative temperature coefficient of resistance characteristic of CeZrBIT. Density of states at Fermi level and activation energy of the compound was also evaluated using the AC conductivity data.
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ABSTRACT This paper reports on the gas sensing properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles toward liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, and ammonia. The gas response of was studied as a function of the particle size, the temperature, and the gas flow... more
ABSTRACT This paper reports on the gas sensing properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles toward liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, and ammonia. The gas response of was studied as a function of the particle size, the temperature, and the gas flow rate. The gas response was found to attain a maximum at an intermediate temperature in the order of 250 °C and to drop off toward higher and lower temperatures. The maximum gas response was found to increase as the particle size is reduced from 28.6 to 5.8 nm. It was further observed that the gas response increases linearly as the gas flow rate is increased. The response and recovery time constants were also observed to be flow-rate-dependent: whereas the response times decreased with the gas flow rate, the recovery time constants increased.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to investigate strain and magnetism at the nano scale in CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles of controlled size were synthesized using a chemical co-precipitation method at different... more
ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to investigate strain and magnetism at the nano scale in CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles of controlled size were synthesized using a chemical co-precipitation method at different reaction temperatures and molar concentrations of reagents without using any surfactant. Size dependent strain, structural, optical, morphological and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were investigated. Particle size was calculated by size distribution curve using FESEM images. It was observed that structural orientation and characteristic features of the strain are dependent on CoFe2O4 particle size. The formation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD, FESEM, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The good correlation between XRD analysis and Raman study was observed with the help of Raman shift (cm−1) as a function of uniform and non-uniform strain curves for all sizes of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The size-dependent superparamagnetic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were studied systematically. The blocking temperature, coercivity and saturation magnetization increase on increasing the size of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles was observed. Blocking temperature is a maximum temperature, above which the exchange bias does not occur. The size of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles estimated from blocking temperature measurements correlated well with FESEM and XRD measurements. These CoFe2O4 nanoparticles have potential applications in gas sensors operating in hazardous environments.
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ABSTRACT ZnO nanoparticles doped with Eu3+ cation have been successfully prepared through tartaric acid-assisted simple, efficient and inexpensive sol-gel method. The nanostructures, morphologies, composition and optical properties of the... more
ABSTRACT ZnO nanoparticles doped with Eu3+ cation have been successfully prepared through tartaric acid-assisted simple, efficient and inexpensive sol-gel method. The nanostructures, morphologies, composition and optical properties of the as-prepared nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). XRD results revealed that increasing europium concentration from 0 to 0.3mole %, a gradual increment in lattice parameters followed by the reduction in average crystallite size from 20 nm to 13 nm is observed, indicating a successful incorporation of Eu+ 3 in ZnO. It is concluded that the inclusion of strain has a very small effect on the average crystallite size. Average particle size evaluated from Transmission Electron Microscopy observations showed approximate value of 40-45 nm, with spherical morphology. FT-IR spectroscopic measurement showed a standard peak of Zn-O at 553 cm−1. Photoluminescence spectroscopic results indicates the presence of red peak∼ 618 nm is due to 4f–4f intra-shell transition of 5D0→7F2, confirms the incorporation of Eu3+ in to wurtzite ZnO host by substitution on the Zn sub lattice. This study suggests that the sol-gel method is a viable approach to exploit Eu+ 3 doped ZnO nanoparticles in optoelectronic applications.
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ABSTRACT Nanometer-sized ZnO spheres were prepared by hydrothermal method at 500 °C calcination temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) result indicates that the sample is having a crystalline wurtzite phase. Transmission Electron Microscopy... more
ABSTRACT Nanometer-sized ZnO spheres were prepared by hydrothermal method at 500 °C calcination temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) result indicates that the sample is having a crystalline wurtzite phase. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) result reveals that the particles are spherical in shape with an average diameter ∼50 nm. X-ray peak broadening analysis was used to evaluate the average crystallite size and lattice strain by the Williamson–Hall (W–H) method. Optical property has been investigated by using UV–vis absorption spectrum with an energy band gap (Eg) at 3.23 eV. The average crystallite size of ZnO nanoparticles estimated from AFM analysis, Scherrer's formula and W–H analysis is highly intercorrelated.
