The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2015
Deep brain stimulation is an experimental intervention for treatment-resistant depression. Open t... more Deep brain stimulation is an experimental intervention for treatment-resistant depression. Open trials have shown a sustained response to chronic stimulation in many subjects. However, two recent randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials failed to replicate these results. This article is a conceptual paper examining potential explanations for these discrepant findings. We conducted a systematic review of the published studies obtained from PubMed and PsycINFO. Studies were selected if they directly examined the impact of deep brain stimulation on depressive symptoms. We excluded case reports and papers re-describing the same cohort of patients. We compared them with data from the placebo-controlled trials, available from Clinicaltrials.gov and abstracts of the American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. We supplemented our investigation by reviewing additional publications by the major groups undertaking deep brain stimulation for mood disorders. We sele...
Mobile phones and other remote monitoring devices, collectively referred to as "mHealth,&quo... more Mobile phones and other remote monitoring devices, collectively referred to as "mHealth," promise to transform the treatment of a range of conditions, including movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. In this viewpoint paper, we use Parkinson's disease as an example, although most considerations discussed below are valid for a wide variety of conditions. The ability to easily collect vast arrays of personal data over long periods will give clinicians and researchers unique insights into disease treatment and progression. These capabilities also pose new ethical challenges that health care professionals will need to manage if this promise is to be realized with minimal risk of harm. These challenges include privacy protection when anonymity is not always possible, minimization of third-party uses of mHealth data, informing patients of complex risks when obtaining consent, managing data in ways that maximize benefit while minimizing the potential for disclos...
Carter, A., Capps, B. and Hall, W. (2008) Implicazioni etiche e politiche delle applicazioni dell... more Carter, A., Capps, B. and Hall, W. (2008) Implicazioni etiche e politiche delle applicazioni della ricerca neurobiologica sulle dipendenze [Ethical and political implications of neurobiological research applications addictions]. Medicina delle Tossicodipendenze, 60 : 39-46. ... Un problema fondamentale nei dibattiti sulle implicazioni etiche dell'approccio neuroscientifico alla tossicodipendenza è quanta "autonomia" il soggetto dipendente possegga, ovvero quanta capacità di compiere "scelte" libere e consapevoli. ... A key issue in debates on the ethical implications of the ...
Carter, A., Capps, B. and Hall, W. (2008) Implicazioni etiche e politiche delle applicazioni dell... more Carter, A., Capps, B. and Hall, W. (2008) Implicazioni etiche e politiche delle applicazioni della ricerca neurobiologica sulle dipendenze [Ethical and political implications of neurobiological research applications addictions]. Medicina delle Tossicodipendenze, 60 : 39-46. ... Un problema fondamentale nei dibattiti sulle implicazioni etiche dell'approccio neuroscientifico alla tossicodipendenza è quanta "autonomia" il soggetto dipendente possegga, ovvero quanta capacità di compiere "scelte" libere e consapevoli. ... A key issue in debates on the ethical implications of the ...
The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2015
Deep brain stimulation is an experimental intervention for treatment-resistant depression. Open t... more Deep brain stimulation is an experimental intervention for treatment-resistant depression. Open trials have shown a sustained response to chronic stimulation in many subjects. However, two recent randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials failed to replicate these results. This article is a conceptual paper examining potential explanations for these discrepant findings. We conducted a systematic review of the published studies obtained from PubMed and PsycINFO. Studies were selected if they directly examined the impact of deep brain stimulation on depressive symptoms. We excluded case reports and papers re-describing the same cohort of patients. We compared them with data from the placebo-controlled trials, available from Clinicaltrials.gov and abstracts of the American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. We supplemented our investigation by reviewing additional publications by the major groups undertaking deep brain stimulation for mood disorders. We sele...
Mobile phones and other remote monitoring devices, collectively referred to as "mHealth,&quo... more Mobile phones and other remote monitoring devices, collectively referred to as "mHealth," promise to transform the treatment of a range of conditions, including movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. In this viewpoint paper, we use Parkinson's disease as an example, although most considerations discussed below are valid for a wide variety of conditions. The ability to easily collect vast arrays of personal data over long periods will give clinicians and researchers unique insights into disease treatment and progression. These capabilities also pose new ethical challenges that health care professionals will need to manage if this promise is to be realized with minimal risk of harm. These challenges include privacy protection when anonymity is not always possible, minimization of third-party uses of mHealth data, informing patients of complex risks when obtaining consent, managing data in ways that maximize benefit while minimizing the potential for disclos...
