A central argument for public funding of elite sport is the claim that success at the Olympic Gam... more A central argument for public funding of elite sport is the claim that success at the Olympic Games or world championships leads to increasing international prestige for cities and states. While this assumption seems plausible in general, it clearly lacks specification. Given this, we first discuss here several theoretical approaches in order to unpack which forms of prestige can be sought by states in which kind of sports and events. Second, we summarize the (rather limited) state of empirical research on the topic. Third, secondary data, offering possible indicators for sport-induced changes in international prestige, are presented and discussed. The resulting picture reveals that the formula 'the more success, the more prestige' is too simple. The paper concludes by suggesting methodological approaches towards a more systematic analysis of states' use of sport to acquire international prestige.
The spiralling costs of hosting sports mega-events (SMEs) are usually
justified by the ‘legacies’... more The spiralling costs of hosting sports mega-events (SMEs) are usually justified by the ‘legacies’ that they produce. Therefore, this article begins by problematising the notion of SME ‘legacies’ and the benefits they are intended to bring to hosts. The article serves as a general introduction to the papers that follow in this Special Issue. Common to all papers is a concern with the multifaceted nature of ‘legacy’, its meaning to a variety of stakeholders involved in such events and how this impacts policy. The belief in the causal relationship between hosting major events and the realisation of specific legacies – increased sport participation in London’s case, highlighted in this paper – underpinned the United Kingdom’s bidding for, and subsequent hosting of, the Olympics. Thus, this paper serves as a discussion of some of the key concepts in, and assumptions about, the use of SMEs to produce a legacy for the hosting state.
1. Of 'politics' and 'sport'
2. The study of sport politics
3. Sport, the state and national iden... more 1. Of 'politics' and 'sport' 2. The study of sport politics 3. Sport, the state and national identity 4. The political economy of sport 5. Sport and the media 6. A politician's dream: sport and social capital 7. The politics of performance sport: why do states invest in elite sport? 8. Domestic and international governance of sport 9. Doping matters 10. Public diplomacy, soft power and sport 11. The future of sport politics
Joseph Nye’s concept of ‘Soft Power’ has become an increasingly used term to help explain why sta... more Joseph Nye’s concept of ‘Soft Power’ has become an increasingly used term to help explain why states – including so-called ‘emerging states’ – are paying greater attention towards acquiring various forms of cultural and political attraction. However, within mainstream International Relations, Political Science, and Sport Studies literature, a continuous debate remains as to what actually constitutes soft power, how national leaders go about acquiring it, and how forms of attraction convert into power outcomes in both the short- and long-term. This paper endeavours to overcome these issues by offering an ‘Ideal-Type’ model which details states’ soft power strategies, the mechanisms they use, and the tangible future outcomes they gain. The paper is separated into five sections. First the concept of soft power is introduced and its contribution, application and limitations are critically evaluated. Second, crucial background information on the various national authorities engaged with to arrive at the ideal type is offered, along with a discussion of the research methods used. Third, the paper advances an ideal-type model of a state’s soft power strategy, explicitly detailing, in the process, the considerations and rationale behind the design. Fourth, empirical data gathered by the authors around Germany’s hosting of the 2006 FIFA World Cup and Qatar’s acquisition of the 2022 FIFA World Cup is used as ‘test cases’ to show the utility of the ideal-type. The paper concludes by reflecting on the contribution this model makes to current literature and how it could be used in future research.
Central to this article is the use of sports mega-events as part of a state’s ‘soft power’ strate... more Central to this article is the use of sports mega-events as part of a state’s ‘soft power’ strategy. The article offers two things. First, a critique of the ‘soft power’ concept and a clearer understanding of what it refers to by drawing on the political use of sports mega-events by states; second, the article seeks to understand how and why sports mega-events are attractive to states with different political systems and at different stages of economic development. To this end a case study of an advanced capitalist state (London Olympics, 2012) and a so-called ‘emerging’ state (FIFA World Cup, 2014; Rio Olympics, 2016) will be undertaken in order to shed light on the role of sports events as part of soft power strategies across different categories of states.
