The archaeological documentation of the development of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is... more The archaeological documentation of the development of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is not yet mirrored by a genetic understanding of the human populations involved, in contrast to the spread of farming in Europe [1–3]. Sedentary farming communities emerged in parts of the Fertile Crescent during the 10th millennium and early 9th millennium cal BC and had appeared in central Anatolia by 8300 cal BC [4]. Farming spread into west Anatolia by the early 7th millennium cal BC and quasi-synchronously into Europe, although the timing and process of this movement remain unclear. Using genome sequence data we generated from nine central Anatolian Neolithic individuals, we studied the transition period from early Aceramic (Pre-Pottery) to the later Pottery Neolithic, when farming expanded west of the Fertile Crescent. We find that genetic diversity in the earliest farmers was conspicuously low, on a par with European foraging groups. With the advent of the Pottery Neolithic, genetic variation within societies reached levels later found in early European farmers. Our results confirm that earliest Neolithic central Anatolians belonged to the same gene pool as the first Neolithic migrants spreading into Europe. Further, genetic affinities between later-coming Anatolian farmers and 3rd-4th millennium BC Chalcolithic south Europeans suggest an additional wave of Anatolian migrants, after the initial Neolithic spread, but before the Yamnaya migrations. We propose that the earliest farming societies demographically resembled foragers and only after regional gene flow and rising heterogeneity, did the farming population expansions into Europe occur.
ABSTRACT Various synthetic esters were tested for their attractiveness to females of Galleria mel... more ABSTRACT Various synthetic esters were tested for their attractiveness to females of Galleria mellonella in comparison with n-nonanal, a component of the sex pheromone of Galleria mellonella. It has been shown that methyl octanoate, ethyl octanoate and methyl decanoate attract females. Particularly, methyl octanoate is as effective as n-nonanal in bioassay and could be a potential pest control agent.
This study aimed to investigate the compound effect of environmentally relevant 4-nonylphenol (NP... more This study aimed to investigate the compound effect of environmentally relevant 4-nonylphenol (NP) concentrations and natural stressors—namely fish predation and food availability—on Daphnia magna, which were exposed to four NP concentrations (0, 1, 5 and 10 μg l−1) under optimum or low food concentrations (1.00 and 0.075 mg C l−1, respectively) in water (un)conditioned by a fish predator (Alburnus alburnus). A(n) “environmentally relevant” and “no observable effect” concentration (NOEC) of NP (10 μg l−1) resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.01**) in daphnids’ survival when it was encountered concurrently with conditions of low food availability and presence of fish predation. The significance of the results lies in the observation that not only environmentally relevant concentrations of NP but also NP concentrations reported to have no observable effect on daphnids may in reality have unexpected critical effects on D. magna survival under conditions more parallel to natural ecosystems. The deterioration of the life-history traits—namely, NP-induced delay in the age at first reproduction (P < 0.001***) and fish kairomone-induced reduction in the size at first reproduction (P < 0.001***)—of the D. magna individuals is also crucial, as such alterations could significantly influence future generations and result in ultimate adverse effects at the community level because large-bodied daphnids are key-stone species in freshwater ecosystems. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of taking into account environmentally realistic conditions while investigating the effects of NOEC levels of toxicants on non-target aquatic species.
We have determined the allele and genotype frequencies of six PCR-based genetic markers HLA-DQα, ... more We have determined the allele and genotype frequencies of six PCR-based genetic markers HLA-DQα, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8 and GC in the Turkish population (n = 361 for HLA-DQα, and n = 260 for PM). All loci meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The frequency data can be used in forensic analyses in the Turkish population.
The genetic structure of two brown trout Salmo trutta populations living in Lake Abant in Bolu an... more The genetic structure of two brown trout Salmo trutta populations living in Lake Abant in Bolu and Üzüm River in Antalya was determined by examining 15 enzyme coding loci (AAT, ADH, LDH, MDH, MEP, GPI, PGM and SOD) using starch gel electrophoresis. Population specific mobilities were observed for the fixed alleles of LDH-B2, mMEP-2 and SOD-1 loci. Polymorphisms in sAA T-4, GPI-B2 loci were observed within the populations. Average heterozygosity of Abant and Antalya populations was 0.0358 and 0.0224 respectively. For LDH-C which is the post glaciation marker locus, the ancestral allele *105 was found to be fixed in both of the populations. Nei's genetic distance between the two populations was 0.2507 which is the level of genetic distance often found between different species. This difference seems to be due to the presence of unique alleles in the LDH-B2, mMEP-2 and SOD-1 loci of the Abant population, indicating that the conservation of the Abant population and its heterozygosity is of prime importance.
