My back ground is in International Politics, Global Relations and Economics. With academic achievements at both the London Metropolitan University and the Middlesex University at there Schools of Law and Politics. I am a political Social Analyst and commentator on social mmedia platforms, been invited to guest at the BBC Question Time and the BBC Big Questions programs. I have referenced work in research and policy intiatives with particular interest in Third world countries. In understanding the global issues of today on has to have a critical and analytical pint of view to come to a rightfull conclusion or more or less find a solution. Supervisors: Proffessor Peter Hough School .Law Middlesex University and Dr.Elvira Dominguez – Redondo School of Law .Middlesex University Phone: 07448286570 Address: London. United Kingdom
In July 2011 to 2014, I appeared before the British House of Commons Select committee on Global P... more In July 2011 to 2014, I appeared before the British House of Commons Select committee on Global Poverty to talk about the MDGs Millennium Development Goals having researched widely on the effects of aid on the development process in Africa and has been designing the structures that will deliver policy objectives and analyzing data to provide fresh perspectives to a myriad of issues. It’s all in a day’s work at Primex ONE
Introduction
There are 8 Millennium Development Goals with specific targets that were agreed upo... more Introduction There are 8 Millennium Development Goals with specific targets that were agreed upon at the Millennium Summit of September 2000. It was the largest gathering of world leaders in history with 23 international organisations all agreeing to help achieve these goals by 2015. The MDGs can be traced back to the Millennium Declaration by the UN which asserted that every individual has a right to dignity, freedom and equality. The MDGs are about bringing development in Poor countries especially in Africa, South East Asia, Latin America and parts of the Middle East. In understanding what the question demands I will address each goal and show to what extent achieving it will deliver development or the short comings of o delivering development. It is worth noting that from the beginning there has been strong debate surrounding the MDGs targets, as there was a lack of detailed analysis and justification behind the chosen goals. DISCUSSION: THE 8 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
This target is aimed at reducing by half those living on less than a dollar a day and the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. From the following statistics we can see that the number of people living under the international poverty line of $1.25 a day declined from 1.8 billion to 1.4 billion between 1990 and 2005.The proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing regions dropped from 46 per cent to 27 per cent — on track to meet the target globally. This is despite setbacks caused by the 2008-09 economic downturn and the effects of the food and energy crises. However, even if these positive trends continue, in 2015, roughly 920 million people would still be living under the international poverty line of $1.25 a day. The proportion of people suffering from hunger is declining, but at an unsatisfactory pace. Even though the proportion of people worldwide suffering from malnutrition and hunger has fallen since the early 1990s, progress stalled during 2000-2002. The estimate of the number of people who will suffer chronic hunger this year is 925 million according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN — down from 1.023 billion in 2009, but still more than the number of undernourished people in 1990 (about 815 million
Welfare is best provided with the support from all sectors of the community?
Welfare is the gener... more Welfare is best provided with the support from all sectors of the community? Welfare is the general wellbeing and prosperity of a person or a society. In the U.K the management of the welfare state is embedded in the political system. The importance of the welfare state in the U.K. can also be gauged when one considers that Welfare benefits in the U.K. include five separate groups of services, which are cash benefits, health care, education, housing, and the personal social services. The government spends two-thirds of its budget on the welfare state and the services provided by it. It can be argued that it can be best represented and provided with the support from all sectors of the community who are outside the domain of the government and would commonly include: • Churches • Charities • Local community groups • Hospices • Counselling • Citizen’s Advice Bureau • Voluntary sector • Unions The 'Welfare State' was not intended to respond to poverty; that was the role of the Poor Law (1833). Its main purpose was to encourage the provision of social services on the same basis as the public services - roads, libraries and so forth - an 'institutional' model of welfare. Criticisms of the Welfare State in later years, concentrated on the problem of poverty and debates in the UK were increasingly residual in tone. In discussing how welfare is best provided with the support of all sectors of the community I will base this for key elements which include: employment; health; education and housing which are key to the wellbeing of UK citizens. Community groups, representative bodies, welfare organisations and advocacy groups are a vital part of what welfare does and they play a special role in assisting people to manage during personal and challenging times in areas where the government can not meet the local needs. This can be due to reasons like the need to cut government spending. This can cover a range of issues and are commonly under the following headings:- • Elderly/Pensioners • Single mothers • Children • People with disabilities • Terminally ill • Vulnerable groups with addictions like drug addicts and alcoholics
Historian and activist Cheris Kramarae once famously remarked that "feminism is the radical notio... more Historian and activist Cheris Kramarae once famously remarked that "feminism is the radical notion that women are human beings." Although that's the sort of thing you see printed on t-shirts, it also happens to be an accurate and concise definition of what feminism is. Feminism, as a movement, is about women living on equal terms with men--and not pushed down, by law or by culture, into a subservient role. Although the word "feminism" had been used during the mid-19th century as a synonym for "femininity," it was first used to describe a political movement in 1894, when a British newspaper warned of "feminists" who had begun to achieve power in the French legislature.
Feminism is generally broken down into several historical "waves": • First-wave feminism, which lasted from the 18th century until World War II and was centred on securing basic civil rights, such as the right to vote and to own property ; • Second-wave feminism, which lasted from the end of World War II until the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the 1980s and centred on achieving equality in the workplace, protecting reproductive choice, and attempting to pass the ERA ; and • Third-wave feminism, which incorporates racial justice, LGBT rights, and class oppression into the feminist worldview and seeks real, practical equality for all women.
• Global organisations are biggest pollutants of the world / abdication of responsibility • Shell... more • Global organisations are biggest pollutants of the world / abdication of responsibility • Shell / BP What is the impact of long term detention on the children of asylum seekers? • Discrimination against third world countries • Oil spill in Nigeria and America (different responses) • Wealth for all (corruption / impact on local communities • Diversity (outsourcing of employment / benefits and shortcomings)
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the supreme authority which is independent and free from any external ... more Sovereignty Sovereignty is the supreme authority which is independent and free from any external forces and the rules. State sovereignty is inalienable legal quality of an independent state, symbolizing its political and legal autonomy, responsibility and a higher value as the primary subject of international law
Patrick Kyanda is currently working as an independent Political and Social Analyst with the BBC,T... more Patrick Kyanda is currently working as an independent Political and Social Analyst with the BBC,The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, and is the world's oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world. I guest audience current affairs programs and Newsmagazine. Shows. I am an admirer of Nelson Mandela. Abdul Nasser and many other great states men. I am also an activist, a Soial analyst, a business advisor entrepreneural advisor.
The student will be required to produce a 4500-word report on an issue the student will have obse... more The student will be required to produce a 4500-word report on an issue the student will have observed on placement Learning Experience. Learning outcomes: The student will be able to: 1. Critically analyses pertinent management/leadership theory and concepts. 2. Critically evaluate the skills, knowledge and attitudes that are necessary to enhance effective management in the complex and dynamic environments of health and social care agencies. Title: Managing change that the student observed while on placement. Aim: To critically analyse how her manager at a third sector organisation in South Wales handled taking over a new contract of supporting four individuals with learning disabilities in a supported living environment. Then the author will also detail the efficiency of leadership style that the manager used in handling the situation.
Politics as Theory and Politics as Practice DAVID BLUNKETT There is a certain twist about a stude... more Politics as Theory and Politics as Practice DAVID BLUNKETT There is a certain twist about a student reading for the first time In Defence of Politics, and then finding himself years later offering his tutor and author of the book the opportunity to contribute directly to the understanding of students about the importance of politics in their lives. I was privileged to be that student of Sir Professor Bernard Crick who had linked politics ‘as theory’ and politics ‘as practice’ all those years later. So fifty years on, I can reflect on a man who not only challenged academics to engage with the here and now of day-today politics, but also challenged students to understand that politics itself was a messy business in which you would have to get your hands soiled if you wanted to make any difference and change the world for the better.
Background to the Study
The Cold War was essentially a period of time that was characterized by p... more Background to the Study The Cold War was essentially a period of time that was characterized by political, military and economic tensions between the major powers of the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc following the end of World War II. The Eastern powers were the Soviet Union and other powers in the Warsaw Pact. The Western Bloc, on the other hand, consisted of the United States of America (US) and its NATO allies (Fousek, 2000). It is not clearly known when the Cold War officially started; and different dates have been given. However, the most commonly cited date for the commencement of the Cold War is 1947. The War ended in 1991. This happened following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The Cold War was simply a period of intense political and military tensions between the world’s major powers; but did not involve any direct military confrontations. Instead, the confrontations often took place in the form of proxy wars fought in other countries and places. The Vietnam War, the Korean War, and the first Afghanistan War are notable proxy wars between these two sides. The Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc supported different sides in these wars; and this was the closest that they came to confronting each other (Gaddis, 1989). The Cold War, therefore, can be said to have been a supremacy and hegemonic battle to determine the greatest power in the world after the end of World War II and the devastating defeat of Japan and East Germany (Gaddis, 1997). Although the US and the Soviet Union had been allies against Nazi Germany during World War II, they were split by the Cold War. This split would prove to be quite disastrous for both sides both economically and politically. The major differences were that the Soviet Union pursued a Marxist-Leninist political ideology while the US and its allies pursued a capitalist ideology (Fousek, 2000). Although there was no full-scale armed combat between the two superpowers, they nonetheless armed themselves heavily in anticipation for a possible real war. With both sides owning nuclear and other lethal weapons, there was an expectation that a worldwide nuclear war might erupt (Grenville, 2005; Nalebuff, 1988). However, it was largely because of their possession of nuclear weapons that each side was able to deter the other. Both the US and the Soviet Union were not willing to initiate a direct nuclear confrontation for fear that the nuclear weapons held by the other would be used. The state of tension between two continued until 1991 when the Soviet Union disintegrated (Freedman, 2004).
Why the Diaspora Community pay so much to send relatives bodies’ home
"My father's dream was for ... more Why the Diaspora Community pay so much to send relatives bodies’ home "My father's dream was for him to be buried in his birthplace and have the spirits of the ancestors resonated over his grave," says A DIAPORA person whose father passed away in London. This desire to be buried in the place you were born is strong for many first generation African migrants in the UK. This thinking is common among the diaspora community of first generation migrants. But for many African communities in the UK, there is often no official financial support and many families struggle to meet the costs. 'Very stressful' Many find it tough repatriating remains of loved ones body back to the home/mother countries despite having settled and lived in the diaspora as citizens many families are put under pressure to return remains back home. "Relatives usually demand to have the body back home”. There was no way many can challenge such decisions and wishes hence the need to find ways to raise the funds. In cases like this, many in the diaspora have to keep their loved one's body in a morgue for several months, until there is enough money. "This waiting is very stressful for those who have cultures where burial needs to take place quickly," "There are cases of people isolated when they lose someone and they were in despair over how to get the money." Many in the diaspora will only get closure when their loved ones are buried back home. "This also affects the extended family in the home country as they are the ones who will look after and tend to the graves." But the emotional stress, financial costs and family pressures are so high when it comes to repatriation, that some in the diaspora wonder whether it is really worth it. "It's a waste of money," says some in the diaspora. !!!!!!!! "If my loved one is was buried here I would visit his grave every week but now I can't if he/she is sent back to Africa. For what! And the reason is the name of culture and tradition” Many comply due to the emotional stress. "Our families back home need to understand that our lives are in the diaspora now.
Trans National events in the diaspora and they play a key role to the lives of settled migrants a... more Trans National events in the diaspora and they play a key role to the lives of settled migrants and keep the ties in their home or mother countries and this has been given the phrase " Umbilical cord " and that attachment is more pronounced among the first generation and will gradually break as the children born in the diaspora loss the connection of the parents countries like the native languages and culture. The context of this can be seen through the Ugandan diaspora in the UK were many social and cultural events are organised especially during the summer when the weather is ideal for outdoor activities, The recently conclude events like the UK Uganda Sports day, The Global Cultural Event and many more point in the right direction of a strong sense of community. The climax of the calendar will see the BIG WEEKENDER that had been dubbed the HISTORIC EVENT as it has never happened that a big line-up is put together knowing the organisation involved, great effort has been put in place. This is to set the standard in Ugandan diaspora events in the UK as an annual event. The 6 th /October/2018 will be that day the event will take place at the famous Royal Regency Hall in London; a lot can be borrowed as many events usually feature a key artists from Uganda and a few curtain raisers backed up by a DJ but as expected not to disappoint the community is expecting a lot from the show. I will limit my observation on the trend in the social calendar as many events are organised but lack a strong grassroots profile and are never organised again so the challenge and responsibility that the organisers have is to live up to the expectations as they will be judged, so what is the connection that can be made between the previous and current events, they all help to glue the Uganda community together as in the UK many live in a round London. The reality is that THE BIG WEEKENDER HISTORIC EVENT has exposed the fact that the Ugandan community in the UK is demanding more and with the help of social media information about what is happening quickly goes out helping to enhance a level of awareness about what they want or demand from the events they attend. This is what many would need to know about what is happening in the community and the details will be announced towards the day of the event but the list of artists is clearly everyone's favourites right from the old generation of the EBONIES to the current ones. The much anticipated social event will be HISTORY IN THE MAKING as the BIG WEEKENDER has talk in the Uganda community and has been trending on the social media platforms especially Facebook and what's up. It is worth noting that many events take place in the UK Uganda diaspora community that it is expected that many travel far and
Participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions... more Participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions - and ideally exert influence - regarding political, economic, management or other social decisions. Participatory decision making can take place along any realm of human social activity, including economic (i.e. participatory economics), political (i.e. participatory democracy or parpolity), management (i.e. participatory management), cultural (i.e. polyculturalism) or familial (i.e. feminism).