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The effect of coadsorption with deoxycholic acid (DCA) on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cell based on perylene monoimide derivative (PCA) as sensitizer and liquid electrolyte had been investigated. The current-voltage... more
The effect of coadsorption with deoxycholic acid (DCA) on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cell based on perylene monoimide derivative (PCA) as sensitizer and liquid electrolyte had been investigated. The current-voltage characteristics under illumination and incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) spectra of the DSSCs showed that the coadsorption of DCA with the PCA dye results in a significant improvement in short circuit photocurrent and slight increase in the open circuit photovoltage, which lead to an overall power conversion efficiency. The enhancement of short circuit current was attributed to the increased electron injection efficiency from the excited state of PCA into the conduction band of TiO2and charge collection efficiency. The current-voltage characteristics in dark indicates a positive shift in the conduction which also supports the enhancement in the photocurrent. The coadsorption with DCA suppressed charge recombination as indicated from the electrochem...
ABSTRACT The effect of fuel characteristics on the processing and properties of bismuth titanate (BIT) ceramics obtained by solution combustion route using different fuels are reported in this paper. Dextrose, urea and glycine were used... more
ABSTRACT The effect of fuel characteristics on the processing and properties of bismuth titanate (BIT) ceramics obtained by solution combustion route using different fuels are reported in this paper. Dextrose, urea and glycine were used as fuel in this study. The obtained bismuth titanate ceramics were characterized by using XRD, SEM at different stages of sample preparation. It was observed that BIT obtained by using dextrose as fuel shows higher dielectric constant and higher remnant polarization due to smaller grain size and lesser c-axis growth as compared to the samples with urea and glycine as fuel. The electrical behavior of the samples with respect to temperature and frequency was also investigated to understand relaxation phenomenon.
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) precursor sols were prepared using a diol based sol-gel route. Thin films were deposited by spin coating onto PtrTi/SiO2 /Si substrates. The effects of lanthanum... more
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) precursor sols were prepared using a diol based sol-gel route. Thin films were deposited by spin coating onto PtrTi/SiO2 /Si substrates. The effects of lanthanum incorporating up to 10 mol% lanthanum to the base PZT 53/47 composition, and the effects of firing temperature (500-700°C) on crystallization, microstructure, ferroelectric and dielectric properties have been investigated. Films fired at 700°C for 15 minutes with 0, 2 and 5 mole percent lanthanum levels had values of remanent polarization of 31, 23 and 14 μC cm-2 (at 300 kV cm-1, 60 Hz) and corresponding relative permittivity values of 1485, 830 and 700 respectively
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ABSTRACT In this study we have successfully synthesized undoped and Eu3+ ion doped ZnO nanoparticles through simple and inexpensive sol–gel technique. X-ray Diffraction results revealed that increasing europium concentration from 0 to 0.3... more
ABSTRACT In this study we have successfully synthesized undoped and Eu3+ ion doped ZnO nanoparticles through simple and inexpensive sol–gel technique. X-ray Diffraction results revealed that increasing europium concentration from 0 to 0.3 mole%, a gradual increment in lattice parameters followed by the reduction in average crystallite size from 20 nm to 13 nm is observed, indicating a successful incorporation of Eu+3 in ZnO. The positions of the main diffraction peaks shift to the lower 2 angles and show broadening, with the increasing europium content. It is concluded that the strain in the ZnO nanoparticles caused by the incorporation of a larger Eu3+ ion than Zn2+ cation. Average particle size evaluated from Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observations showed approximate value of 40–45 nm, with spherical morphology for all the samples. FT-IR spectroscopic measurement showed a standard peak of Zn—O at 553 cm–1. The optical direct bandgap were 3.21–3.23 eV for Eu-doped ZnO and 3.19 eV for pure ZnO nanoparticles. This difference can result from variations in carrier concentrations and carrier scattering by microstructural defects and ionic impurities. Photoluminescence spectroscopic results indicates the presence of red peak ∼618 nm is due to 4f–4f intra-shell transition of 5D0 → 7F2, confirms the incorporation of Eu3+ in to wurtzite ZnO host by substitution on the Zn sub lattice. This work has proved the possibility of incorporating Eu3+ ions into ZnO nanoparticles with high crystallinity and realized the energy transfer from ZnO host to Eu3+ ions, which would be helpful in optoelectronics and color display device applications.
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ABSTRACT A new A–D–A small molecule (SM) based on a 3,6-dithienylcarbazole donor unit at the center and nitrophenyl acrylonitrile acceptor units as the terminal ends was synthesized by the Pd catalyzed Stille coupling reaction for... more
ABSTRACT A new A–D–A small molecule (SM) based on a 3,6-dithienylcarbazole donor unit at the center and nitrophenyl acrylonitrile acceptor units as the terminal ends was synthesized by the Pd catalyzed Stille coupling reaction for application as a donor material in the organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. The SM possesses a low lying HOMO energy level at −5.34 eV and optical band gap of 1.74 eV. The photovoltaic performance of the SM was investigated with PC60BM and PC70BM as acceptors cast from THF with 3% CN additive and without additive. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the organic solar cells based on SM:PC60BM cast from THF solvent reached 1.94% with a high Voc of 0.94 V, a Jsc of 6.08 mA cm−2 and FF of 0.34, where as the PCE of SM:PC70BM cast from THF solvent was 2.65% with a Voc of 0.96 V, a Jsc of 7.26 mA cm−2 and FF of 0.38%, under the illumination intensity of 100 mW cm−2. The higher PCE of the organic solar cells based on PC70BM as an electron acceptor has been attributed to its strong absorption in the visible region than PC60BM. The PCE of the organic solar cells has been further improved to 3.76% and 4.96% for SM:PC60BM and SM:PC70BM, respectively, cast with CN–THF solvent.