To determine the genetic structure and variation of Van cats and some other cats, seven enzyme lo... more To determine the genetic structure and variation of Van cats and some other cats, seven enzyme loci were examined using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. ME bands were observed for the first time in cats. For the enzyme loci CA 1 , SOD, GPI, and GOT, neither the individual Van cats nor the specimens of other cat species exhibited any variation. These enzymes presented identical bands, all of which were homozygous. With respect to the PGD, ME, and ESD loci, however, genetic variation was observed in all of the cats. Hence, three of the seven gene–enzyme systems (43%) were polymorphic with two alleles, contributing to an estimate of average heterozygosity of 0.33–0.49 for the Van cats. PGD was the most discriminatory among the three polymorphic loci. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the Van, Persian, Turkish Angora, and Turkish Tekir cats are distinct from Siamese and Bombay cats.
Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) called environmental endocrine disruptors has been shown to ac... more Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) called environmental endocrine disruptors has been shown to accumulate in water around the world. In this study, the pollution level of alkylphenolic compounds was measured and quantified in water, sediment, and the tissues of fishes collected in two rivers, Sakarya and Degirmendere Rivers, Turkey. Butylphenol (BP) were detected in sediment samples at one sampling stations of both rivers with 1.68 and 3.15 μg/g sediment, while nonylphenol (NP) were detected with the amount of 4.46 μg/g sediment in one sampling station in Degirmendere river. Fish samples also showed the presence of alkylphenolic compounds in both rivers. The level of alkylphenol pollution in two rivers of Turkey was determined to be in the range of alkylphenol level reported in Europe but lower than that of in the USA.
The involvement of the Y chromosome in sex determination was determined by the development and th... more The involvement of the Y chromosome in sex determination was determined by the development and the application of techniques for karyotyping the mammalian chromosome in 1960s. There were many reports on the particular region of the Y chromosome, such as histocompatibility (H-Y) antigen, bandit krait minor satellite (Bkm) the zinc finger Y gene (ZFY) and the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) which were believed to be the testis determining factors. However, converging experimental evidence have indicated that the sex determining region of the Y chromosome (sry) is the testis determining factor (TDF) in mammalian species since sex is determined genetically at the time of fertilization in these species. In non-mammalian vertebrates especially in fishes, amphibians and reptiles, genotypic sex can be overridden by the external application of steroid hormones and temperature. In this review paper, after reviewing the complex literature on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in all vertebrates, the potential danger of environmentally induced sex determination will be focused on.
The archaeological documentation of the development of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is... more The archaeological documentation of the development of sedentary farming societies in Anatolia is not yet mirrored by a genetic understanding of the human populations involved, in contrast to the spread of farming in Europe [1–3]. Sedentary farming communities emerged in parts of the Fertile Crescent during the 10th millennium and early 9th millennium cal BC and had appeared in central Anatolia by 8300 cal BC [4]. Farming spread into west Anatolia by the early 7th millennium cal BC and quasi-synchronously into Europe, although the timing and process of this movement remain unclear. Using genome sequence data we generated from nine central Anatolian Neolithic individuals, we studied the transition period from early Aceramic (Pre-Pottery) to the later Pottery Neolithic, when farming expanded west of the Fertile Crescent. We find that genetic diversity in the earliest farmers was conspicuously low, on a par with European foraging groups. With the advent of the Pottery Neolithic, genetic variation within societies reached levels later found in early European farmers. Our results confirm that earliest Neolithic central Anatolians belonged to the same gene pool as the first Neolithic migrants spreading into Europe. Further, genetic affinities between later-coming Anatolian farmers and 3rd-4th millennium BC Chalcolithic south Europeans suggest an additional wave of Anatolian migrants, after the initial Neolithic spread, but before the Yamnaya migrations. We propose that the earliest farming societies demographically resembled foragers and only after regional gene flow and rising heterogeneity, did the farming population expansions into Europe occur.
ABSTRACT Various synthetic esters were tested for their attractiveness to females of Galleria mel... more ABSTRACT Various synthetic esters were tested for their attractiveness to females of Galleria mellonella in comparison with n-nonanal, a component of the sex pheromone of Galleria mellonella. It has been shown that methyl octanoate, ethyl octanoate and methyl decanoate attract females. Particularly, methyl octanoate is as effective as n-nonanal in bioassay and could be a potential pest control agent.