The term political participation is used here in the sense of social activity, of taking part with others in some social process.
The issue of political participation has received a great deal of attention in recent years from academics, journalists and politicians across most liberal democracies. For the purpose of this assignment I have looked at the leading classifications of participation and highlighted the limitations to political participation with each.
How to Tackle Gender Inequality in Political Participation in Uganda
Introduction
Gender equity ... more How to Tackle Gender Inequality in Political Participation in Uganda Introduction Gender equity in all sectors continues to be recognised internationally as an important issue to be addressed. The political participation of women is acknowledged as a vital factor to evaluate the status that women have in their respective countries. Though Uganda acted as one of the pioneering African countries to involve women in policy making in the early 1990s, women in Uganda are underrepresented in such positions today due to a plethora of issues, many deriving from socio-cultural ideologies and some due to a restrictive political system, among others. The purpose of this strategy paper is to introduce the challenges faced by Ugandan women and propose possible strategies. The paper will include the causes of the issue and highlight the relevance of addressing this problem; it will furthermore propose strategies to tackle the matter by highlighting the main actors who would hold important roles in allowing such strategies to commence. The strategic goals proposed in this paper include: Advancing public attitudes towards women in political office, raising awareness for political roles along with recruitment initiatives and introducing fundraising initiatives as well as campaign funding. The paper will conclude with a thesis on the inequality in political representation in Uganda. Introducing the Problem and the Challenges Faced by Ugandan Women Today, despite making up over half of the population, with 51% (New Vision, 2014), women in Uganda remain underrepresented in political office holding 34% (2017) of roles in office, growth in this sector is stagnant (Kagumire, 2013). Recent findings from the Effective States and Inclusive Development research centre highlight that the parameters for a gender-inclusive agenda is restricted due to Uganda’s political system (ESID,2016.Additionally, the problematic structure of the political parties has aided the difficulty for a fair democracy to be fulfilled and access to leadership roles for women is scarce. According to Faridah Lule, a representative from the Citizen’s Coalition for Electoral Democracy in Uganda (CCEDU) many political parties deliberately neglect the participation of women (Lule, 2017). The problem is intensified by the fact that fewer Ugandan women actively seek to be elected for seats (UN, 2012) for various reasons, which include a lack of confidence to run for office and fear of the dreaded process of election. Another contributing factor is the belief which aids patriarchal ideologies that claim such roles as being reserved for men. Similar attitudes have a great effect on the general view that the Ugandan public have on women in politics, as a consequence fewer women consider political roles as they are often considered to be liabilities (Aciro-lakor, 2016) and furthermore lack public support when doing so. Possible positions across all tiers are not promoted immensely, therefore many women are ignorant to how they can represent in political office (Aciro-Lakor, 2010). Moreover, those who do wish to participate in political office are also met with great challenges such as the lack of access to resources to help ensure that they can run a successful campaign, for example. These women have little access to support from women’s leagues and less support from the public as highlighted above. Though major Ugandan political parties have women’s leagues, according to Edith Ssali, Executive Director of the Uganda Women’s Leadership Development society (WLEDE), these organisations have been unable to ensure that women obtain top political roles and remain dormant due to the structure of political parties (Ssali, 2017). Again, these groups lack resources and have limited access to budgets and struggle to support themselves. Current affirmative action requires women to hold 30% (WLEDE,2017) of available roles however this percentage does not promote or ensure representation that reflects the general population.
Realism in politics is a philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relation... more Realism in politics is a philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relations. It is based upon the assumption that power should be the primary goal of any political act, both in international or the domestic sphere. As far as domestic affairs are concerned, this theory states that political figures must direct all efforts to maximising their power. In the international sphere the nation should aim to maximize its power over other states. Interests should be satisfied by means of a power exercise, and the world is defined by competing powers This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the dating back to ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides; by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince; as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau. Political realism is explained in the following way: “Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world's stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of ruling dynasties, whilst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists' attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism (Viotti, Kauppi) .” In the second half of the nineteenth century it was found in social Darwinism who argued that social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive (Ahrensdorf ). The underlying difference between social Darwinism and other branches political realism is the adherent of the former state believe nations are destined to rule over other nations, while others believe the that the nation, culture or politician secures their own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism suggests that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government that could rule with an all-purpose policy code. Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, it allows member nations to enter into trading treaties. Theorists mostly agree with the Hobb’s theory: "Where there is no common Power, there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice. If there be no Power erected, or not great enough for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men (Hobbes, Leviathan, Part I, Ch.13 'Of Man', and Part II, Ch.17, 'Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan)." Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not necessarily mean that morality should be excluded from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation and should not ignore their interests and demands. Simultaneously, “if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving motive the giving nation presumably has--it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn't, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile (Stern).” The expressive political realism power depends upon the understanding of political reasons, between state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz (date) says that the closed nature of expressive realism includes an oppose scheme that nations do not serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only. The logical value of the three theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not. (Waltz, The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is not able to rule the state: ‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in (Kegley, Wittkopf) ”. At the same time, such comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike. This includes the personification of the states and collectivisation of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, that a nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations. This theory can be divided into various aspects, depending upon the proclaimed interest of the nation and the availability of the resources that would be used to reach desired goals. As far as the national interest is concerned, believers agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations (The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations, Year). This economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the political power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced import and increased export only.
Introduction
In answering the question posed for my essay I will define key terms and concepts; d... more Introduction In answering the question posed for my essay I will define key terms and concepts; discuss the relevant literature and debates within social science. This will be done by examining the two main schools of thought and a critical overview of the different research methods use. This will help to formulate a research question. According to Brewer & Miller (2003) Epistemology is concerned with the nature of knowledge and justification in how we know and what we know. It also explores how we know what we know when it comes to the nature of social reality. According to Bryman (2007), epistemology is about “what is or should be regarded” as acceptable knowledge in social science and whether the social world can be studied according to the same principles as natural science (2007:14). Practical consideration explores how social research should be carried out based on various dimensions such as choice of research strategies, design, or the method that best suits the particular research or question being enquired (Bryman, 2007:26). Methodology is a philosophical framework that is part of a research which determines the researcher’s epistemological stand. Marsh argues “methodology is the method used to carry out a piece of research” (2002:18). The choice of research is often based on how we view the world which reflects how the researcher intends to carry out their research and/or the choice of method. In the case of social research it has a diverse range of considerations which depend on how the social world should be studied. As Bryman (2007) points out “methods are not simply neutral tools, they are linked with the ways which social scientists envision the connection between different viewpoints about the nature of social reality and how it should be examined” (2007:4). Thus, the researcher’s questions determine the type of information the researcher wants to collect; whether opinions or statistical data, which then determines the method that will be chosen. The ultimate desire or expectation of a researcher is to achieve the core objectives of their specific study problem. Given that the very purpose and rationale of a research initiative is predetermined by the objectives of the study, a statement of the main objectives for a specific serve as the ultimate guiding map in shaping both the designing and ultimate execution of the research. There is no doubt that the success in achieving these objectives of the research is in turn dependent on the effectiveness of the researcher choosing a research method that best matches the unique requirement of the research problem. This will apply, given the presence of different research methods and the fact that the individual application in different subjects of research highlights prominent strengths and limitations according to Tashakorri & Teddlie (2003). Developing a research question is dependent on the methodology used. However, it can be argued should questions be developed first and then methods applied. In spite of the availability of literature and common consensus among scholars on the strengths and limitations of different research methods and their value for use in specific research problems; considerations on the choice of research method continues to be a common source of contention. This is in part due to a lack of consensus on whether the choice of research method should be based on epistemological or on practical consideration. Spencer, et al., (2003) argue for proponents of epistemological considerations, the effective meeting of research goals should be the priority However, their opponents assert that an effective research method choice cannot be without consideration into the practical constrains to specific research. Since the ultimate goal of the research method is to effectively meet the objectives of the research, the choice of research method for a successful research should be informed by both qualitative and quantitative methods. These two particular methods follow different positions in terms the way they link between ideas and evidence (Brewer & Miller, 2003). According to Bryman (2007) both methods form different strategies in research terms of their epistemological stance.
Choose an area in citizenship (Elderly) and identify their problems. Aging is considered as a nat... more Choose an area in citizenship (Elderly) and identify their problems. Aging is considered as a natural process, in which collection of changes takes place within human beings that renders their DNA and with progress leads to death. Different researchers define aging in their own ways. However in simple words, aging is a natural process of human growth. With aging every human being begins dependant on someone else as with age, comes weakness and other health problems (www.phrases.org.uk). In the United Kingdom and many other countries, a person is said to be an elder once he hits the age of 65 and above. In the United Kingdom, an elder as a citizens face many problems because of the health care centres and the overall capitalist system being followed. The following pages will discuss on the elders as a citizen in the United Kingdom. How these elderly people go on with their life under the care of government and public health care and what are the problems that they face in their daily routine will also be discussed in the following white paper. Furthermore, how capitalism in the United Kingdom affects their life will also is discussed at the end (Speaking up to safe guard, 2009). Discussion Elders are those who care for us and helped us in being what we are and what we will, no matter that the youth is considered as the future of the country, but it should be noted that the elders are the one who makes the future of the youth itself. Even with this, elders are considered as a problem in our society. Majority of the people living in the United Kingdom breakup their families into nuclear families that leave the elders of the family left alone and in the hands of the government. Under their hands, these elders are not seen as dependants but more of a consumer because of the high capitalism in the United Kingdom. The elders in the United Kingdom mainly live in poverty as they are mostly retires and third of their income is spent on their basic necessities like food, fuel and housing. The elder women's are live is much more poverty as compared to the elders who are man, because women's usually become house wife's and are dependent upon their husbands, once their husbands die or leaves them, they don't have any kind of income to achieve their basic necessities. This leads them with no choice but to join the health care and nursing centres. Furthermore, it should be noted that, a report release this week has condemned England's home care services after finding that hundreds of elderly people's human rights are being breached many are neglected, abused physically, financially, emotionally and treated with no dignity. The Care Quality Commission has said it will be conducting additional inspections and offer training to staff and care
Geopolitics, once a forgotten chapter in the word of international political es... more Geopolitics, once a forgotten chapter in the word of international political especially after the end of the cold war, has sprung back transformed by strategic economic and military interests in the way countries deal with each other. North Korea has been a part of this and is Centre stage in the regional politics and not only the Asian region but also internationally Geopolitics of Imagination History Japan annexed the Korean peninsula and it was a colony for 35 years .after the WW2 japan lost the territory and it was overrun by Russia from the North and the US from the South fearing the expansion of Russia intervened this led to the divide at the 38 perimeter, Kim Il-sung having been Nationalist fighter against the Japanese was supported by Russia to rule the North Korea. The Juche cultural traditions created a personality cult around the great leader and that the North Korean State is an extension of the Kim family. It is worth mentioning that in reviewing North Korea there are significant realities about the country and its peoples and political system of the Kim family .since the end of the war North Korea has always been mistrusting of her neighbors and even the Chinese revolution was looked upon as suspicious and a bad influence to the people. The biggest geopolitical concept of imagination is that although Kim the founding father of the nation is dead he is technically still the president with the indoctrination that he has made the greatest contribution to world peace. The only time the world gets a glimpse of North Korea is when the Airing Games are held featuring a mass gymnastics display and is said to be the biggest spectacle in the world
This paper will demonstrate the effects different migration flows have upon the ... more This paper will demonstrate the effects different migration flows have upon the regulation and management of global migrations. This will be done by reviewing asylum flows and considering whether effective controls are in place for dealing with this type of migrant. Consideration will also be made as to how this complicates our analysis of global migrations and their regulation. Migration Flows Sovereign States have the authority and obligation to regulate the movement of foreign nationals across their borders and consequently have the power to decide which persons can be admitted and for what length of time. It is arguable whether this is easily attainable given that “international migration is incredibly diverse, fluid and fast changing” (Boswell and Geddes, 2010, p. 3). Various laws and regulations have been enacted, which are primarily intended to govern entry into and exit from the territories of states, yet some are more restrictive than others (Guild and Minderhoud, 2011, p. 166). The fact that states have the ability to refuse entry to persons from different jurisdictions is said to allow states to maintain their sovereignty. This was recognized by Adelman (1998, p. 19) when it was pointed out that: “even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self- interests.” Yet, it is important that those fleeing from persecution are provided with adequate protection from the State in which they enter. Therefore, although states generally have the ability to control migration flows, they may also have to adhere to their international obligations (Human Rights Education Association, 2011, p. 2). This often produces problems since it is not always easy to establish whether a person has fled from persecution or left voluntarily. These uncertainties produce much difficulty and although states must protect the human rights of migrants (The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), it is evident that the protection of migrants is currently inadequate (Amnesty International, 2009, p. 1). Asylum Flows Explain who are asylum immigrants and whey are coming to UK Migrants are not receiving the support they need from states and national laws and procedures currently act as a barrier to the rights of migrants. This is largely due to the different migration flows that exist and the inability to address mixed migration flows effectively (Betts and Loescher, 2010, p. 320). The treatment of those claiming asylum in the UK provides a clear example of the difficulties that arise when it comes to analysing and regulating global migration. Thus, refugees often use the same routes and means of transportation when entering states as other migrants and because of this, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them (Gibney, 2004, p. 12). This has an overall impact upon the proper regulation of migration, which is evident in the UK where asylum seekers are required to attain citizenship. Hence, a British Territories Overseas Citizenship or British Overseas Citizenship must be established, yet as contended by Bussutil (1990, p. 286): “claims cannot be decided with any ease, and great difficulties may be experienced.” This occurs in relation to the ‘qualifying period’ of five years and the additional ‘probationary citizenship’ period that is required prior to qualification for naturalisation. Although this accurately reflects the contemporary relationship between those people subjected to legal regulation and the state, it is questionable whether this relationship is appropriate in modern day society where states are callable of realising their international obligations
In July 2011 to 2014, I appeared before the British House of Commons Select committee on Global P... more In July 2011 to 2014, I appeared before the British House of Commons Select committee on Global Poverty to talk about the MDGs Millennium Development Goals having researched widely on the effects of aid on the development process in Africa and has been designing the structures that will deliver policy objectives and analyzing data to provide fresh perspectives to a myriad of issues. It’s all in a day’s work at Primex ONE
Introduction
There are 8 Millennium Development Goals with specific targets that were agreed upo... more Introduction There are 8 Millennium Development Goals with specific targets that were agreed upon at the Millennium Summit of September 2000. It was the largest gathering of world leaders in history with 23 international organisations all agreeing to help achieve these goals by 2015. The MDGs can be traced back to the Millennium Declaration by the UN which asserted that every individual has a right to dignity, freedom and equality. The MDGs are about bringing development in Poor countries especially in Africa, South East Asia, Latin America and parts of the Middle East. In understanding what the question demands I will address each goal and show to what extent achieving it will deliver development or the short comings of o delivering development. It is worth noting that from the beginning there has been strong debate surrounding the MDGs targets, as there was a lack of detailed analysis and justification behind the chosen goals. DISCUSSION: THE 8 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
This target is aimed at reducing by half those living on less than a dollar a day and the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. From the following statistics we can see that the number of people living under the international poverty line of $1.25 a day declined from 1.8 billion to 1.4 billion between 1990 and 2005.The proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing regions dropped from 46 per cent to 27 per cent — on track to meet the target globally. This is despite setbacks caused by the 2008-09 economic downturn and the effects of the food and energy crises. However, even if these positive trends continue, in 2015, roughly 920 million people would still be living under the international poverty line of $1.25 a day. The proportion of people suffering from hunger is declining, but at an unsatisfactory pace. Even though the proportion of people worldwide suffering from malnutrition and hunger has fallen since the early 1990s, progress stalled during 2000-2002. The estimate of the number of people who will suffer chronic hunger this year is 925 million according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN — down from 1.023 billion in 2009, but still more than the number of undernourished people in 1990 (about 815 million
Welfare is best provided with the support from all sectors of the community?