Carter, A., Capps, B. and Hall, W. (2008) Implicazioni etiche e politiche delle applicazioni dell... more Carter, A., Capps, B. and Hall, W. (2008) Implicazioni etiche e politiche delle applicazioni della ricerca neurobiologica sulle dipendenze [Ethical and political implications of neurobiological research applications addictions]. Medicina delle Tossicodipendenze, 60 : 39-46. ... Un problema fondamentale nei dibattiti sulle implicazioni etiche dell'approccio neuroscientifico alla tossicodipendenza è quanta "autonomia" il soggetto dipendente possegga, ovvero quanta capacità di compiere "scelte" libere e consapevoli. ... A key issue in debates on the ethical implications of the ...
Carter, A., Capps, B. and Hall, W. (2008) Implicazioni etiche e politiche delle applicazioni dell... more Carter, A., Capps, B. and Hall, W. (2008) Implicazioni etiche e politiche delle applicazioni della ricerca neurobiologica sulle dipendenze [Ethical and political implications of neurobiological research applications addictions]. Medicina delle Tossicodipendenze, 60 : 39-46. ... Un problema fondamentale nei dibattiti sulle implicazioni etiche dell'approccio neuroscientifico alla tossicodipendenza è quanta "autonomia" il soggetto dipendente possegga, ovvero quanta capacità di compiere "scelte" libere e consapevoli. ... A key issue in debates on the ethical implications of the ...
An optical technique based on confocal scanning optical microscopy (CSOM) is used to image the fe... more An optical technique based on confocal scanning optical microscopy (CSOM) is used to image the ferroelectric polarization of BaxSr1−xTiO3 (BST) thin films at room temperature with submicron spatial resolution. BST films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on (100) SrTiO3 and MgO substrates at 750 °C in 300 mTorr of oxygen and postdeposition annealed in flowing oxygen at temperatures ⩽1250
The role of radiotherapy to the prostate bed after radical prostatectomy is the subject of much d... more The role of radiotherapy to the prostate bed after radical prostatectomy is the subject of much debate. We carried out a retrospective analysis of all patients treated with either adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) or salvage radiotherapy (SRT) in a single UK cancer centre and compared outcomes with published studies. All patients receiving radiotherapy at any time after a radical prostatectomy were identified and data collected. Patients were referred for ART because of positive surgical margins. SRT was carried out in patients with a detectable or rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) postoperatively. Patients received either 55 Gy in 20 fractions or 60-64 Gy in 30-32 fractions. All but eight patients were treated using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Both groups were combined for statistical analysis. Biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS) was calculated and displayed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox regression was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. In total, 40 patients received postoperative radiotherapy and had a 3-year overall BPFS of 64%. There was no significant difference in 3-year BPFS between ART and SRT (73% vs 61%, P=0.33). Univariate analysis showed that 3-year BPFS was significantly longer if the highest postoperative PSA was<0.5 ng/ml compared with> or =0.5 ng/ml (83% vs 47%, P=0.019), and if the Gleason grade was <7 compared with > or =7 (92% vs 49%, P=0.007). A PSA at diagnosis<10 ng/ml, positive surgical margins, absence of seminal vesicle involvement and neoadjuvant hormones were all associated with a trend towards improved BPFS. Patients with all of these factors had a 3-year BPFS of 91%. Multivariate analysis of the same parameters showed that only Gleason grade remained statistically significant (P=0.019). The results from this series are in line with published studies, and support the evidence that prostate bed radiotherapy may affect biochemical control in a proportion of patients at risk of relapse. It is not clear whether ART in patients at high risk of relapse or SRT on relapse is most effective.
Two optical techniques are used to map the electric polarization in BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) thin films... more Two optical techniques are used to map the electric polarization in BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) thin films at room temperature. The first, confocal scanning optical microscopy (CSOM), is a diffraction-limited technique with wide applicability and ease of use. CSOM images taken at different static electric fields show reorientation of ferroelectric nanodomains. Local hysteresis loops, obtained by cycling the applied electric field at
ABSTRACT It is shown that continuous-wave kW-power fibre lasers can be built using double-clad fi... more ABSTRACT It is shown that continuous-wave kW-power fibre lasers can be built using double-clad fibres with relatively small cores. 810 W in a single-transverse-mode output (M2=1.27) is demonstrated experimentally with 20 μm core low-NA (NA=0.06) Yb-doped double-clad fibre. A laser numerical model matches experimental results and predicts scalability of achievable powers into a multi-kW range.
... Ist September 1992 ALG Carter and M. G. bats (Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University ofS... more ... Ist September 1992 ALG Carter and M. G. bats (Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University ofSydney, NSW 2006, Australia) S. B. Poole (Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Uni-wrsity of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia) References 1 WEBER, M. J., SAROYAN, R ...