Key Words: Soft power; sports mega-events; political use of sport; Brazil; UK
The aim of this article is twofold: first, to present an accessible way of introducing students t... more The aim of this article is twofold: first, to present an accessible way of introducing students to the key generic terms of social science research. There is an obvious need for clarifying the generic tools and terminology of the social sciences across the disciplines, as academics argue past each other, using identical terms but attaching different meanings to them. Secondly, this article presents the interrelationship between the core concepts of social science (ontology, epistemology, methodology, methods and sources). This ‘directional’ and logical relationship needs to be understood, if students – and academics – are to engage in constructive dialogue and criticism of each others’ work.
Sport and politics have long been linked, but the Olympic Games represent the most political spor... more Sport and politics have long been linked, but the Olympic Games represent the most political sports event of all. The following article focuses on two of the most important aspects of the Olympics (and sports ‘mega-events’ in general) that students of politics and international relations could make a major contribution towards: the use of the Olympics by states to showcase the host nation and the hoped-for ‘legacies’ that arise from them. Both aspects are, of course, interlinked: the ‘legacies’ are often put forward as the key rationale for the bidding for, and hosting of, the Olympics.
This article adds to the growing body of knowledge in sport pedagogy and focuses specifically upo... more This article adds to the growing body of knowledge in sport pedagogy and focuses specifically upon the intersection of gender and disability. Its purpose is twofold, to create a typology for examining good practice in sport pedagogy that is reflective and inclusive and raises awareness of the diverse needs of all participants in physical activity ‘regardless’ of gender and ability for all children. We acknowledge that access to physical activity, education and sport are complex and multifaceted, however, the main purpose of this paper is to raise awareness of ‘diversity’ by focusing specifically upon the role of gender and ability. Through an examination of gender and disability policies in official European Union (EU) policy documents and commercial examples of policy-in-practice we propose a typology for diversity and diversity management. A close look at EU level is instructive because national policies of the member countries vary a lot with respect to diversity issues but should be in accordance in the main areas. Such a reading enables the building of a typology of recommendations for how such policy can be rendered in sport pedagogy practice. We suggest six significant, but related principles that include (1) mainstreaming; (2) teaching and coaching sensitive to difference; (3) empowerment; (4) inclusion; (5) adaptation; and (6) inner differentiation. This holistic typology seeks to ‘mainstream’ issues of gender and disability policy by providing a set of principles that can be applied to a range of teaching and coaching settings.
Coalition formation in the Federal Republic of Germany has, following unification in 1990, become... more Coalition formation in the Federal Republic of Germany has, following unification in 1990, become a more complex process. This is particularly true in the eastern states, where the existence of a problematic partner (the post-communist Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS)) further complicates coalition options. As a result of its eastern heritage and its successful representation of eastern German interests, the PDS is likely to be an important actor in the medium/long-term future. This article argues that if the Social Democratic Party (SPD) is going to form governing majorities in the eastern states, it must, therefore, come to some sort of practical accommodation with the PDS.
This article uses data from Sport England's Active People Survey (APS) to explore trends and demo... more This article uses data from Sport England's Active People Survey (APS) to explore trends and demographic influences on participation in sporting and physical activities. On the basis of the analysis undertaken, this article considers the extent to which the APS data can be useful both to scholars of sport studies and to inform sport policymakers. Multivariate models are employed and a range of indicators of participation are utilized as dependent variables. These include participation in sport and exercise in general as well as participation in specific activities namely walking, cycling, swimming and athletics. The article concludes that analysis of the APS data can shed light on interesting trends and relationships that could assist an understanding of sport participation and inform policymakers.
... Olympic sport around this time appeared to live up to George Orwell's well-known dictum ... more ... Olympic sport around this time appeared to live up to George Orwell's well-known dictum of simply being 'war minus the shooting' (Orwell, 1945), with ... of a victory: 'Quality' can be taken to be the extent to which victory produces the feelgood factor and national pride (as these ...
A central argument for public funding of elite sport is the claim that success at the Olympic Gam... more A central argument for public funding of elite sport is the claim that success at the Olympic Games or world championships leads to increasing international prestige for cities and states. While this assumption seems plausible in general, it clearly lacks specification. Given this, we first discuss here several theoretical approaches in order to unpack which forms of prestige can be sought by states in which kind of sports and events. Second, we summarize the (rather limited) state of empirical research on the topic. Third, secondary data, offering possible indicators for sport-induced changes in international prestige, are presented and discussed. The resulting picture reveals that the formula 'the more success, the more prestige' is too simple. The paper concludes by suggesting methodological approaches towards a more systematic analysis of states' use of sport to acquire international prestige.