Welfare is the gener... more Welfare is best provided with the support from all sectors of the community? Welfare is the general wellbeing and prosperity of a person or a society. In the U.K the management of the welfare state is embedded in the political system. The importance of the welfare state in the U.K. can also be gauged when one considers that Welfare benefits in the U.K. include five separate groups of services, which are cash benefits, health care, education, housing, and the personal social services. The government spends two-thirds of its budget on the welfare state and the services provided by it. It can be argued that it can be best represented and provided with the support from all sectors of the community who are outside the domain of the government and would commonly include: • Churches • Charities • Local community groups • Hospices • Counselling • Citizen’s Advice Bureau • Voluntary sector • Unions The 'Welfare State' was not intended to respond to poverty; that was the role of the Poor Law (1833). Its main purpose was to encourage the provision of social services on the same basis as the public services - roads, libraries and so forth - an 'institutional' model of welfare. Criticisms of the Welfare State in later years, concentrated on the problem of poverty and debates in the UK were increasingly residual in tone. In discussing how welfare is best provided with the support of all sectors of the community I will base this for key elements which include: employment; health; education and housing which are key to the wellbeing of UK citizens. Community groups, representative bodies, welfare organisations and advocacy groups are a vital part of what welfare does and they play a special role in assisting people to manage during personal and challenging times in areas where the government can not meet the local needs. This can be due to reasons like the need to cut government spending. This can cover a range of issues and are commonly under the following headings:- • Elderly/Pensioners • Single mothers • Children • People with disabilities • Terminally ill • Vulnerable groups with addictions like drug addicts and alcoholics
Historian and activist Cheris Kramarae once famously remarked that "feminism is the radical notio... more Historian and activist Cheris Kramarae once famously remarked that "feminism is the radical notion that women are human beings." Although that's the sort of thing you see printed on t-shirts, it also happens to be an accurate and concise definition of what feminism is. Feminism, as a movement, is about women living on equal terms with men--and not pushed down, by law or by culture, into a subservient role. Although the word "feminism" had been used during the mid-19th century as a synonym for "femininity," it was first used to describe a political movement in 1894, when a British newspaper warned of "feminists" who had begun to achieve power in the French legislature.
Feminism is generally broken down into several historical "waves": • First-wave feminism, which lasted from the 18th century until World War II and was centred on securing basic civil rights, such as the right to vote and to own property ; • Second-wave feminism, which lasted from the end of World War II until the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the 1980s and centred on achieving equality in the workplace, protecting reproductive choice, and attempting to pass the ERA ; and • Third-wave feminism, which incorporates racial justice, LGBT rights, and class oppression into the feminist worldview and seeks real, practical equality for all women.
• Global organisations are biggest pollutants of the world / abdication of responsibility • Shell... more • Global organisations are biggest pollutants of the world / abdication of responsibility • Shell / BP What is the impact of long term detention on the children of asylum seekers? • Discrimination against third world countries • Oil spill in Nigeria and America (different responses) • Wealth for all (corruption / impact on local communities • Diversity (outsourcing of employment / benefits and shortcomings)
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the supreme authority which is independent and free from any external ... more Sovereignty Sovereignty is the supreme authority which is independent and free from any external forces and the rules. State sovereignty is inalienable legal quality of an independent state, symbolizing its political and legal autonomy, responsibility and a higher value as the primary subject of international law
Patrick Kyanda is currently working as an independent Political and Social Analyst with the BBC,T... more Patrick Kyanda is currently working as an independent Political and Social Analyst with the BBC,The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, and is the world's oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world. I guest audience current affairs programs and Newsmagazine. Shows. I am an admirer of Nelson Mandela. Abdul Nasser and many other great states men. I am also an activist, a Soial analyst, a business advisor entrepreneural advisor.
The student will be required to produce a 4500-word report on an issue the student will have obse... more The student will be required to produce a 4500-word report on an issue the student will have observed on placement Learning Experience. Learning outcomes: The student will be able to: 1. Critically analyses pertinent management/leadership theory and concepts. 2. Critically evaluate the skills, knowledge and attitudes that are necessary to enhance effective management in the complex and dynamic environments of health and social care agencies. Title: Managing change that the student observed while on placement. Aim: To critically analyse how her manager at a third sector organisation in South Wales handled taking over a new contract of supporting four individuals with learning disabilities in a supported living environment. Then the author will also detail the efficiency of leadership style that the manager used in handling the situation.
Politics as Theory and Politics as Practice DAVID BLUNKETT There is a certain twist about a stude... more Politics as Theory and Politics as Practice DAVID BLUNKETT There is a certain twist about a student reading for the first time In Defence of Politics, and then finding himself years later offering his tutor and author of the book the opportunity to contribute directly to the understanding of students about the importance of politics in their lives. I was privileged to be that student of Sir Professor Bernard Crick who had linked politics ‘as theory’ and politics ‘as practice’ all those years later. So fifty years on, I can reflect on a man who not only challenged academics to engage with the here and now of day-today politics, but also challenged students to understand that politics itself was a messy business in which you would have to get your hands soiled if you wanted to make any difference and change the world for the better.
Background to the Study
The Cold War was essentially a period of time that was characterized by p... more Background to the Study The Cold War was essentially a period of time that was characterized by political, military and economic tensions between the major powers of the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc following the end of World War II. The Eastern powers were the Soviet Union and other powers in the Warsaw Pact. The Western Bloc, on the other hand, consisted of the United States of America (US) and its NATO allies (Fousek, 2000). It is not clearly known when the Cold War officially started; and different dates have been given. However, the most commonly cited date for the commencement of the Cold War is 1947. The War ended in 1991. This happened following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The Cold War was simply a period of intense political and military tensions between the world’s major powers; but did not involve any direct military confrontations. Instead, the confrontations often took place in the form of proxy wars fought in other countries and places. The Vietnam War, the Korean War, and the first Afghanistan War are notable proxy wars between these two sides. The Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc supported different sides in these wars; and this was the closest that they came to confronting each other (Gaddis, 1989). The Cold War, therefore, can be said to have been a supremacy and hegemonic battle to determine the greatest power in the world after the end of World War II and the devastating defeat of Japan and East Germany (Gaddis, 1997). Although the US and the Soviet Union had been allies against Nazi Germany during World War II, they were split by the Cold War. This split would prove to be quite disastrous for both sides both economically and politically. The major differences were that the Soviet Union pursued a Marxist-Leninist political ideology while the US and its allies pursued a capitalist ideology (Fousek, 2000). Although there was no full-scale armed combat between the two superpowers, they nonetheless armed themselves heavily in anticipation for a possible real war. With both sides owning nuclear and other lethal weapons, there was an expectation that a worldwide nuclear war might erupt (Grenville, 2005; Nalebuff, 1988). However, it was largely because of their possession of nuclear weapons that each side was able to deter the other. Both the US and the Soviet Union were not willing to initiate a direct nuclear confrontation for fear that the nuclear weapons held by the other would be used. The state of tension between two continued until 1991 when the Soviet Union disintegrated (Freedman, 2004).
Why the Diaspora Community pay so much to send relatives bodies’ home
"My father's dream was for ... more Why the Diaspora Community pay so much to send relatives bodies’ home "My father's dream was for him to be buried in his birthplace and have the spirits of the ancestors resonated over his grave," says A DIAPORA person whose father passed away in London. This desire to be buried in the place you were born is strong for many first generation African migrants in the UK. This thinking is common among the diaspora community of first generation migrants. But for many African communities in the UK, there is often no official financial support and many families struggle to meet the costs. 'Very stressful' Many find it tough repatriating remains of loved ones body back to the home/mother countries despite having settled and lived in the diaspora as citizens many families are put under pressure to return remains back home. "Relatives usually demand to have the body back home”. There was no way many can challenge such decisions and wishes hence the need to find ways to raise the funds. In cases like this, many in the diaspora have to keep their loved one's body in a morgue for several months, until there is enough money. "This waiting is very stressful for those who have cultures where burial needs to take place quickly," "There are cases of people isolated when they lose someone and they were in despair over how to get the money." Many in the diaspora will only get closure when their loved ones are buried back home. "This also affects the extended family in the home country as they are the ones who will look after and tend to the graves." But the emotional stress, financial costs and family pressures are so high when it comes to repatriation, that some in the diaspora wonder whether it is really worth it. "It's a waste of money," says some in the diaspora. !!!!!!!! "If my loved one is was buried here I would visit his grave every week but now I can't if he/she is sent back to Africa. For what! And the reason is the name of culture and tradition” Many comply due to the emotional stress. "Our families back home need to understand that our lives are in the diaspora now.
Trans National events in the diaspora and they play a key role to the lives of settled migrants a... more Trans National events in the diaspora and they play a key role to the lives of settled migrants and keep the ties in their home or mother countries and this has been given the phrase " Umbilical cord " and that attachment is more pronounced among the first generation and will gradually break as the children born in the diaspora loss the connection of the parents countries like the native languages and culture. The context of this can be seen through the Ugandan diaspora in the UK were many social and cultural events are organised especially during the summer when the weather is ideal for outdoor activities, The recently conclude events like the UK Uganda Sports day, The Global Cultural Event and many more point in the right direction of a strong sense of community. The climax of the calendar will see the BIG WEEKENDER that had been dubbed the HISTORIC EVENT as it has never happened that a big line-up is put together knowing the organisation involved, great effort has been put in place. This is to set the standard in Ugandan diaspora events in the UK as an annual event. The 6 th /October/2018 will be that day the event will take place at the famous Royal Regency Hall in London; a lot can be borrowed as many events usually feature a key artists from Uganda and a few curtain raisers backed up by a DJ but as expected not to disappoint the community is expecting a lot from the show. I will limit my observation on the trend in the social calendar as many events are organised but lack a strong grassroots profile and are never organised again so the challenge and responsibility that the organisers have is to live up to the expectations as they will be judged, so what is the connection that can be made between the previous and current events, they all help to glue the Uganda community together as in the UK many live in a round London. The reality is that THE BIG WEEKENDER HISTORIC EVENT has exposed the fact that the Ugandan community in the UK is demanding more and with the help of social media information about what is happening quickly goes out helping to enhance a level of awareness about what they want or demand from the events they attend. This is what many would need to know about what is happening in the community and the details will be announced towards the day of the event but the list of artists is clearly everyone's favourites right from the old generation of the EBONIES to the current ones. The much anticipated social event will be HISTORY IN THE MAKING as the BIG WEEKENDER has talk in the Uganda community and has been trending on the social media platforms especially Facebook and what's up. It is worth noting that many events take place in the UK Uganda diaspora community that it is expected that many travel far and
Participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions... more Participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions - and ideally exert influence - regarding political, economic, management or other social decisions. Participatory decision making can take place along any realm of human social activity, including economic (i.e. participatory economics), political (i.e. participatory democracy or parpolity), management (i.e. participatory management), cultural (i.e. polyculturalism) or familial (i.e. feminism).