... Palynology and mycology of organic clay ... To cite this article: Kris A. Pirozynski, David M... more ... Palynology and mycology of organic clay ... To cite this article: Kris A. Pirozynski, David M. Jarzen, Adrian Carter & Richard G. Day (1988): Palynology and mycology of organic clay balls accompanying mastodon bones—New Brunswick, Canada, Grana, 27:2, 123-139 ...
We have investigated the relationship between energy metabolism, NMDA-receptor antagonism, and an... more We have investigated the relationship between energy metabolism, NMDA-receptor antagonism, and anoxic damage in vitro. Anoxic damage was assessed by measuring protein synthesis, defined as the incorporation of [14C]lysine into perchloric acid-insoluble tissue extracts. The concentrations of energy metabolites were measured by ion-exchange HPLC. Anoxia caused an inhibition of protein synthesis, a reduction in phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate, and extensive neuronal damage. The reduction of protein synthesis depended on the duration of anoxia and the time allowed for recovery. Preincubation with the creatine dose-dependently (0.03-3 mmol/L) increased baseline levels of phosphocreatine, reduced the anoxia-induced decline in phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate, prevented the impairment of protein synthesis, and reduced neuronal death. Incubation with (R,S)-3-guanidinobutyric acid, a synthetic analogue of creatine that cannot be phosphorylated, did not prevent the anoxia-induced impairment of protein synthesis and did not enhance the levels of phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate. Incubation with a combination of both creatine and the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 provided complete protection. These results indicate that energy status is a major factor controlling anoxic damage in the rat hippocampal slice.
Many structurally different, centrally active antagonists of the NMDA receptor-channel complex in... more Many structurally different, centrally active antagonists of the NMDA receptor-channel complex induce phencyclidine-like side effects in mammals which include head weaving, body rolling, sniffing and disturbances of motor coordination. The ability of these compounds to cause disturbances of motor coordination correlates directly with their ability to antagonize the NMDA receptor-channel complex in vivo. Although noncompetitive antagonists increase motility in rodents, whereas competitive antagonists do not, both classes of compounds appear to induce schizophrenia-like psychosis in human beings, and cause similar changes in a variety of different biogenic amine neurotransmitter systems in the limbic and motoric areas of the brain. The complex spectrum of behavioural effects observed after the administration of antagonists of the NMDA receptor-channel complex probably reflects the intricate nature of the interaction with positive and negative feedback loops of the motor circuit. Recent research indicates that the site of integration of this interaction could be the striatal medium spiny GABAergic neuron.
Important developments in fibre technology now allow the realization of fibre lasers with reliabl... more Important developments in fibre technology now allow the realization of fibre lasers with reliable and stable single-mode operation at power levels beyond 1 kW.
Hippocampal slices were transiently exposed to an oxygen- and glucose-free environment which caus... more Hippocampal slices were transiently exposed to an oxygen- and glucose-free environment which causes a pronounced drop of both ATP and creatine phosphate, an anoxic depolarization, and an incomplete recovery of synaptically evoked population spike in the CA1 region after 1 h (48.5 +/- 3.6% of baseline values). This recovery could be markedly enhanced by the application of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. To examine the influence of metabotropic glutamate receptors on neuronal recovery from hypoxia/hypoglycemia, we applied various antagonists and agonists of the metabotropic glutamate receptors to the bath during the interval from 20 min before to 10 after hypoxia/hypoglycemia. The metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists (+)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine and L-2-3- amino-phosphonopropionic acid were both able to enhance the population spike recovery significantly. However, the mixed metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid also exhibited a protective effect on population spike recovery, leaving the anoxic depolarization and N-methyl-D-aspartate responses during the hypoxia/hypoglycemia untouched. With the help of more subtype-specific agonists, we found that an activation of phospholipase C coupled (class 1) metabotropic glutamate receptors prior to hypoxia/hypoglycemia may be responsible for the protective effect seen with 1S, 3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, because the specific class 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist trans-azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid appeared to be highly protective, but only if it was applied 20 min before the hypoxia/hypoglycemia. An activation of class 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors by (2S,1'R,2'R,3'R)-2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity, led to a marked deterioration of the population spike recovery and even to a total prevention of the protective effect of the N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid. Our data suggest that prior activation of class 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors is beneficial, while their activation during hypoxia/hypoglycemia is detrimental. Furthermore, the activation of class 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors decreases the recovery from hypoxia/hypoglycemia.
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