The spiralling costs of hosting sports mega-events (SMEs) are usually
justified by the ‘legacies’... more The spiralling costs of hosting sports mega-events (SMEs) are usually justified by the ‘legacies’ that they produce. Therefore, this article begins by problematising the notion of SME ‘legacies’ and the benefits they are intended to bring to hosts. The article serves as a general introduction to the papers that follow in this Special Issue. Common to all papers is a concern with the multifaceted nature of ‘legacy’, its meaning to a variety of stakeholders involved in such events and how this impacts policy. The belief in the causal relationship between hosting major events and the realisation of specific legacies – increased sport participation in London’s case, highlighted in this paper – underpinned the United Kingdom’s bidding for, and subsequent hosting of, the Olympics. Thus, this paper serves as a discussion of some of the key concepts in, and assumptions about, the use of SMEs to produce a legacy for the hosting state.
1. Of 'politics' and 'sport'
2. The study of sport politics
3. Sport, the state and national iden... more 1. Of 'politics' and 'sport' 2. The study of sport politics 3. Sport, the state and national identity 4. The political economy of sport 5. Sport and the media 6. A politician's dream: sport and social capital 7. The politics of performance sport: why do states invest in elite sport? 8. Domestic and international governance of sport 9. Doping matters 10. Public diplomacy, soft power and sport 11. The future of sport politics
Joseph Nye’s concept of ‘Soft Power’ has become an increasingly used term to help explain why sta... more Joseph Nye’s concept of ‘Soft Power’ has become an increasingly used term to help explain why states – including so-called ‘emerging states’ – are paying greater attention towards acquiring various forms of cultural and political attraction. However, within mainstream International Relations, Political Science, and Sport Studies literature, a continuous debate remains as to what actually constitutes soft power, how national leaders go about acquiring it, and how forms of attraction convert into power outcomes in both the short- and long-term. This paper endeavours to overcome these issues by offering an ‘Ideal-Type’ model which details states’ soft power strategies, the mechanisms they use, and the tangible future outcomes they gain. The paper is separated into five sections. First the concept of soft power is introduced and its contribution, application and limitations are critically evaluated. Second, crucial background information on the various national authorities engaged with to arrive at the ideal type is offered, along with a discussion of the research methods used. Third, the paper advances an ideal-type model of a state’s soft power strategy, explicitly detailing, in the process, the considerations and rationale behind the design. Fourth, empirical data gathered by the authors around Germany’s hosting of the 2006 FIFA World Cup and Qatar’s acquisition of the 2022 FIFA World Cup is used as ‘test cases’ to show the utility of the ideal-type. The paper concludes by reflecting on the contribution this model makes to current literature and how it could be used in future research.
Central to this article is the use of sports mega-events as part of a state’s ‘soft power’ strate... more Central to this article is the use of sports mega-events as part of a state’s ‘soft power’ strategy. The article offers two things. First, a critique of the ‘soft power’ concept and a clearer understanding of what it refers to by drawing on the political use of sports mega-events by states; second, the article seeks to understand how and why sports mega-events are attractive to states with different political systems and at different stages of economic development. To this end a case study of an advanced capitalist state (London Olympics, 2012) and a so-called ‘emerging’ state (FIFA World Cup, 2014; Rio Olympics, 2016) will be undertaken in order to shed light on the role of sports events as part of soft power strategies across different categories of states.
Key Words: Soft power; sports mega-events; political use of sport; Brazil; UK
The aim of this article is twofold: first, to present an accessible way of introducing students t... more The aim of this article is twofold: first, to present an accessible way of introducing students to the key generic terms of social science research. There is an obvious need for clarifying the generic tools and terminology of the social sciences across the disciplines, as academics argue past each other, using identical terms but attaching different meanings to them. Secondly, this article presents the interrelationship between the core concepts of social science (ontology, epistemology, methodology, methods and sources). This ‘directional’ and logical relationship needs to be understood, if students – and academics – are to engage in constructive dialogue and criticism of each others’ work.
Sport and politics have long been linked, but the Olympic Games represent the most political spor... more Sport and politics have long been linked, but the Olympic Games represent the most political sports event of all. The following article focuses on two of the most important aspects of the Olympics (and sports ‘mega-events’ in general) that students of politics and international relations could make a major contribution towards: the use of the Olympics by states to showcase the host nation and the hoped-for ‘legacies’ that arise from them. Both aspects are, of course, interlinked: the ‘legacies’ are often put forward as the key rationale for the bidding for, and hosting of, the Olympics.