The term political participation is used here in the sense of social activity, of taking part with others in some social process.
The issue of political participation has received a great deal of attention in recent years from academics, journalists and politicians across most liberal democracies. For the purpose of this assignment I have looked at the leading classifications of participation and highlighted the limitations to political participation with each.
How to Tackle Gender Inequality in Political Participation in Uganda
Introduction
Gender equity ... more How to Tackle Gender Inequality in Political Participation in Uganda Introduction Gender equity in all sectors continues to be recognised internationally as an important issue to be addressed. The political participation of women is acknowledged as a vital factor to evaluate the status that women have in their respective countries. Though Uganda acted as one of the pioneering African countries to involve women in policy making in the early 1990s, women in Uganda are underrepresented in such positions today due to a plethora of issues, many deriving from socio-cultural ideologies and some due to a restrictive political system, among others. The purpose of this strategy paper is to introduce the challenges faced by Ugandan women and propose possible strategies. The paper will include the causes of the issue and highlight the relevance of addressing this problem; it will furthermore propose strategies to tackle the matter by highlighting the main actors who would hold important roles in allowing such strategies to commence. The strategic goals proposed in this paper include: Advancing public attitudes towards women in political office, raising awareness for political roles along with recruitment initiatives and introducing fundraising initiatives as well as campaign funding. The paper will conclude with a thesis on the inequality in political representation in Uganda. Introducing the Problem and the Challenges Faced by Ugandan Women Today, despite making up over half of the population, with 51% (New Vision, 2014), women in Uganda remain underrepresented in political office holding 34% (2017) of roles in office, growth in this sector is stagnant (Kagumire, 2013). Recent findings from the Effective States and Inclusive Development research centre highlight that the parameters for a gender-inclusive agenda is restricted due to Uganda’s political system (ESID,2016.Additionally, the problematic structure of the political parties has aided the difficulty for a fair democracy to be fulfilled and access to leadership roles for women is scarce. According to Faridah Lule, a representative from the Citizen’s Coalition for Electoral Democracy in Uganda (CCEDU) many political parties deliberately neglect the participation of women (Lule, 2017). The problem is intensified by the fact that fewer Ugandan women actively seek to be elected for seats (UN, 2012) for various reasons, which include a lack of confidence to run for office and fear of the dreaded process of election. Another contributing factor is the belief which aids patriarchal ideologies that claim such roles as being reserved for men. Similar attitudes have a great effect on the general view that the Ugandan public have on women in politics, as a consequence fewer women consider political roles as they are often considered to be liabilities (Aciro-lakor, 2016) and furthermore lack public support when doing so. Possible positions across all tiers are not promoted immensely, therefore many women are ignorant to how they can represent in political office (Aciro-Lakor, 2010). Moreover, those who do wish to participate in political office are also met with great challenges such as the lack of access to resources to help ensure that they can run a successful campaign, for example. These women have little access to support from women’s leagues and less support from the public as highlighted above. Though major Ugandan political parties have women’s leagues, according to Edith Ssali, Executive Director of the Uganda Women’s Leadership Development society (WLEDE), these organisations have been unable to ensure that women obtain top political roles and remain dormant due to the structure of political parties (Ssali, 2017). Again, these groups lack resources and have limited access to budgets and struggle to support themselves. Current affirmative action requires women to hold 30% (WLEDE,2017) of available roles however this percentage does not promote or ensure representation that reflects the general population.
Realism in politics is a philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relation... more Realism in politics is a philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relations. It is based upon the assumption that power should be the primary goal of any political act, both in international or the domestic sphere. As far as domestic affairs are concerned, this theory states that political figures must direct all efforts to maximising their power. In the international sphere the nation should aim to maximize its power over other states. Interests should be satisfied by means of a power exercise, and the world is defined by competing powers This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the dating back to ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides; by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince; as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau. Political realism is explained in the following way: “Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world's stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of ruling dynasties, whilst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists' attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism (Viotti, Kauppi) .” In the second half of the nineteenth century it was found in social Darwinism who argued that social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive (Ahrensdorf ). The underlying difference between social Darwinism and other branches political realism is the adherent of the former state believe nations are destined to rule over other nations, while others believe the that the nation, culture or politician secures their own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism suggests that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government that could rule with an all-purpose policy code. Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, it allows member nations to enter into trading treaties. Theorists mostly agree with the Hobb’s theory: "Where there is no common Power, there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice. If there be no Power erected, or not great enough for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men (Hobbes, Leviathan, Part I, Ch.13 'Of Man', and Part II, Ch.17, 'Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan)." Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not necessarily mean that morality should be excluded from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation and should not ignore their interests and demands. Simultaneously, “if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving motive the giving nation presumably has--it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn't, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile (Stern).” The expressive political realism power depends upon the understanding of political reasons, between state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz (date) says that the closed nature of expressive realism includes an oppose scheme that nations do not serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only. The logical value of the three theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not. (Waltz, The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is not able to rule the state: ‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in (Kegley, Wittkopf) ”. At the same time, such comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike. This includes the personification of the states and collectivisation of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, that a nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations. This theory can be divided into various aspects, depending upon the proclaimed interest of the nation and the availability of the resources that would be used to reach desired goals. As far as the national interest is concerned, believers agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations (The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations, Year). This economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the political power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced import and increased export only.
Introduction
In answering the question posed for my essay I will define key terms and concepts; d... more Introduction In answering the question posed for my essay I will define key terms and concepts; discuss the relevant literature and debates within social science. This will be done by examining the two main schools of thought and a critical overview of the different research methods use. This will help to formulate a research question. According to Brewer & Miller (2003) Epistemology is concerned with the nature of knowledge and justification in how we know and what we know. It also explores how we know what we know when it comes to the nature of social reality. According to Bryman (2007), epistemology is about “what is or should be regarded” as acceptable knowledge in social science and whether the social world can be studied according to the same principles as natural science (2007:14). Practical consideration explores how social research should be carried out based on various dimensions such as choice of research strategies, design, or the method that best suits the particular research or question being enquired (Bryman, 2007:26). Methodology is a philosophical framework that is part of a research which determines the researcher’s epistemological stand. Marsh argues “methodology is the method used to carry out a piece of research” (2002:18). The choice of research is often based on how we view the world which reflects how the researcher intends to carry out their research and/or the choice of method. In the case of social research it has a diverse range of considerations which depend on how the social world should be studied. As Bryman (2007) points out “methods are not simply neutral tools, they are linked with the ways which social scientists envision the connection between different viewpoints about the nature of social reality and how it should be examined” (2007:4). Thus, the researcher’s questions determine the type of information the researcher wants to collect; whether opinions or statistical data, which then determines the method that will be chosen. The ultimate desire or expectation of a researcher is to achieve the core objectives of their specific study problem. Given that the very purpose and rationale of a research initiative is predetermined by the objectives of the study, a statement of the main objectives for a specific serve as the ultimate guiding map in shaping both the designing and ultimate execution of the research. There is no doubt that the success in achieving these objectives of the research is in turn dependent on the effectiveness of the researcher choosing a research method that best matches the unique requirement of the research problem. This will apply, given the presence of different research methods and the fact that the individual application in different subjects of research highlights prominent strengths and limitations according to Tashakorri & Teddlie (2003). Developing a research question is dependent on the methodology used. However, it can be argued should questions be developed first and then methods applied. In spite of the availability of literature and common consensus among scholars on the strengths and limitations of different research methods and their value for use in specific research problems; considerations on the choice of research method continues to be a common source of contention. This is in part due to a lack of consensus on whether the choice of research method should be based on epistemological or on practical consideration. Spencer, et al., (2003) argue for proponents of epistemological considerations, the effective meeting of research goals should be the priority However, their opponents assert that an effective research method choice cannot be without consideration into the practical constrains to specific research. Since the ultimate goal of the research method is to effectively meet the objectives of the research, the choice of research method for a successful research should be informed by both qualitative and quantitative methods. These two particular methods follow different positions in terms the way they link between ideas and evidence (Brewer & Miller, 2003). According to Bryman (2007) both methods form different strategies in research terms of their epistemological stance.
Choose an area in citizenship (Elderly) and identify their problems. Aging is considered as a nat... more Choose an area in citizenship (Elderly) and identify their problems. Aging is considered as a natural process, in which collection of changes takes place within human beings that renders their DNA and with progress leads to death. Different researchers define aging in their own ways. However in simple words, aging is a natural process of human growth. With aging every human being begins dependant on someone else as with age, comes weakness and other health problems (www.phrases.org.uk). In the United Kingdom and many other countries, a person is said to be an elder once he hits the age of 65 and above. In the United Kingdom, an elder as a citizens face many problems because of the health care centres and the overall capitalist system being followed. The following pages will discuss on the elders as a citizen in the United Kingdom. How these elderly people go on with their life under the care of government and public health care and what are the problems that they face in their daily routine will also be discussed in the following white paper. Furthermore, how capitalism in the United Kingdom affects their life will also is discussed at the end (Speaking up to safe guard, 2009). Discussion Elders are those who care for us and helped us in being what we are and what we will, no matter that the youth is considered as the future of the country, but it should be noted that the elders are the one who makes the future of the youth itself. Even with this, elders are considered as a problem in our society. Majority of the people living in the United Kingdom breakup their families into nuclear families that leave the elders of the family left alone and in the hands of the government. Under their hands, these elders are not seen as dependants but more of a consumer because of the high capitalism in the United Kingdom. The elders in the United Kingdom mainly live in poverty as they are mostly retires and third of their income is spent on their basic necessities like food, fuel and housing. The elder women's are live is much more poverty as compared to the elders who are man, because women's usually become house wife's and are dependent upon their husbands, once their husbands die or leaves them, they don't have any kind of income to achieve their basic necessities. This leads them with no choice but to join the health care and nursing centres. Furthermore, it should be noted that, a report release this week has condemned England's home care services after finding that hundreds of elderly people's human rights are being breached many are neglected, abused physically, financially, emotionally and treated with no dignity. The Care Quality Commission has said it will be conducting additional inspections and offer training to staff and care
Geopolitics, once a forgotten chapter in the word of international political es... more Geopolitics, once a forgotten chapter in the word of international political especially after the end of the cold war, has sprung back transformed by strategic economic and military interests in the way countries deal with each other. North Korea has been a part of this and is Centre stage in the regional politics and not only the Asian region but also internationally Geopolitics of Imagination History Japan annexed the Korean peninsula and it was a colony for 35 years .after the WW2 japan lost the territory and it was overrun by Russia from the North and the US from the South fearing the expansion of Russia intervened this led to the divide at the 38 perimeter, Kim Il-sung having been Nationalist fighter against the Japanese was supported by Russia to rule the North Korea. The Juche cultural traditions created a personality cult around the great leader and that the North Korean State is an extension of the Kim family. It is worth mentioning that in reviewing North Korea there are significant realities about the country and its peoples and political system of the Kim family .since the end of the war North Korea has always been mistrusting of her neighbors and even the Chinese revolution was looked upon as suspicious and a bad influence to the people. The biggest geopolitical concept of imagination is that although Kim the founding father of the nation is dead he is technically still the president with the indoctrination that he has made the greatest contribution to world peace. The only time the world gets a glimpse of North Korea is when the Airing Games are held featuring a mass gymnastics display and is said to be the biggest spectacle in the world
This paper will demonstrate the effects different migration flows have upon the ... more This paper will demonstrate the effects different migration flows have upon the regulation and management of global migrations. This will be done by reviewing asylum flows and considering whether effective controls are in place for dealing with this type of migrant. Consideration will also be made as to how this complicates our analysis of global migrations and their regulation. Migration Flows Sovereign States have the authority and obligation to regulate the movement of foreign nationals across their borders and consequently have the power to decide which persons can be admitted and for what length of time. It is arguable whether this is easily attainable given that “international migration is incredibly diverse, fluid and fast changing” (Boswell and Geddes, 2010, p. 3). Various laws and regulations have been enacted, which are primarily intended to govern entry into and exit from the territories of states, yet some are more restrictive than others (Guild and Minderhoud, 2011, p. 166). The fact that states have the ability to refuse entry to persons from different jurisdictions is said to allow states to maintain their sovereignty. This was recognized by Adelman (1998, p. 19) when it was pointed out that: “even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self- interests.” Yet, it is important that those fleeing from persecution are provided with adequate protection from the State in which they enter. Therefore, although states generally have the ability to control migration flows, they may also have to adhere to their international obligations (Human Rights Education Association, 2011, p. 2). This often produces problems since it is not always easy to establish whether a person has fled from persecution or left voluntarily. These uncertainties produce much difficulty and although states must protect the human rights of migrants (The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), it is evident that the protection of migrants is currently inadequate (Amnesty International, 2009, p. 1). Asylum Flows Explain who are asylum immigrants and whey are coming to UK Migrants are not receiving the support they need from states and national laws and procedures currently act as a barrier to the rights of migrants. This is largely due to the different migration flows that exist and the inability to address mixed migration flows effectively (Betts and Loescher, 2010, p. 320). The treatment of those claiming asylum in the UK provides a clear example of the difficulties that arise when it comes to analysing and regulating global migration. Thus, refugees often use the same routes and means of transportation when entering states as other migrants and because of this, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them (Gibney, 2004, p. 12). This has an overall impact upon the proper regulation of migration, which is evident in the UK where asylum seekers are required to attain citizenship. Hence, a British Territories Overseas Citizenship or British Overseas Citizenship must be established, yet as contended by Bussutil (1990, p. 286): “claims cannot be decided with any ease, and great difficulties may be experienced.” This occurs in relation to the ‘qualifying period’ of five years and the additional ‘probationary citizenship’ period that is required prior to qualification for naturalisation. Although this accurately reflects the contemporary relationship between those people subjected to legal regulation and the state, it is questionable whether this relationship is appropriate in modern day society where states are callable of realising their international obligations
This paper analyses the positives of migration and the case for a more open border system usin... more This paper analyses the positives of migration and the case for a more open border system using the theories of push-pull, Diaspora,Trans-nationalism, Multiculturalism ,Social networks and Social capital. The Push- Pull model examines the migrants fear of his or her life to flee from prosecution and insecurity to the western countries (Pull factor ) which offer peace, stability and respect of Human Rights. This explains the different push-pull factors that influence that decision to migrate. Migrants will tend to have prior knowledge of the policies in the country they are heading to before coming
Migration flows are increasingly differentiated and they affect the regulation of global migrat... more Migration flows are increasingly differentiated and they affect the regulation of global migration. In understanding migration flows effective controls have to be in place for dealing with this type of migrant. This complicates the analysis of global migrations and regulation. Looking at Migration Flows, Countries have a duty and obligation to regulate and control the movement of migrants across their borders and have the power to decide who can be admitted and for what length of time. Nevertheless, in order to regulate migration flows effectively, concern needs to be placed upon the reasons that drive, facilitate and inhabit migration . Even if a country has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of migrants they must adhere to international obligations.”