ABSTRACT Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated using two metal-free organic dyes, TA-St-CA and D, with complementary absorption bands in the visible and near infrared regions. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the... more
ABSTRACT Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated using two metal-free organic dyes, TA-St-CA and D, with complementary absorption bands in the visible and near infrared regions. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the cosensitized DSSC (6.26%) was improved when compared to DSSCs based on individual dyes TA-St-CA (4.98%) or D (4.22%). The PCE was further enhanced up to 7.19% when deoxycholic acid (DCA) was added to the mixed dye solution as a coadsorbant. The enhancement of PCE observed in the cosensitized DSSC by addition of DCA was attributed to both suppression of dye aggregation and prevention of the backward electron transfer from the conduction band of TiO2.
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ABSTRACT A stepwise approach has been applied for the cosensitization of a thiocyanate free Ru sensitizer (SPS-01) with a metal free dye containing thienylfluorene conjugation (JD1) for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The cosensitized... more
ABSTRACT A stepwise approach has been applied for the cosensitization of a thiocyanate free Ru sensitizer (SPS-01) with a metal free dye containing thienylfluorene conjugation (JD1) for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The cosensitized SPS-01 + JD1 based DSSC showed a significant enhancement in both the open circuit voltage (Voc) and the short circuit current (Jsc) relative to the individual single dye based DSSCs. The DSSC based on the SPS-01 + JD1 system yielded a Jsc of 15.38 mA cm−2, a Voc of 0.72 V, a fill factor (FF) of 0.76 and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.30%. This performance was superior to that of the DSSCs sensitized with the individual dyes SPS-01 (PCE = 5.98%) or JD1 (PCE = 4.76%) fabricated under the same conditions. Results show that the JD1 dye effectively overcomes the competitive light absorption by I3−/I− and also prevents dye aggregation and reduces the charge recombination. To understand the effects of the charge recombination of the injected electrons with I3− in the electrolyte, the dark current–voltage characteristics and electrochemical impedance spectra of the DSSCs sensitized with the SPS-01 and SPS-01+JD1 systems were measured. It was observed that the recombination of the electrons in the conduction band with I3− in the electrolyte in the DSSC sensitized with SPS-01 +JD1 was significantly reduced relative to the DSSC based on SPS-01.
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ABSTRACT Eu-doped Zinc Oxide nanoparticles, with wurtzite hexagonal phase have been successfully synthesized via simple sol-gel method. Crystallinity, morphologies and optical properties of the as-prepared nanoparticles were investigated... more
ABSTRACT Eu-doped Zinc Oxide nanoparticles, with wurtzite hexagonal phase have been successfully synthesized via simple sol-gel method. Crystallinity, morphologies and optical properties of the as-prepared nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force microscopy (AFM) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). XRD results indicated that trivalent europium ions were successfully doped in to the crystal lattice of ZnO matrix with ~13 nm average crystallite size. X-ray peak broadening analysis was used to evaluate the average crystallite size and lattice strain by the Williamson-Hall (W-H) method. Photoluminescence spectroscopic results indicated that the emission peak located at ~610 nm was attributed to the 4f–4f intra-shell transition of 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 incorporated in to wurtzite ZnO host by substitution on the Zn sub lattice.
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ABSTRACT We report the structural and magnetic properties of Ag substituted Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3 (x = 0, 0.15) synthesized via solid state reaction method. The XRD patterns using Full Prof Rietveld analysis shows that the samples have single... more
ABSTRACT We report the structural and magnetic properties of Ag substituted Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3 (x = 0, 0.15) synthesized via solid state reaction method. The XRD patterns using Full Prof Rietveld analysis shows that the samples have single phase nature without any detectable impurity. SEM results shows that the grain size increases upto sharper instant. The magnetic studies reveals Neil temperature (TN) and Curie Temperature (Tc) get decreased with the lowering of temperature. The hysteresis loss which is dominant in pure sample disappears in Ag doped one. This shows that Ag helps in achieving the homogeneity thereby decreasing the disorder.