This article adds to the growing body of knowledge in sport pedagogy and focuses specifically upo... more This article adds to the growing body of knowledge in sport pedagogy and focuses specifically upon the intersection of gender and disability. Its purpose is twofold, to create a typology for examining good practice in sport pedagogy that is reflective and inclusive and raises awareness of the diverse needs of all participants in physical activity ‘regardless’ of gender and ability for all children. We acknowledge that access to physical activity, education and sport are complex and multifaceted, however, the main purpose of this paper is to raise awareness of ‘diversity’ by focusing specifically upon the role of gender and ability. Through an examination of gender and disability policies in official European Union (EU) policy documents and commercial examples of policy-in-practice we propose a typology for diversity and diversity management. A close look at EU level is instructive because national policies of the member countries vary a lot with respect to diversity issues but should be in accordance in the main areas. Such a reading enables the building of a typology of recommendations for how such policy can be rendered in sport pedagogy practice. We suggest six significant, but related principles that include (1) mainstreaming; (2) teaching and coaching sensitive to difference; (3) empowerment; (4) inclusion; (5) adaptation; and (6) inner differentiation. This holistic typology seeks to ‘mainstream’ issues of gender and disability policy by providing a set of principles that can be applied to a range of teaching and coaching settings.
Coalition formation in the Federal Republic of Germany has, following unification in 1990, become... more Coalition formation in the Federal Republic of Germany has, following unification in 1990, become a more complex process. This is particularly true in the eastern states, where the existence of a problematic partner (the post-communist Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS)) further complicates coalition options. As a result of its eastern heritage and its successful representation of eastern German interests, the PDS is likely to be an important actor in the medium/long-term future. This article argues that if the Social Democratic Party (SPD) is going to form governing majorities in the eastern states, it must, therefore, come to some sort of practical accommodation with the PDS.
This article uses data from Sport England's Active People Survey (APS) to explore trends and demo... more This article uses data from Sport England's Active People Survey (APS) to explore trends and demographic influences on participation in sporting and physical activities. On the basis of the analysis undertaken, this article considers the extent to which the APS data can be useful both to scholars of sport studies and to inform sport policymakers. Multivariate models are employed and a range of indicators of participation are utilized as dependent variables. These include participation in sport and exercise in general as well as participation in specific activities namely walking, cycling, swimming and athletics. The article concludes that analysis of the APS data can shed light on interesting trends and relationships that could assist an understanding of sport participation and inform policymakers.
... Olympic sport around this time appeared to live up to George Orwell's well-known dictum ... more ... Olympic sport around this time appeared to live up to George Orwell's well-known dictum of simply being 'war minus the shooting' (Orwell, 1945), with ... of a victory: 'Quality' can be taken to be the extent to which victory produces the feelgood factor and national pride (as these ...
Paul Michael Brannagan, Jonathan Grix and Ceri Wynne
consider Brazil’s hosting of the 2014 FIFA W... more Paul Michael Brannagan, Jonathan Grix and Ceri Wynne consider Brazil’s hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in the context of ‘soft power’, and question whether the Olympics can deliver better results
The online article - aimed towards university students across the globe - relates Joseph Nye's co... more The online article - aimed towards university students across the globe - relates Joseph Nye's concept of 'Soft Power' to Qatar's acquisition of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
Physical education and sport pedagogy, Oct 11, 2012
ABSTRACT Background: International concern regarding the marginalisation of physical education in... more ABSTRACT Background: International concern regarding the marginalisation of physical education in school curricula worldwide led to international calls for the establishment and strengthening of national, regional and local networks to integrate physical education into education, sports, health and related policies. The subsequent introduction of the national Physical Education, School Sport and Club Links (PESSCL) strategy in England in 2002 appeared to address some of these concerns and was an innovative, ground breaking infrastructure in which schools and local partners worked together to deliver PESS to their communities. The School to Club Links (SCL) initiative was one of nine PESSCL work strands designed to empower and strengthen the links between schools and local sports clubs in order to increase the number of children and young people in accredited sports clubs. A European Union (EU) study entitled the Current Situation and Prospects for Physical Education in the European Union trumpeted the PESSCL strategy as a model of good practice.