This paper will demonstrate the effects different migration flows have upon the regulation and ma... more This paper will demonstrate the effects different migration flows have upon the regulation and management of global migrations. This will be done by reviewing asylum flows and considering whether effective controls are in place for dealing with this type of migrant. Consideration will also be made as to how this complicates our analysis of global migrations and their regulation.
Introduction
In answering the question posed for my essay I will define key terms and concepts; d... more Introduction In answering the question posed for my essay I will define key terms and concepts; discuss the relevant literature and debates within social science. This will be done by examining the two main schools of thought and a critical overview of the different research methods use. This will help to formulate a research question. According to Brewer & Miller (2003) Epistemology is concerned with the nature of knowledge and justification in how we know and what we know. It also explores how we know what we know when it comes to the nature of social reality. According to Bryman (2007), epistemology is about “what is or should be regarded” as acceptable knowledge in social science and whether the social world can be studied according to the same principles as natural science (2007:14).
International agreements are frequently entered into by sovereign States and international organi... more International agreements are frequently entered into by sovereign States and international organisations. Whilst many of them are formal treaties and thus have binding effect, others do not fit into this category and thereby remain non-binding agreements. This often leads to a great deal of dispute resolution procedures taking place since it is generally quite difficult to determine whether an agreement is binding or not. Using Iran as a case study, an agreement that has recently been entered into will be reviewed in order to determine its legal effects and consequences.
This paper presents an examination of the arguments why the UK government is committed to incr... more This paper presents an examination of the arguments why the UK government is committed to increasing its Foreign Aid spending to 0.7% of GNI. The study examines the facts around UK’s Foreign Aid policy and how the Aid is used. Further, it explores the theoretical basis for the arguments posed for and against foreign Aid and how these are relevant to the UK’s situation today. The UK’s decision to act contrary to the expectations of the public is what prompted this research paper and try to answer the questions by asking why? Or that the UK has not been affected by the financial crisis. In order to find answers to these question Secondary sources of data will be employed with specific attention to the ODA and DFID.
“An inconvenient truth” Critical Book Review, 2014
Introduction
There is a lot of controversy surrounding the topic of global warming where some peo... more Introduction There is a lot of controversy surrounding the topic of global warming where some people view it as a disaster. Other people tend to shift blame to the source of information on global warming. According to them, the consequences of global warming have been overstated. Al Gore (2006) argues that global warming is an inconvenient truth; thus, the title of his book. Gore states that global warming is a planetary emergency. “An inconvenient truth” is a unique book that comes as a paperback book with many photographs. This is one of the reasons that the author chooses to create a film about the same issue as that in the book. The film provides a sequence that is easy to follow compared to the book. Reading the book and watching the film changes the perspective of many based on the issue of global warming. In essence, global warming is not merely a science or a political issue; rather, it is an issue of morality. Summary In the introduction, Al Gore states his interest in the welfare of the environment and his accomplishments in the field. Here, Gore (2006) criticizes the political administration for failure to implement laws that involve environmental care. Al Gore was a former vice President of the US; thus, his arguments against the government have a solid foundation. He criticizes President Bush’s apparent lack of concern for the issue of global warming. The author then introduces his case for global warming regarding it as a threat.
Introduction
Webster dictionary defined globalization as a process that renders various activiti... more Introduction Webster dictionary defined globalization as a process that renders various activities and aspirations worldwide in scope or application. When most people talk about globalization, they usually mean changes in the economy that happen because of free trade and technology. It can be argued that globalization is about making national borders less important for those who want to buy or sell things around the world. It is about economies or trade, technology, politics, and because of free trade and technology. This ensures that local or national ways of doing things become global, e.g. with a worldwide perspective. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether globaisation is making the world a richer and freer place to live. Globalisation for All There is a common assumption that globalization helps rich countries get richer by making poor countries poorer. Primary research from social media platforms show the richest one per cent of the world’s people receive as much income as the poorest 57%; in the East Asia and the Pacific there are 280 million people living on less than $1 per day. For many countries, globalization has turned out to be a one-way street; where the first world countries are dumping their excess goods into the markets of the third world countries; so that instead of being developed, they are being conditioned to accept dependency from first world countries for not only their development and prosperity but for their social, cultural, technological and educational needs. It is argued that under globalization, the developing world is supposed to have the same rights to produce and export their goods to the developed world. However the reality is that these countries are finding that with a lack of infrastructure to manufacture and export goods at the same levels; at the same price as the goods that the developed world produces and exports to us makes it impossible to be competitive. For example, countries like Uganda continue to be perceived as a favorite dumping ground for the excess products of the developed world under globalization. Employment Global competition has led to new patterns of employment that has caused the displacement of millions of workers around the worlds creating dangerous levels of joblessness. Although the developed economies of the west account for only 15% of the earth's working population, they accounted for 55% of the increase in unemployment between 2007 and 2010 and the figures continue to rise. The World of Work Report 2012 forecasts a global unemployment rate of 6.1 percent in 2012, with total world unemployment rising from 196 million in 2011 to 202 million in 2012. The unemployment total is projected to rise by another five million in 2013, and the rate to 6.2 percent. With corporations’ dependency on technology and leaner production processes, cheap labour is seen as a competitive advantage. As a result, majority of workers live below the poverty line and the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen. Critics opine that globalization has resulted in a fiercely-competitive global market, and an unethical practice in business which has led to an increase in activities such as child labour and slavery in developing countries – all to meet the insatiable demands of first world economies. In many developing countries there is little or no accountability for corporations employing young children. They simply bribe government officials, which results in a number of Human Rights infringements. In order to cut down costs, many corporations in developed nations have outsourced their manufacturing, white-collar jobs and customer service operations to Third-World countries like India and China, where they have a large English-speaking population who are ready to work at one-fifth of what someone in the developed world would do. This practice has caused a lot of resentment among the people of developed countries, and companies have been accused of not only taking their jobs away but providing them with a sub standard level of customer service. This has caused a lot of animosity among people and has added to the dissent that people already have against outsourcing.
In the period after the end of the Second World War, there emerged two groups seeking to control ... more In the period after the end of the Second World War, there emerged two groups seeking to control Greece; the communists and the monarchists. The communists enjoyed the support of the Soviet Union while the monarchists had the support of Great Britain and the United States of America. Considering that Greece borders the country of Turkey in the Middle East and some countries in Europe, it played a key role in the attempt of the United States to contain the spread of communism and in turn the emergence of the cold war. This article evaluates the critically and analytically the geopolitical implications of Truman's letter to Congress in terms of its significance, the context, the structure, evidence and contradictions, and highlights its consequence in shaping the history of the world. The speech marked the beginning of the cold war. In a thinly veiled attack, President Harry Truman, on March 12, 1947, addressed a joint session of congress on the issues of Greece and Turkey. The president sought to prompt the attention of the country and congress to focus the foreign policy of the country towards the problem of the communist subversion sweeping across Europe and Asia. Truman came to power towards the end of world war two. Only one month after his inauguration, Hitler committed suicide. The situation with Japan was threatening to blow out of proportions with human losses escalating and the impending ground attack by the Japanese. The president ordered the use of the first atomic bomb on Japan in 1945 in what marked the beginning of the arms race.
THE AGE OF AN IMMIGRANT IN THE DIASPORA AND THE CONSEQUENCES TO LONG TERM HEALTH. PATRICK KYANDA , 2019
1 The purpose of this study is to determine the immigrant's health in regard to transition probab... more 1 The purpose of this study is to determine the immigrant's health in regard to transition probabilities among self-rated health, depression, and activities of daily living for middle-aged and older adults in Europe. The Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement allows us to investigate how successfully the immigrants have aged, moreover, those immigrants who arrived in the host country during adulthood experienced relatively fast health decline. Many first generation immigrants did not go back to their countries of origin, as expected, but settled down definitively and aged in their countries of destination, mainly in Northwest Europe. 1. This phenomenon has recently elicited interest in the aging and health status of immigrant populations due to the demographic significance of their middle-aged and older members, which has rapidly increased in the last few decades. 2. Another reason for interest in foreign-born people is that a growing body of research has shown that the health status of older adults living in Europe is partly determined by their "immigration status," because some immigrant groups tend to have poorer health later in life than native-born people. 3. The "health vulnerability" of immigrants aged 50 and over living in Northern and Western Europe has recently been highlighted and it has been found that some immigrant groups are more likely to perceive and self-rate worse health and to suffer from depression more than native-born groups. 4. In particular, the facts of being born and living in a specific country, in addition to duration of residence and citizenship, given rise to an increased health status risk in particular immigrant groups. Despite the initial health advantages on arrival and improved socioeconomic status over time evidence shows that, according to the "immigrant health paradox" literature, even when immigrants are relatively healthy when they arrive, this advantage decreases over time and eventually disappears, as some immigrants undergo a relatively fast decline in health and end up being disadvantaged in later life. 5. Specifically, despite a health advantage at age 50, young adult immigrants suffer a steeper decline in self-rated health afterward, whereas immigrants who migrated in late adulthood undergo much faster health declines in old age. 6. Socioeconomic disadvantages, cultural and linguistic barriers, unequal access to health care and social services, discrimination, the psychological stress of living in a new environment, and the lack of social and family relationships are all factors that can explain the increased risk of perceiving worse health among foreign-born groups compared to the majority of the population. 7. The successive addition of adverse circumstances over time-such as social and economic disadvantages-does not promote successful aging but the opposite, potentially resulting in the onset of poor mental and physical health, which deteriorates with length of residence. Also, other research on inequalities in women's health supports the "weathering" theory, according to which, early health deterioration of African women compared to native-born women is a consequence of the cumulative impact of repeated experience with social, economic, or political exclusion. 8. The role of negative acculturation, reporting that "greater" degrees of acculturation were associated with problematic health outcomes concerning immigrants' tastes and preferences (worsening of dietary styles), adoption of risky behaviours (consumption of tobacco and alcohol and lack of physical exercise), and environmental exposure (living
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Conference Presentations by Patrick Kyanda
There are 8 Millennium Development Goals with specific targets that were agreed upon at the Millennium Summit of September 2000. It was the largest gathering of world leaders in history with 23 international organisations all agreeing to help achieve these goals by 2015.
The MDGs can be traced back to the Millennium Declaration by the UN which asserted that every individual has a right to dignity, freedom and equality. The MDGs are about bringing development in Poor countries especially in Africa, South East Asia, Latin America and parts of the Middle East.
In understanding what the question demands I will address each goal and show to what extent achieving it will deliver development or the short comings of o delivering development. It is worth noting that from the beginning there has been strong debate surrounding the MDGs targets, as there was a lack of detailed analysis and justification behind the chosen goals.
