Einsatzgruppen

*Einsatzgruppen*
	Einsatzgruppen beroperasi dibawah pentadbiran Schutzstaffel (SS)
	; Pembunuhan orang Yahudi di Ivanhorod, Ukraine, 1942. Seorang wanita cuba melindungi kanak-kanak dengan badannya sendiri sejurus sebelum mereka menembak dengan senapang pada jarak yang dekat.
Intisari agensi
Dibentuk	sekitar 1939
Agensi terdahulu	Einsatzkommando;
Bidang kuasa	Jerman Nazi; Taklukan Eropah
Ibu pejabat	RSHA, Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, Berlin; 52°30′26″N 13°22′57″E / 52.50722°N 13.38250°E
Kakitangan	sekitar 3,000 (1941)
Menteri bertanggungjawab	Heinrich Himmler, Reichsführer-SS;
Eksekutif agensi	SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, Pengarah, RSHA (1939–1942); SS-Obergruppenführer Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Pengarah, RSHA (1943–1945);
Agensi induk	Allgemeine SS dan RSHA

Einsatzgruppen^[a] (bahasa Jerman: [ˈʔaɪnzatsˌɡʁʊpn̩], "pasukan petugas"^[1] atau "kumpulan gerakan")^[2] ialah skuad maut separa tentera Schutzstaffel (SS) Jerman Nazi yang bertanggungjawab bagi pembunuhan beramai-ramai, terutamanya dengan menembak, semasa Perang Dunia II (1939–45). Einsatzgruppe terlibat dalam pembunuhan kebanyakan intelligentsia dan golongan elite kebudayaan Poland, dan mempunyai peranan penting dalam pelaksanaan Penyelesaian terakhir bagi permasalahan Yahudi (Die Endlösung der Judenfrage) di wilayah-wilayah yang ditakluki oleh Jerman Nazi. Hampir semua orang yang mereka bunuh adalah orang awam, bermula dengan intelligentsia dan dengan pantas berkembang hingga ke komisar politik Soviet, orang Yahudi, dan Gipsi serta puak partisan (samada yang betul atau disyaki) diseluruh Eropah Timur.

Dibawah arahan Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler dan penyeliaan SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, Einsatzgruppen beroperasi di wilayah-wilayah yang diduduki oleh Angkatan Tentera Jerman berikutan pencerobohan Poland pada September 1939 dan Operasi Barbarossa (iaitu pencerobohan Soviet Union) yang dilancarkan dari taklukan Poland pada Jun 1941. Einsatzgruppen bekerja rapat dengan Batalion Polis Orpo di Barisan Timur untuk menjalankan operasi antara dari pembunuhan beberapa orang hingga operasi yang berlanjutan dua hari atau lebih, seperti pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Babi Yar dengan 33,771 orang Yahudi dibunuh dalam masa 2 hari, dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai Rumbula (dengan kira-kira 25,000 orang dibunuh dalam masa 2 hari tembakan). Seperti yang diarahkan oleh pemimpin Nazi Adolf Hitler, pihak Wehrmacht bekerjasama dengan Einsatzgruppen dan menyediakan bantuan logistik untuk operasi mereka. Ahli sejarah Raul Hilberg menganggarkan antara tahun 1941 dan 1945 pasukan Einsatzgruppen dan pasukan bantuan yang berkaitan telah membunuh lebih kurang 2 juta orang, termasuk 1.3 juta Yahudi. Jumlah keseluruhan orang Yahudi yang dibunuh semasa Holokus ialah dianggarkan 5.5 hingga 6 juta orang.

Selepas tamatnya Perang Dunia II, 24 pemimpin kanan Einsatzgruppen telah didakwa dalam Perbicaraan Einsatzgruppen pada tahun 1947–48, dituduh dengan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan dan jenayah perang. 14 hukuman mati dan 2 hukuman penjara seumur hidup telah dijalankan. Empat pemimpin tambahan Einsatzgruppe kemudiannya dibicarakan dan dihukum mati oleh negara lain.

Rujukan

Nota keterangan

^ Singular: Einsatzgruppe; Official full name: Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD

Sumber

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Bacaan lanjut

Earl, Hilary (2009). The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial, 1945–1958: Atrocity, Law, and History. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45608-1.
Förster, Jürgen (1998). "Complicity or Entanglement? The Wehrmacht, the War and the Holocaust". Dalam Berenbaum, Michael; Peck, Abraham (penyunting). The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined. Bloomington: Indian University Press. m/s. 266–283. ISBN 978-0-253-33374-2.
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Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.
Stang, Knut (1996). Kollaboration und Massenmord. Die litauische Hilfspolizei, das Rollkommando Hamann und die Ermordung der litauischen Juden (dalam bahasa German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN 3-631-30895-7.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Pautan luar

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum article on Einsatzgruppen
"Einsatzgruppen" The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

[1] Singular: Einsatzgruppe; Official full name: Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD

[FOOTNOTELEO_Dictionary-2] LEO Dictionary.

[FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-3] Encyclopædia Britannica.

[a]

[1]

[2]

l b s SS
Cawangan	Allgemeine SS Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) Waffen-SS
Pimpinan	Reichsführer-SS Pemimpin SS dan Polis Kakitangan SS Markas SS
Pemimpin	Julius Schreck Joseph Berchtold Erhard Heiden Heinrich Himmler Karl Hanke
Jabatan utama	Pejabat Reichsführer-SS Ibupejabat SS Pejabat Operasi Utama Pejabat Keselamatan Utama Reich (RSHA) Economics and Administration Office Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA) Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI) Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV) Courts Office Personnel Office Education Office
Institusi Ideologik	Ahnenerbe Das Schwarze Korps SS-Junkerschule Bad Tölz
Polis dan pasukan keselamatan	Polis tetap beruniform (Orpo) Polis jenayah (Kripo) Polis Rahsia Negara (Gestapo) Polis Keselamatan Negara (SiPo) Perkhidmatan Keselamatan SS (SD)
Kawalan keselamatan Führer	SS-Begleitkommando des Führers Reichssicherheitsdienst
Unit-unit separa tentera	Einsatzgruppen Ypatingasis būrys Lithuanian Security Police Rollkommando Hamann Arajs Kommando Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Ukrainian collaboration Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz Trawnikis
Divisyen Waffen-SS	Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT) Leibstandarte (LSSAH) Divisyen Totenkopf Divisyen Polizei
Unit asing SS	Germanic-SS Germaansche SS in Nederland Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen Germanske SS Norge Schalburg Corps Britisches Freikorps Europäische Freiwillige S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A. Finnisches Freiwilligen-Bataillon
Syarikat kawalan SS	Ostindustrie Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke DEST Allach porcelain Apollinaris Mattoni Sudetenquell Anton Loibl
Pangkat, uniform dan insignia	Uniforms and insignia of the SS Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS Ranks and insignia of the Orpo Corps colours of the Waffen-SS

Kawalan kewibawaan
Umum	VIAF 1 WorldCat (melalui VIAF)
Perpustakaan negara	Jerman Israel Amerika Syarikat Republik Czech