This study aimed to investigate the compound effect of environmentally relevant 4-nonylphenol (NP... more This study aimed to investigate the compound effect of environmentally relevant 4-nonylphenol (NP) concentrations and natural stressors—namely fish predation and food availability—on Daphnia magna, which were exposed to four NP concentrations (0, 1, 5 and 10 μg l−1) under optimum or low food concentrations (1.00 and 0.075 mg C l−1, respectively) in water (un)conditioned by a fish predator (Alburnus alburnus). A(n) “environmentally relevant” and “no observable effect” concentration (NOEC) of NP (10 μg l−1) resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.01**) in daphnids’ survival when it was encountered concurrently with conditions of low food availability and presence of fish predation. The significance of the results lies in the observation that not only environmentally relevant concentrations of NP but also NP concentrations reported to have no observable effect on daphnids may in reality have unexpected critical effects on D. magna survival under conditions more parallel to natural ecosystems. The deterioration of the life-history traits—namely, NP-induced delay in the age at first reproduction (P < 0.001***) and fish kairomone-induced reduction in the size at first reproduction (P < 0.001***)—of the D. magna individuals is also crucial, as such alterations could significantly influence future generations and result in ultimate adverse effects at the community level because large-bodied daphnids are key-stone species in freshwater ecosystems. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of taking into account environmentally realistic conditions while investigating the effects of NOEC levels of toxicants on non-target aquatic species.
We have determined the allele and genotype frequencies of six PCR-based genetic markers HLA-DQα, ... more We have determined the allele and genotype frequencies of six PCR-based genetic markers HLA-DQα, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8 and GC in the Turkish population (n = 361 for HLA-DQα, and n = 260 for PM). All loci meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The frequency data can be used in forensic analyses in the Turkish population.
The genetic structure of two brown trout Salmo trutta populations living in Lake Abant in Bolu an... more The genetic structure of two brown trout Salmo trutta populations living in Lake Abant in Bolu and Üzüm River in Antalya was determined by examining 15 enzyme coding loci (AAT, ADH, LDH, MDH, MEP, GPI, PGM and SOD) using starch gel electrophoresis. Population specific mobilities were observed for the fixed alleles of LDH-B2, mMEP-2 and SOD-1 loci. Polymorphisms in sAA T-4, GPI-B2 loci were observed within the populations. Average heterozygosity of Abant and Antalya populations was 0.0358 and 0.0224 respectively. For LDH-C which is the post glaciation marker locus, the ancestral allele *105 was found to be fixed in both of the populations. Nei's genetic distance between the two populations was 0.2507 which is the level of genetic distance often found between different species. This difference seems to be due to the presence of unique alleles in the LDH-B2, mMEP-2 and SOD-1 loci of the Abant population, indicating that the conservation of the Abant population and its heterozygosity is of prime importance.
To determine the genetic structure and variation of Van cats and some other cats, seven enzyme lo... more To determine the genetic structure and variation of Van cats and some other cats, seven enzyme loci were examined using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. ME bands were observed for the first time in cats. For the enzyme loci CA 1 , SOD, GPI, and GOT, neither the individual Van cats nor the specimens of other cat species exhibited any variation. These enzymes presented identical bands, all of which were homozygous. With respect to the PGD, ME, and ESD loci, however, genetic variation was observed in all of the cats. Hence, three of the seven gene–enzyme systems (43%) were polymorphic with two alleles, contributing to an estimate of average heterozygosity of 0.33–0.49 for the Van cats. PGD was the most discriminatory among the three polymorphic loci. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the Van, Persian, Turkish Angora, and Turkish Tekir cats are distinct from Siamese and Bombay cats.
Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) called environmental endocrine disruptors has been shown to ac... more Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) called environmental endocrine disruptors has been shown to accumulate in water around the world. In this study, the pollution level of alkylphenolic compounds was measured and quantified in water, sediment, and the tissues of fishes collected in two rivers, Sakarya and Degirmendere Rivers, Turkey. Butylphenol (BP) were detected in sediment samples at one sampling stations of both rivers with 1.68 and 3.15 μg/g sediment, while nonylphenol (NP) were detected with the amount of 4.46 μg/g sediment in one sampling station in Degirmendere river. Fish samples also showed the presence of alkylphenolic compounds in both rivers. The level of alkylphenol pollution in two rivers of Turkey was determined to be in the range of alkylphenol level reported in Europe but lower than that of in the USA.
The involvement of the Y chromosome in sex determination was determined by the development and th... more The involvement of the Y chromosome in sex determination was determined by the development and the application of techniques for karyotyping the mammalian chromosome in 1960s. There were many reports on the particular region of the Y chromosome, such as histocompatibility (H-Y) antigen, bandit krait minor satellite (Bkm) the zinc finger Y gene (ZFY) and the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) which were believed to be the testis determining factors. However, converging experimental evidence have indicated that the sex determining region of the Y chromosome (sry) is the testis determining factor (TDF) in mammalian species since sex is determined genetically at the time of fertilization in these species. In non-mammalian vertebrates especially in fishes, amphibians and reptiles, genotypic sex can be overridden by the external application of steroid hormones and temperature. In this review paper, after reviewing the complex literature on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in all vertebrates, the potential danger of environmentally induced sex determination will be focused on.
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