DISCUSSION: THE 8 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS:
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
This target is aimed at reducing by half those living on less than a dollar a day and the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
From the following statistics we can see that the number of people living under the international poverty line of $1.25 a day declined from 1.8 billion to 1.4 billion between 1990 and 2005.The proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing regions dropped from 46 per cent to 27 per cent — on track to meet the target globally. This is despite setbacks caused by the 2008-09 economic downturn and the effects of the food and energy crises. However, even if these positive trends continue, in 2015, roughly 920 million people would still be living under the international poverty line of $1.25 a day.
The proportion of people suffering from hunger is declining, but at an unsatisfactory pace. Even though the proportion of people worldwide suffering from malnutrition and hunger has fallen since the early 1990s, progress stalled during 2000-2002. The estimate of the number of people who will suffer chronic hunger this year is 925 million according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN — down from 1.023 billion in 2009, but still more than the number of undernourished people in 1990 (about 815 million
Welfare is the general wellbeing and prosperity of a person or a society. In the U.K the management of the welfare state is embedded in the political system.
The importance of the welfare state in the U.K. can also be gauged when one considers that Welfare benefits in the U.K. include five separate groups of services, which are cash benefits, health care, education, housing, and the personal social services. The government spends two-thirds of its budget on the welfare state and the services provided by it.
It can be argued that it can be best represented and provided with the support from all sectors of the community who are outside the domain of the government and would commonly include:
• Churches
• Charities
• Local community groups
• Hospices
• Counselling
• Citizen’s Advice Bureau
• Voluntary sector
• Unions
The 'Welfare State' was not intended to respond to poverty; that was the role of the Poor Law (1833). Its main purpose was to encourage the provision of social services on the same basis as the public services - roads, libraries and so forth - an 'institutional' model of welfare.
Criticisms of the Welfare State in later years, concentrated on the problem of poverty and debates in the UK were increasingly residual in tone. In discussing how welfare is best provided with the support of all sectors of the community I will base this for key elements which include: employment; health; education and housing which are key to the wellbeing of UK citizens.
Community groups, representative bodies, welfare organisations and advocacy groups are a vital part of what welfare does and they play a special role in assisting people to manage during personal and challenging times in areas where the government can not meet the local needs. This can be due to reasons like the need to cut government spending. This can cover a range of issues and are commonly under the following headings:-
• Elderly/Pensioners
• Single mothers
• Children
• People with disabilities
• Terminally ill
• Vulnerable groups with addictions like drug addicts and alcoholics
Feminism is generally broken down into several historical "waves":
• First-wave feminism, which lasted from the 18th century until World War II and was centred on securing basic civil rights, such as the right to vote and to own property ;
• Second-wave feminism, which lasted from the end of World War II until the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the 1980s and centred on achieving equality in the workplace, protecting reproductive choice, and attempting to pass the ERA ; and
• Third-wave feminism, which incorporates racial justice, LGBT rights, and class oppression into the feminist worldview and seeks real, practical equality for all women.
Drafts by Patrick Kyanda
Sovereignty is the supreme authority which is independent and free from any external forces and the rules. State sovereignty is inalienable legal quality of an independent state, symbolizing its political and legal autonomy, responsibility and a higher value as the primary subject of international law
Papers by Patrick Kyanda
The Cold War was essentially a period of time that was characterized by political, military and economic tensions between the major powers of the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc following the end of World War II. The Eastern powers were the Soviet Union and other powers in the Warsaw Pact. The Western Bloc, on the other hand, consisted of the United States of America (US) and its NATO allies (Fousek, 2000).
It is not clearly known when the Cold War officially started; and different dates have been given. However, the most commonly cited date for the commencement of the Cold War is 1947. The War ended in 1991. This happened following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The Cold War was simply a period of intense political and military tensions between the world’s major powers; but did not involve any direct military confrontations. Instead, the confrontations often took place in the form of proxy wars fought in other countries and places. The Vietnam War, the Korean War, and the first Afghanistan War are notable proxy wars between these two sides. The Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc supported different sides in these wars; and this was the closest that they came to confronting each other (Gaddis, 1989).
The Cold War, therefore, can be said to have been a supremacy and hegemonic battle to determine the greatest power in the world after the end of World War II and the devastating defeat of Japan and East Germany (Gaddis, 1997). Although the US and the Soviet Union had been allies against Nazi Germany during World War II, they were split by the Cold War. This split would prove to be quite disastrous for both sides both economically and politically. The major differences were that the Soviet Union pursued a Marxist-Leninist political ideology while the US and its allies pursued a capitalist ideology (Fousek, 2000).
Although there was no full-scale armed combat between the two superpowers, they nonetheless armed themselves heavily in anticipation for a possible real war. With both sides owning nuclear and other lethal weapons, there was an expectation that a worldwide nuclear war might erupt (Grenville, 2005; Nalebuff, 1988). However, it was largely because of their possession of nuclear weapons that each side was able to deter the other. Both the US and the Soviet Union were not willing to initiate a direct nuclear confrontation for fear that the nuclear weapons held by the other would be used. The state of tension between two continued until 1991 when the Soviet Union disintegrated (Freedman, 2004).
"My father's dream was for him to be buried in his birthplace and have the spirits of the ancestors resonated over his grave," says A DIAPORA person whose father passed away in London.
This desire to be buried in the place you were born is strong for many first generation African migrants in the UK. This thinking is common among the diaspora community of first generation migrants. But for many African communities in the UK, there is often no official financial support and many families struggle to meet the costs.
'Very stressful'
Many find it tough repatriating remains of loved ones body back to the home/mother countries despite having settled and lived in the diaspora as citizens many families are put under pressure to return remains back home.
"Relatives usually demand to have the body back home”. There was no way many can challenge such decisions and wishes hence the need to find ways to raise the funds.
In cases like this, many in the diaspora have to keep their loved one's body in a morgue for several months, until there is enough money.
"This waiting is very stressful for those who have cultures where burial needs to take place quickly,"
"There are cases of people isolated when they lose someone and they were in despair over how to get the money." Many in the diaspora will only get closure when their loved ones are buried back home. "This also affects the extended family in the home country as they are the ones who will look after and tend to the graves."
But the emotional stress, financial costs and family pressures are so high when it comes to repatriation, that some in the diaspora wonder whether it is really worth it.
"It's a waste of money," says some in the diaspora. !!!!!!!!
"If my loved one is was buried here I would visit his grave every week but now I can't if he/she is sent back to Africa. For what! And the reason is the name of culture and tradition” Many comply due to the emotional stress. "Our families back home need to understand that our lives are in the diaspora now.
The term political participation is used here in the sense of social activity, of taking part with others in some social process.
The issue of political participation has received a great deal of attention in recent years from academics, journalists and politicians across most liberal democracies. For the purpose of this assignment I have looked at the leading classifications of participation and highlighted the limitations to political participation with each.
Introduction
Gender equity in all sectors continues to be recognised internationally as an important issue to be addressed. The political participation of women is acknowledged as a vital factor to evaluate the status that women have in their respective countries. Though Uganda acted as one of the pioneering African countries to involve women in policy making in the early 1990s, women in Uganda are underrepresented in such positions today due to a plethora of issues, many deriving from socio-cultural ideologies and some due to a restrictive political system, among others. The purpose of this strategy paper is to introduce the challenges faced by Ugandan women and propose possible strategies. The paper will include the causes of the issue and highlight the relevance of addressing this problem; it will furthermore propose strategies to tackle the matter by highlighting the main actors who would hold important roles in allowing such strategies to commence. The strategic goals proposed in this paper include: Advancing public attitudes towards women in political office, raising awareness for political roles along with recruitment initiatives and introducing fundraising initiatives as well as campaign funding. The paper will conclude with a thesis on the inequality in political representation in Uganda.
Introducing the Problem and the Challenges Faced by Ugandan Women
Today, despite making up over half of the population, with 51% (New Vision, 2014), women in Uganda remain underrepresented in political office holding 34% (2017) of roles in office, growth in this sector is stagnant (Kagumire, 2013). Recent findings from the Effective States and Inclusive Development research centre highlight that the parameters for a gender-inclusive agenda is restricted due to Uganda’s political system (ESID,2016.Additionally, the problematic structure of the political parties has aided the difficulty for a fair democracy to be fulfilled and access to leadership roles for women is scarce. According to Faridah Lule, a representative from the Citizen’s Coalition for Electoral Democracy in Uganda (CCEDU) many political parties deliberately neglect the participation of women (Lule, 2017).
The problem is intensified by the fact that fewer Ugandan women actively seek to be elected for seats (UN, 2012) for various reasons, which include a lack of confidence to run for office and fear of the dreaded process of election. Another contributing factor is the belief which aids patriarchal ideologies that claim such roles as being reserved for men. Similar attitudes have a great effect on the general view that the Ugandan public have on women in politics, as a consequence fewer women consider political roles as they are often considered to be liabilities (Aciro-lakor, 2016) and furthermore lack public support when doing so. Possible positions across all tiers are not promoted immensely, therefore many women are ignorant to how they can represent in political office (Aciro-Lakor, 2010).
Moreover, those who do wish to participate in political office are also met with great challenges such as the lack of access to resources to help ensure that they can run a successful campaign, for example. These women have little access to support from women’s leagues and less support from the public as highlighted above. Though major Ugandan political parties have women’s leagues, according to Edith Ssali, Executive Director of the Uganda Women’s Leadership Development society (WLEDE), these organisations have been unable to ensure that women obtain top political roles and remain dormant due to the structure of political parties (Ssali, 2017). Again, these groups lack resources and have limited access to budgets and struggle to support themselves. Current affirmative action requires women to hold 30% (WLEDE,2017) of available roles however this percentage does not promote or ensure representation that reflects the general population.
Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the dating back to ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides; by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince; as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.
Political realism is explained in the following way:
“Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world's stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of ruling dynasties, whilst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists' attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism (Viotti, Kauppi) .”
In the second half of the nineteenth century it was found in social Darwinism who argued that social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive (Ahrensdorf ). The underlying difference between social Darwinism and other branches political realism is the adherent of the former state believe nations are destined to rule over other nations, while others believe the that the nation, culture or politician secures their own needs before needs or interests of others.
Political realism in international affairs
Political realism suggests that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government that could rule with an all-purpose policy code. Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, it allows member nations to enter into trading treaties. Theorists mostly agree with the Hobb’s theory: "Where there is no common Power, there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice. If there be no Power erected, or not great enough for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men (Hobbes, Leviathan, Part I, Ch.13 'Of Man', and Part II, Ch.17, 'Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan)." Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system.
There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not necessarily mean that morality should be excluded from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation and should not ignore their interests and demands.
Simultaneously, “if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving motive the giving nation presumably has--it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn't, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile (Stern).”
The expressive political realism power depends upon the understanding of political reasons, between state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz (date) says that the closed nature of expressive realism includes an oppose scheme that nations do not serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only. The logical value of the three theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not. (Waltz,
The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is not able to rule the state:
‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in (Kegley, Wittkopf) ”.
At the same time, such comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike. This includes the personification of the states and collectivisation of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged.
In addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, that a nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations. This theory can be divided into various aspects, depending upon the proclaimed interest of the nation and the availability of the resources that would be used to reach desired goals. As far as the national interest is concerned, believers agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations (The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations, Year).
This economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the political power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced import and increased export only.
In answering the question posed for my essay I will define key terms and concepts; discuss the relevant literature and debates within social science. This will be done by examining the two main schools of thought and a critical overview of the different research methods use. This will help to formulate a research question.
According to Brewer & Miller (2003) Epistemology is concerned with the nature of knowledge and justification in how we know and what we know. It also explores how we know what we know when it comes to the nature of social reality. According to Bryman (2007), epistemology is about “what is or should be regarded” as acceptable knowledge in social science and whether the social world can be studied according to the same principles as natural science (2007:14).
Practical consideration explores how social research should be carried out based on various dimensions such as choice of research strategies, design, or the method that best suits the particular research or question being enquired (Bryman, 2007:26).
Methodology is a philosophical framework that is part of a research which determines the researcher’s epistemological stand. Marsh argues “methodology is the method used to carry out a piece of research” (2002:18). The choice of research is often based on how we view the world which reflects how the researcher intends to carry out their research and/or the choice of method. In the case of social research it has a diverse range of considerations which depend on how the social world should be studied. As Bryman (2007) points out “methods are not simply neutral tools, they are linked with the ways which social scientists envision the connection between different viewpoints about the nature of social reality and how it should be examined” (2007:4). Thus, the researcher’s questions determine the type of information the researcher wants to collect; whether opinions or statistical data, which then determines the method that will be chosen.
The ultimate desire or expectation of a researcher is to achieve the core objectives of their specific study problem. Given that the very purpose and rationale of a research initiative is predetermined by the objectives of the study, a statement of the main objectives for a specific serve as the ultimate guiding map in shaping both the designing and ultimate execution of the research. There is no doubt that the success in achieving these objectives of the research is in turn dependent on the effectiveness of the researcher choosing a research method that best matches the unique requirement of the research problem.
This will apply, given the presence of different research methods and the fact that the individual application in different subjects of research highlights prominent strengths and limitations according to Tashakorri & Teddlie (2003).
Developing a research question is dependent on the methodology used. However, it can be argued should questions be developed first and then methods applied. In spite of the availability of literature and common consensus among scholars on the strengths and limitations of different research methods and their value for use in specific research problems; considerations on the choice of research method continues to be a common source of contention.