1. Introduction: London 2012 and its legacies 2. Understanding the impact of sport coaching on le... more 1. Introduction: London 2012 and its legacies 2. Understanding the impact of sport coaching on legacy 3. 'Scienciness' and the allure of second-hand strategy in talent identification and development 4. An analysis of the policy process for physical education and school sport: the rise and demise of school sport partnerships 5. Physical education and youth sport in England: conceptual and practical foundations for an Olympic legacy? 6. The Olympic legacy and participation in sport: an interim assessment of Sport England's Active People Survey for sports studies research 7. Can viewing London 2012 influence sport participation? - a viewpoint based on relevant theory 8. London 2012 Olympic legacy: a big sporting society? 9. The Olympic Movement and Islamic culture: conflict or compromise for Muslim women? 10. Policy transfer, regeneration legacy and the summer Olympic Games: lessons for London 2012 and beyond
The second half of our analysis of doping in East German sport picks up on the story of the compr... more The second half of our analysis of doping in East German sport picks up on the story of the comprehensive system as it evolved from the mid-1970s onwards. Here we discuss the number of people involved in administering drugs and those being doped; the dosage of drugs administered and to whom, including minors; and the effects of long-term drug use on athletes’ well-being. We then turn to the final, troublesome decade of the state’s existence, the 1980s. The complex doping apparatus functioned against the backdrop of a fast deteriorating economy, internal political pressure to perform better — including ever fewer children feeding into the elite sport talent and training pool (see Chapter 3) — and increasing competition posed by external competitors professionalising their own sports systems. We finish with the post-Wende trials, an integral element in the complex and divisive process of seeking to come to terms with the East German doping past. As in other areas of German-German legal proceedings following the collapse of the GDR, courts of justice dealing with sport and doping were rife with allegations, counter-allegations, denials and accusations of ‘victor’s justice’ by the West.
International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, Jul 8, 2010
The 'governance debate'is one of the most influential intellectual conceptualisations o... more The 'governance debate'is one of the most influential intellectual conceptualisations of recent changes in British politics and policy in the fields of public administration and political science. This paper has two purposes: first, it introduces sport policy scholars and ...
Sport is employed as a lens through which one can understand better the social and political inne... more Sport is employed as a lens through which one can understand better the social and political inner workings of dictatorship. This paper treats sport as a cultural institution within GDR (German Democratic Republic) society and sets out to complement the two broad paradigms used ...
This paper introduces the two main competing approaches that attempt to explain east German polit... more This paper introduces the two main competing approaches that attempt to explain east German political attitudes in post‐unification Germany, the ‘situational thesis’ and the ‘socialisation thesis’. Furthermore, the paper suggests that these ‘either/or’ approaches are in fact inseparable and only make sense when taken together. Political attitudes in east Germany are influenced by the past, the recent past and the present. The result of both the socialisation process in the GDR and the traumatic transformation process following unification is weak civic participation and a lack of trust in formal institutions. Without trust and without a vibrant civil society, economic performance will remain low.
By discussing the German-Polish Euroregion Pro Europa Viadrina (PEV) as a potential social capita... more By discussing the German-Polish Euroregion Pro Europa Viadrina (PEV) as a potential social capital maximizer, this article develops a new prism through which to analyse cross-border relations. The structure and activities of the Euroregion suggest an ability to play a ...
... The Current State of the Debate JONATHAN GRIX Introduction ... Democratization, Vol.8, No.3, ... more ... The Current State of the Debate JONATHAN GRIX Introduction ... Democratization, Vol.8, No.3, Autumn 2001, pp.189–210 PUBLISHED BY FRANK CASS, LONDON Dr Jonathan Grix is Assistant Director, Institute for German Studies, University of Birmingham. ...