This is in part due to a lack of consensus on whether the choice of research method should be based on epistemological or on practical consideration. Spencer, et al., (2003) argue for proponents of epistemological considerations, the effective meeting of research goals should be the priority However, their opponents assert that an effective research method choice cannot be without consideration into the practical constrains to specific research. Since the ultimate goal of the research method is to effectively meet the objectives of the research, the choice of research method for a successful research should be informed by both qualitative and quantitative methods. These two particular methods follow different positions in terms the way they link between ideas and evidence (Brewer & Miller, 2003). According to Bryman (2007) both methods form different strategies in research terms of their epistemological stance.
Geopolitics of Imagination History
Japan annexed the Korean peninsula and it was a colony for 35 years .after the WW2 japan lost the territory and it was overrun by Russia from the North and the US from the South fearing the expansion of Russia intervened this led to the divide at the 38 perimeter, Kim Il-sung having been Nationalist fighter against the Japanese was supported by Russia to rule the North Korea. The Juche cultural traditions created a personality cult around the great leader and that the North Korean State is an extension of the Kim family. It is worth mentioning that in reviewing North Korea there are significant realities about the country and its peoples and political system of the Kim family .since the end of the war North Korea has always been mistrusting of her neighbors and even the Chinese revolution was looked upon as suspicious and a bad influence to the people. The biggest geopolitical concept of imagination is that although Kim the founding father of the nation is dead he is technically still the president with the indoctrination that he has made the greatest contribution to world peace. The only time the world gets a glimpse of North Korea is when the Airing Games are held featuring a mass gymnastics display and is said to be the biggest spectacle in the world
Migration Flows
Sovereign States have the authority and obligation to regulate the movement of foreign nationals across their borders and consequently have the power to decide which persons can be admitted and for what length of time. It is arguable whether this is easily attainable given that “international migration is incredibly diverse, fluid and fast changing” (Boswell and Geddes, 2010, p. 3). Various laws and regulations have been enacted, which are primarily intended to govern entry into and exit from the territories of states, yet some are more restrictive than others (Guild and Minderhoud, 2011, p. 166).
The fact that states have the ability to refuse entry to persons from different jurisdictions is said to allow states to maintain their sovereignty. This was recognized by Adelman (1998, p. 19) when it was pointed out that: “even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self- interests.” Yet, it is important that those fleeing from persecution are provided with adequate protection from the State in which they enter. Therefore, although states generally have the ability to control migration flows, they may also have to adhere to their international obligations (Human Rights Education Association, 2011, p. 2). This often produces problems since it is not always easy to establish whether a person has fled from persecution or left voluntarily. These uncertainties produce much difficulty and although states must protect the human rights of migrants (The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), it is evident that the protection of migrants is currently inadequate (Amnesty International, 2009, p. 1).
Asylum Flows
Explain who are asylum immigrants and whey are coming to UK
Migrants are not receiving the support they need from states and national laws and procedures currently act as a barrier to the rights of migrants. This is largely due to the different migration flows that exist and the inability to address mixed migration flows effectively (Betts and Loescher, 2010, p. 320). The treatment of those claiming asylum in the UK provides a clear example of the difficulties that arise when it comes to analysing and regulating global migration. Thus, refugees often use the same routes and means of transportation when entering states as other migrants and because of this, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them (Gibney, 2004, p. 12). This has an overall impact upon the proper regulation of migration, which is evident in the UK where asylum seekers are required to attain citizenship. Hence, a British Territories Overseas Citizenship or British Overseas Citizenship must be established, yet as contended by Bussutil (1990, p. 286): “claims cannot be decided with any ease, and great difficulties may be experienced.” This occurs in relation to the ‘qualifying period’ of five years and the additional ‘probationary citizenship’ period that is required prior to qualification for naturalisation. Although this accurately reflects the contemporary relationship between those people subjected to legal regulation and the state, it is questionable whether this relationship is appropriate in modern day society where states are callable of realising their international obligations
There are 8 Millennium Development Goals with specific targets that were agreed upon at the Millennium Summit of September 2000. It was the largest gathering of world leaders in history with 23 international organisations all agreeing to help achieve these goals by 2015.
The MDGs can be traced back to the Millennium Declaration by the UN which asserted that every individual has a right to dignity, freedom and equality. The MDGs are about bringing development in Poor countries especially in Africa, South East Asia, Latin America and parts of the Middle East.
In understanding what the question demands I will address each goal and show to what extent achieving it will deliver development or the short comings of o delivering development. It is worth noting that from the beginning there has been strong debate surrounding the MDGs targets, as there was a lack of detailed analysis and justification behind the chosen goals.
DISCUSSION: THE 8 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS:
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
This target is aimed at reducing by half those living on less than a dollar a day and the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
From the following statistics we can see that the number of people living under the international poverty line of $1.25 a day declined from 1.8 billion to 1.4 billion between 1990 and 2005.The proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing regions dropped from 46 per cent to 27 per cent — on track to meet the target globally. This is despite setbacks caused by the 2008-09 economic downturn and the effects of the food and energy crises. However, even if these positive trends continue, in 2015, roughly 920 million people would still be living under the international poverty line of $1.25 a day.
The proportion of people suffering from hunger is declining, but at an unsatisfactory pace. Even though the proportion of people worldwide suffering from malnutrition and hunger has fallen since the early 1990s, progress stalled during 2000-2002. The estimate of the number of people who will suffer chronic hunger this year is 925 million according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN — down from 1.023 billion in 2009, but still more than the number of undernourished people in 1990 (about 815 million
Welfare is the general wellbeing and prosperity of a person or a society. In the U.K the management of the welfare state is embedded in the political system.
The importance of the welfare state in the U.K. can also be gauged when one considers that Welfare benefits in the U.K. include five separate groups of services, which are cash benefits, health care, education, housing, and the personal social services. The government spends two-thirds of its budget on the welfare state and the services provided by it.
It can be argued that it can be best represented and provided with the support from all sectors of the community who are outside the domain of the government and would commonly include:
• Churches
• Charities
• Local community groups
• Hospices
• Counselling
• Citizen’s Advice Bureau
• Voluntary sector
• Unions
The 'Welfare State' was not intended to respond to poverty; that was the role of the Poor Law (1833). Its main purpose was to encourage the provision of social services on the same basis as the public services - roads, libraries and so forth - an 'institutional' model of welfare.
Criticisms of the Welfare State in later years, concentrated on the problem of poverty and debates in the UK were increasingly residual in tone. In discussing how welfare is best provided with the support of all sectors of the community I will base this for key elements which include: employment; health; education and housing which are key to the wellbeing of UK citizens.
Community groups, representative bodies, welfare organisations and advocacy groups are a vital part of what welfare does and they play a special role in assisting people to manage during personal and challenging times in areas where the government can not meet the local needs. This can be due to reasons like the need to cut government spending. This can cover a range of issues and are commonly under the following headings:-
• Elderly/Pensioners
• Single mothers
• Children
• People with disabilities
• Terminally ill
• Vulnerable groups with addictions like drug addicts and alcoholics
Feminism is generally broken down into several historical "waves":
• First-wave feminism, which lasted from the 18th century until World War II and was centred on securing basic civil rights, such as the right to vote and to own property ;
• Second-wave feminism, which lasted from the end of World War II until the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the 1980s and centred on achieving equality in the workplace, protecting reproductive choice, and attempting to pass the ERA ; and
• Third-wave feminism, which incorporates racial justice, LGBT rights, and class oppression into the feminist worldview and seeks real, practical equality for all women.
Sovereignty is the supreme authority which is independent and free from any external forces and the rules. State sovereignty is inalienable legal quality of an independent state, symbolizing its political and legal autonomy, responsibility and a higher value as the primary subject of international law
The Cold War was essentially a period of time that was characterized by political, military and economic tensions between the major powers of the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc following the end of World War II. The Eastern powers were the Soviet Union and other powers in the Warsaw Pact. The Western Bloc, on the other hand, consisted of the United States of America (US) and its NATO allies (Fousek, 2000).
It is not clearly known when the Cold War officially started; and different dates have been given. However, the most commonly cited date for the commencement of the Cold War is 1947. The War ended in 1991. This happened following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The Cold War was simply a period of intense political and military tensions between the world’s major powers; but did not involve any direct military confrontations. Instead, the confrontations often took place in the form of proxy wars fought in other countries and places. The Vietnam War, the Korean War, and the first Afghanistan War are notable proxy wars between these two sides. The Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc supported different sides in these wars; and this was the closest that they came to confronting each other (Gaddis, 1989).
The Cold War, therefore, can be said to have been a supremacy and hegemonic battle to determine the greatest power in the world after the end of World War II and the devastating defeat of Japan and East Germany (Gaddis, 1997). Although the US and the Soviet Union had been allies against Nazi Germany during World War II, they were split by the Cold War. This split would prove to be quite disastrous for both sides both economically and politically. The major differences were that the Soviet Union pursued a Marxist-Leninist political ideology while the US and its allies pursued a capitalist ideology (Fousek, 2000).
Although there was no full-scale armed combat between the two superpowers, they nonetheless armed themselves heavily in anticipation for a possible real war. With both sides owning nuclear and other lethal weapons, there was an expectation that a worldwide nuclear war might erupt (Grenville, 2005; Nalebuff, 1988). However, it was largely because of their possession of nuclear weapons that each side was able to deter the other. Both the US and the Soviet Union were not willing to initiate a direct nuclear confrontation for fear that the nuclear weapons held by the other would be used. The state of tension between two continued until 1991 when the Soviet Union disintegrated (Freedman, 2004).
"My father's dream was for him to be buried in his birthplace and have the spirits of the ancestors resonated over his grave," says A DIAPORA person whose father passed away in London.
This desire to be buried in the place you were born is strong for many first generation African migrants in the UK. This thinking is common among the diaspora community of first generation migrants. But for many African communities in the UK, there is often no official financial support and many families struggle to meet the costs.
'Very stressful'
Many find it tough repatriating remains of loved ones body back to the home/mother countries despite having settled and lived in the diaspora as citizens many families are put under pressure to return remains back home.
"Relatives usually demand to have the body back home”. There was no way many can challenge such decisions and wishes hence the need to find ways to raise the funds.
In cases like this, many in the diaspora have to keep their loved one's body in a morgue for several months, until there is enough money.
"This waiting is very stressful for those who have cultures where burial needs to take place quickly,"
"There are cases of people isolated when they lose someone and they were in despair over how to get the money." Many in the diaspora will only get closure when their loved ones are buried back home. "This also affects the extended family in the home country as they are the ones who will look after and tend to the graves."
But the emotional stress, financial costs and family pressures are so high when it comes to repatriation, that some in the diaspora wonder whether it is really worth it.
"It's a waste of money," says some in the diaspora. !!!!!!!!
"If my loved one is was buried here I would visit his grave every week but now I can't if he/she is sent back to Africa. For what! And the reason is the name of culture and tradition” Many comply due to the emotional stress. "Our families back home need to understand that our lives are in the diaspora now.
The term political participation is used here in the sense of social activity, of taking part with others in some social process.
The issue of political participation has received a great deal of attention in recent years from academics, journalists and politicians across most liberal democracies. For the purpose of this assignment I have looked at the leading classifications of participation and highlighted the limitations to political participation with each.
Introduction
Gender equity in all sectors continues to be recognised internationally as an important issue to be addressed. The political participation of women is acknowledged as a vital factor to evaluate the status that women have in their respective countries. Though Uganda acted as one of the pioneering African countries to involve women in policy making in the early 1990s, women in Uganda are underrepresented in such positions today due to a plethora of issues, many deriving from socio-cultural ideologies and some due to a restrictive political system, among others. The purpose of this strategy paper is to introduce the challenges faced by Ugandan women and propose possible strategies. The paper will include the causes of the issue and highlight the relevance of addressing this problem; it will furthermore propose strategies to tackle the matter by highlighting the main actors who would hold important roles in allowing such strategies to commence. The strategic goals proposed in this paper include: Advancing public attitudes towards women in political office, raising awareness for political roles along with recruitment initiatives and introducing fundraising initiatives as well as campaign funding. The paper will conclude with a thesis on the inequality in political representation in Uganda.
Introducing the Problem and the Challenges Faced by Ugandan Women
Today, despite making up over half of the population, with 51% (New Vision, 2014), women in Uganda remain underrepresented in political office holding 34% (2017) of roles in office, growth in this sector is stagnant (Kagumire, 2013). Recent findings from the Effective States and Inclusive Development research centre highlight that the parameters for a gender-inclusive agenda is restricted due to Uganda’s political system (ESID,2016.Additionally, the problematic structure of the political parties has aided the difficulty for a fair democracy to be fulfilled and access to leadership roles for women is scarce. According to Faridah Lule, a representative from the Citizen’s Coalition for Electoral Democracy in Uganda (CCEDU) many political parties deliberately neglect the participation of women (Lule, 2017).