We have touched upon some of the similarities of the contemporary UK’s system of elite sport deve... more We have touched upon some of the similarities of the contemporary UK’s system of elite sport development and the historical East German model in previous chapters, including its raison d’etre. The following develops this theme further by suggesting that the GDR’s success in elite sport may have influenced a number of key sporting nations today.1 Although still relatively new, research into elite sport development (or ESD) has grown in recent years due to the fact that governments across the world are increasingly intervening and investing in elite sport.2 The broad-brush reasons why states invest in elite sport are, we believe, not too dissimilar to those of East Germany: international prestige and an attempt to underpin a national identity via sporting success. Thus, the following discussion builds on the pioneering work of Green, and Green and Houlihan3 and contends that we are witnessing a convergence of sports systems that, at their core, have striking similarities with the one dealt with in this book.4
The contribution of illegal and unethical performance-enhancing substances towards the triumphs o... more The contribution of illegal and unethical performance-enhancing substances towards the triumphs of GDR athletes is a bitterly contested issue. For some the widespread central doping programme is emblematic of a ruthless totalitarian state, for others this kind of criticism is symptomatic of a failure to appreciate the positive aspects of GDR sport and society. As we discuss in Chapter 7, the official explanation for sporting success focused on the mutual benefits of the intertwining of elite and popular sport in a socialist society that, unlike the capitalist variant, was typically characterised by equal and ample opportunities for all citizens to develop their intellectual and physical capacities. SED leaders Ulbricht and Honecker hailed the GDR commitment to making sports and physical culture an everyday need for everyone and, as we have seen, this right is enshrined in the GDR Constitution. Doping was antithetical to this mission. A pamphlet issued in 1978 for explaining the GDR sports system to a wide audience denied accusations that the sports miracle was achieved through ‘the poison of doping’ and unashamedly asserted that the GDR, in conjunction with the other socialist states, was one of the leaders in the fight against the doping ‘nightmare’ characteristic of commercialised sport in the capitalist countries.1 Not only did officials such as Ewald deny any significant role for doping in GDR sporting success but they also lauded the state’s fight for a drug-free sport both domestically and internationally.
International Journal of The History of Sport, Feb 19, 2008
The German Democratic Republic's sports system, often termed a 'sports miracle', p... more The German Democratic Republic's sports system, often termed a 'sports miracle', produced outstanding results in international sport. Drug abuse aside, this system appeared to be based on a robust and symbiotic relationship with mass sport, which was amply provided ...
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Journal Articles by Jonathan Grix
justified by the ‘legacies’ that they produce. Therefore, this article begins
by problematising the notion of SME ‘legacies’ and the benefits they are
intended to bring to hosts. The article serves as a general introduction to
the papers that follow in this Special Issue. Common to all papers is a
concern with the multifaceted nature of ‘legacy’, its meaning to a variety
of stakeholders involved in such events and how this impacts policy. The
belief in the causal relationship between hosting major events and the
realisation of specific legacies – increased sport participation in London’s
case, highlighted in this paper – underpinned the United Kingdom’s
bidding for, and subsequent hosting of, the Olympics. Thus, this paper
serves as a discussion of some of the key concepts in, and assumptions
about, the use of SMEs to produce a legacy for the hosting state.
2. The study of sport politics
3. Sport, the state and national identity
4. The political economy of sport
5. Sport and the media
6. A politician's dream: sport and social capital
7. The politics of performance sport: why do states invest in elite sport?
8. Domestic and international governance of sport
9. Doping matters
10. Public diplomacy, soft power and sport
11. The future of sport politics
Key Words: Soft power; sports mega-events; political use of sport; Brazil; UK
justified by the ‘legacies’ that they produce. Therefore, this article begins
by problematising the notion of SME ‘legacies’ and the benefits they are
intended to bring to hosts. The article serves as a general introduction to
the papers that follow in this Special Issue. Common to all papers is a
concern with the multifaceted nature of ‘legacy’, its meaning to a variety
of stakeholders involved in such events and how this impacts policy. The
belief in the causal relationship between hosting major events and the
realisation of specific legacies – increased sport participation in London’s
case, highlighted in this paper – underpinned the United Kingdom’s
bidding for, and subsequent hosting of, the Olympics. Thus, this paper
serves as a discussion of some of the key concepts in, and assumptions
about, the use of SMEs to produce a legacy for the hosting state.
2. The study of sport politics
3. Sport, the state and national identity
4. The political economy of sport
5. Sport and the media
6. A politician's dream: sport and social capital
7. The politics of performance sport: why do states invest in elite sport?
8. Domestic and international governance of sport
9. Doping matters
10. Public diplomacy, soft power and sport
11. The future of sport politics
Key Words: Soft power; sports mega-events; political use of sport; Brazil; UK
consider Brazil’s hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in the context of
‘soft power’, and question whether the Olympics can deliver better results