The problem is intensified by the fact that fewer Ugandan women actively seek to be elected for seats (UN, 2012) for various reasons, which include a lack of confidence to run for office and fear of the dreaded process of election. Another contributing factor is the belief which aids patriarchal ideologies that claim such roles as being reserved for men. Similar attitudes have a great effect on the general view that the Ugandan public have on women in politics, as a consequence fewer women consider political roles as they are often considered to be liabilities (Aciro-lakor, 2016) and furthermore lack public support when doing so. Possible positions across all tiers are not promoted immensely, therefore many women are ignorant to how they can represent in political office (Aciro-Lakor, 2010).
Moreover, those who do wish to participate in political office are also met with great challenges such as the lack of access to resources to help ensure that they can run a successful campaign, for example. These women have little access to support from women’s leagues and less support from the public as highlighted above. Though major Ugandan political parties have women’s leagues, according to Edith Ssali, Executive Director of the Uganda Women’s Leadership Development society (WLEDE), these organisations have been unable to ensure that women obtain top political roles and remain dormant due to the structure of political parties (Ssali, 2017). Again, these groups lack resources and have limited access to budgets and struggle to support themselves. Current affirmative action requires women to hold 30% (WLEDE,2017) of available roles however this percentage does not promote or ensure representation that reflects the general population.
Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the dating back to ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides; by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince; as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.
Political realism is explained in the following way:
“Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world's stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of ruling dynasties, whilst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists' attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism (Viotti, Kauppi) .”
In the second half of the nineteenth century it was found in social Darwinism who argued that social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive (Ahrensdorf ). The underlying difference between social Darwinism and other branches political realism is the adherent of the former state believe nations are destined to rule over other nations, while others believe the that the nation, culture or politician secures their own needs before needs or interests of others.
Political realism in international affairs
Political realism suggests that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government that could rule with an all-purpose policy code. Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, it allows member nations to enter into trading treaties. Theorists mostly agree with the Hobb’s theory: "Where there is no common Power, there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice. If there be no Power erected, or not great enough for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men (Hobbes, Leviathan, Part I, Ch.13 'Of Man', and Part II, Ch.17, 'Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan)." Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system.
There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not necessarily mean that morality should be excluded from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation and should not ignore their interests and demands.
Simultaneously, “if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving motive the giving nation presumably has--it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn't, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile (Stern).”
The expressive political realism power depends upon the understanding of political reasons, between state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz (date) says that the closed nature of expressive realism includes an oppose scheme that nations do not serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only. The logical value of the three theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not. (Waltz,
The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is not able to rule the state:
‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in (Kegley, Wittkopf) ”.
At the same time, such comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike. This includes the personification of the states and collectivisation of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged.
In addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, that a nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations. This theory can be divided into various aspects, depending upon the proclaimed interest of the nation and the availability of the resources that would be used to reach desired goals. As far as the national interest is concerned, believers agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations (The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations, Year).
This economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the political power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced import and increased export only.
In answering the question posed for my essay I will define key terms and concepts; discuss the relevant literature and debates within social science. This will be done by examining the two main schools of thought and a critical overview of the different research methods use. This will help to formulate a research question.
According to Brewer & Miller (2003) Epistemology is concerned with the nature of knowledge and justification in how we know and what we know. It also explores how we know what we know when it comes to the nature of social reality. According to Bryman (2007), epistemology is about “what is or should be regarded” as acceptable knowledge in social science and whether the social world can be studied according to the same principles as natural science (2007:14).
Practical consideration explores how social research should be carried out based on various dimensions such as choice of research strategies, design, or the method that best suits the particular research or question being enquired (Bryman, 2007:26).
Methodology is a philosophical framework that is part of a research which determines the researcher’s epistemological stand. Marsh argues “methodology is the method used to carry out a piece of research” (2002:18). The choice of research is often based on how we view the world which reflects how the researcher intends to carry out their research and/or the choice of method. In the case of social research it has a diverse range of considerations which depend on how the social world should be studied. As Bryman (2007) points out “methods are not simply neutral tools, they are linked with the ways which social scientists envision the connection between different viewpoints about the nature of social reality and how it should be examined” (2007:4). Thus, the researcher’s questions determine the type of information the researcher wants to collect; whether opinions or statistical data, which then determines the method that will be chosen.
The ultimate desire or expectation of a researcher is to achieve the core objectives of their specific study problem. Given that the very purpose and rationale of a research initiative is predetermined by the objectives of the study, a statement of the main objectives for a specific serve as the ultimate guiding map in shaping both the designing and ultimate execution of the research. There is no doubt that the success in achieving these objectives of the research is in turn dependent on the effectiveness of the researcher choosing a research method that best matches the unique requirement of the research problem.
This will apply, given the presence of different research methods and the fact that the individual application in different subjects of research highlights prominent strengths and limitations according to Tashakorri & Teddlie (2003).
Developing a research question is dependent on the methodology used. However, it can be argued should questions be developed first and then methods applied. In spite of the availability of literature and common consensus among scholars on the strengths and limitations of different research methods and their value for use in specific research problems; considerations on the choice of research method continues to be a common source of contention.
This is in part due to a lack of consensus on whether the choice of research method should be based on epistemological or on practical consideration. Spencer, et al., (2003) argue for proponents of epistemological considerations, the effective meeting of research goals should be the priority However, their opponents assert that an effective research method choice cannot be without consideration into the practical constrains to specific research. Since the ultimate goal of the research method is to effectively meet the objectives of the research, the choice of research method for a successful research should be informed by both qualitative and quantitative methods. These two particular methods follow different positions in terms the way they link between ideas and evidence (Brewer & Miller, 2003). According to Bryman (2007) both methods form different strategies in research terms of their epistemological stance.
Geopolitics of Imagination History
Japan annexed the Korean peninsula and it was a colony for 35 years .after the WW2 japan lost the territory and it was overrun by Russia from the North and the US from the South fearing the expansion of Russia intervened this led to the divide at the 38 perimeter, Kim Il-sung having been Nationalist fighter against the Japanese was supported by Russia to rule the North Korea. The Juche cultural traditions created a personality cult around the great leader and that the North Korean State is an extension of the Kim family. It is worth mentioning that in reviewing North Korea there are significant realities about the country and its peoples and political system of the Kim family .since the end of the war North Korea has always been mistrusting of her neighbors and even the Chinese revolution was looked upon as suspicious and a bad influence to the people. The biggest geopolitical concept of imagination is that although Kim the founding father of the nation is dead he is technically still the president with the indoctrination that he has made the greatest contribution to world peace. The only time the world gets a glimpse of North Korea is when the Airing Games are held featuring a mass gymnastics display and is said to be the biggest spectacle in the world
Migration Flows
Sovereign States have the authority and obligation to regulate the movement of foreign nationals across their borders and consequently have the power to decide which persons can be admitted and for what length of time. It is arguable whether this is easily attainable given that “international migration is incredibly diverse, fluid and fast changing” (Boswell and Geddes, 2010, p. 3). Various laws and regulations have been enacted, which are primarily intended to govern entry into and exit from the territories of states, yet some are more restrictive than others (Guild and Minderhoud, 2011, p. 166).
The fact that states have the ability to refuse entry to persons from different jurisdictions is said to allow states to maintain their sovereignty. This was recognized by Adelman (1998, p. 19) when it was pointed out that: “even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self- interests.” Yet, it is important that those fleeing from persecution are provided with adequate protection from the State in which they enter. Therefore, although states generally have the ability to control migration flows, they may also have to adhere to their international obligations (Human Rights Education Association, 2011, p. 2). This often produces problems since it is not always easy to establish whether a person has fled from persecution or left voluntarily. These uncertainties produce much difficulty and although states must protect the human rights of migrants (The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), it is evident that the protection of migrants is currently inadequate (Amnesty International, 2009, p. 1).
Asylum Flows
Explain who are asylum immigrants and whey are coming to UK
Migrants are not receiving the support they need from states and national laws and procedures currently act as a barrier to the rights of migrants. This is largely due to the different migration flows that exist and the inability to address mixed migration flows effectively (Betts and Loescher, 2010, p. 320). The treatment of those claiming asylum in the UK provides a clear example of the difficulties that arise when it comes to analysing and regulating global migration. Thus, refugees often use the same routes and means of transportation when entering states as other migrants and because of this, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them (Gibney, 2004, p. 12). This has an overall impact upon the proper regulation of migration, which is evident in the UK where asylum seekers are required to attain citizenship. Hence, a British Territories Overseas Citizenship or British Overseas Citizenship must be established, yet as contended by Bussutil (1990, p. 286): “claims cannot be decided with any ease, and great difficulties may be experienced.” This occurs in relation to the ‘qualifying period’ of five years and the additional ‘probationary citizenship’ period that is required prior to qualification for naturalisation. Although this accurately reflects the contemporary relationship between those people subjected to legal regulation and the state, it is questionable whether this relationship is appropriate in modern day society where states are callable of realising their international obligations
The Push- Pull model examines the migrants fear of his or her life to flee from prosecution and insecurity to the western countries (Pull factor ) which offer peace, stability and respect of Human Rights. This explains the different push-pull factors that influence that decision to migrate. Migrants will tend to have prior knowledge of the policies in the country they are heading to before coming
In answering the question posed for my essay I will define key terms and concepts; discuss the relevant literature and debates within social science. This will be done by examining the two main schools of thought and a critical overview of the different research methods use. This will help to formulate a research question.
According to Brewer & Miller (2003) Epistemology is concerned with the nature of knowledge and justification in how we know and what we know. It also explores how we know what we know when it comes to the nature of social reality. According to Bryman (2007), epistemology is about “what is or should be regarded” as acceptable knowledge in social science and whether the social world can be studied according to the same principles as natural science (2007:14).
There is a lot of controversy surrounding the topic of global warming where some people view it as a disaster. Other people tend to shift blame to the source of information on global warming. According to them, the consequences of global warming have been overstated. Al Gore (2006) argues that global warming is an inconvenient truth; thus, the title of his book. Gore states that global warming is a planetary emergency.
“An inconvenient truth” is a unique book that comes as a paperback book with many photographs. This is one of the reasons that the author chooses to create a film about the same issue as that in the book. The film provides a sequence that is easy to follow compared to the book. Reading the book and watching the film changes the perspective of many based on the issue of global warming. In essence, global warming is not merely a science or a political issue; rather, it is an issue of morality.
Summary
In the introduction, Al Gore states his interest in the welfare of the environment and his accomplishments in the field. Here, Gore (2006) criticizes the political administration for failure to implement laws that involve environmental care. Al Gore was a former vice President of the US; thus, his arguments against the government have a solid foundation. He criticizes President Bush’s apparent lack of concern for the issue of global warming. The author then introduces his case for global warming regarding it as a threat.
Webster dictionary defined globalization as a process that renders various activities and aspirations worldwide in scope or application.
When most people talk about globalization, they usually mean changes in the economy that happen because of free trade and technology. It can be argued that globalization is about making national borders less important for those who want to buy or sell things around the world. It is about economies or trade, technology, politics, and because of free trade and technology. This ensures that local or national ways of doing things become global, e.g. with a worldwide perspective.
The purpose of this paper is to examine whether globaisation is making the world a richer and freer place to live.
Globalisation for All
There is a common assumption that globalization helps rich countries get richer by making poor countries poorer. Primary research from social media platforms show the richest one per cent of the world’s people receive as much income as the poorest 57%; in the East Asia and the Pacific there are 280 million people living on less than $1 per day.
For many countries, globalization has turned out to be a one-way street; where the first world countries are dumping their excess goods into the markets of the third world countries; so that instead of being developed, they are being conditioned to accept dependency from first world countries for not only their development and prosperity but for their social, cultural, technological and educational needs.
It is argued that under globalization, the developing world is supposed to have the same rights to produce and export their goods to the developed world. However the reality is that these countries are finding that with a lack of infrastructure to manufacture and export goods at the same levels; at the same price as the goods that the developed world produces and exports to us makes it impossible to be competitive. For example, countries like Uganda continue to be perceived as a favorite dumping ground for the excess products of the developed world under globalization.
Employment
Global competition has led to new patterns of employment that has caused the displacement of millions of workers around the worlds creating dangerous levels of joblessness. Although the developed economies of the west account for only 15% of the earth's working population, they accounted for 55% of the increase in unemployment between 2007 and 2010 and the figures continue to rise. The World of Work Report 2012 forecasts a global unemployment rate of 6.1 percent in 2012, with total world unemployment rising from 196 million in 2011 to 202 million in 2012. The unemployment total is projected to rise by another five million in 2013, and the rate to 6.2 percent.
With corporations’ dependency on technology and leaner production processes, cheap labour is seen as a competitive advantage. As a result, majority of workers live below the poverty line and the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen. Critics opine that globalization has resulted in a fiercely-competitive global market, and an unethical practice in business which has led to an increase in activities such as child labour and slavery in developing countries – all to meet the insatiable demands of first world economies. In many developing countries there is little or no accountability for corporations employing young children. They simply bribe government officials, which results in a number of Human Rights infringements.
In order to cut down costs, many corporations in developed nations have outsourced their manufacturing, white-collar jobs and customer service operations to Third-World countries like India and China, where they have a large English-speaking population who are ready to work at one-fifth of what someone in the developed world would do.
This practice has caused a lot of resentment among the people of developed countries, and companies have been accused of not only taking their jobs away but providing them with a sub standard level of customer service. This has caused a lot of animosity among people and has added to the dissent that people already have against outsourcing.