Pertempuran Laut Karang

Pertempuran Laut Karang
	Sebahagian daripada Perang Pasifik dalam Perang Dunia II
	; Kapal induk Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat Lexington meledak pada 8 Mei 1942, beberapa jam selepas rosak akibat serangan udara pesawat-pesawat dari kapal induk Jepun.
Tarikh	4 Mei-8 Mei 1942
Lokasi	Laut Karang, antara Australia, New Guinea, dan Kepulauan Solomon
Keputusan	Kemenangan taktikal Jepun; Kemenangan strategik Pihak Berikat; Penjajahan Jepun dihalang;
Pihak yang terlibat
Pihak Berikat dan	Empayar Jepun
Komandan dan pemimpin
Frank J. Fletcher John Crace (RN/RAN) Thomas C. Kinkaid Aubrey Fitch Douglas MacArthur	Shigeyoshi Inoue; Takeo Takagi; Kiyohide Shima; Aritomo Gotō; Chūichi Hara
Kekuatan
2 kapal induk, 9 kruiser, 13 kapal pembinasa, 2 kapal tangki, 1 kapal tunda pesawat, 128 pesawat kapal induk.	2 kapal induk, 1 kapal induk ringan, 9 kapal kruiser, 15 kapal pembinasa, 5 kapal penyapu ranjau,; 2 kapal periuk api,; 2 kapal anti kapal selam,; 3 bot meriam, 1 kapal tangki, 1 kapal tunda pesawat, 12 kapal pengangkut, 127 pesawat kapal induk.
Kerugian dan korban
1 kapal induk ditenggelamkan 1 kapal pembinasa tenggelam, 1 kapal tangki tenggelam, 1 kapal induk rosak, 69 pesawat musnah. 656 terkorban	1 kapal induk ringan tenggelam, 1 kapal pembinasa tenggelam, 3 kapal perang kecil tenggelam, 1 kapal induk rosak, 1 kapal pembinasa rosak, 2 kapal perang kecil rosak, 1 kapal pengangkut rosak, 92 pesawat musnah.; 966 terkorban

Pertempuran Laut Karang atau Laut Koral 4 Mei sehingga 8 Mei 1942 adalah pertempuran laut terbesar di kancah Perang Pasifik antara Tentera Laut Imperial Jepun melawan angkatan laut dan angkatan udara Sekutu dari Amerika Syarikat dan Australia. Pertempuran ini merupakan peperangan laut pertama antara dua armada yang melibatkan kapal induk, dan dicatat sebagai pertempuran laut pertama dalam sejarah yang melibatkan kapal-kapal perang kedua-dua belah pihak yang tidak saling menembak secara langsung dari kapal ke kapal.

Dalam usaha memperkuat posisi defensif wilayah Empayar Jepun di Pasifik Selatan, Empayar Jepun memutuskan untuk menjajah dan menduduki Port Moresby di New Guinea dan Tulagi di tenggara Kepulauan Solomon. Rancangan operasi ini disebut Operasi MO yang melibatkan beberapa unit utama dari Armada Gabungan Jepun , termasuk pesawat-pesawat dari dua kapal induk dan sebuah kapal induk ringan sebagai perlindungan udara armada pertempuran. Panglima tertinggi Jepun adalah Shigeyoshi Inoue. Amerika Syarikat mengendus rencana Jepun lewat intersepsi radio dan mengerahkan dua gugus tugas kapal induk Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat dan kekuatan gabungan kapal-kapal kruiser Tentera Laut Diraja Australia dan Amerika Syarikat.

Pada 3 Mei dan 4 Mei, Jepun berhasil menjajah dan menduduki Tulagi, walaupun beberapa kapal perang tenggelam atau rosak akibat serangan mendadak dari pesawat-pesawat yang berpengkalan di kapal induk Yorktown. Setelah mengetahui keberadaan kapal-kapal induk Amerika Syarikat, armada kapal induk Jepun memasuki Laut Karang dengan tujuan menemukan dan menghancurkan semua kekuatan laut Sekutu.

Sejak 7 Jun, kapal induk dari kedua belah pihak saling melancarkan serangan udara selama dua hari berturut-turut. Pada hari pertama, Amerika Syarikat menenggelamkan kapal induk ringan Jepun Shōhō. Sebaliknya serangan Jepun menenggelamkan kapal perusak Amerika Syarikat dan mengakibatkan sebuah kapal tangki rosak teruk hingga harus ditenggelamkan. Pada hari berikutnya, kapal induk Jepun Shōkaku rosak teruk, sementara kapal induk Amerika Syarikat Lexington harus ditenggelamkan setelah rosak berat, dan Yorktown mengalami kerosakan. Armada kedua belah pihak mengundurkan diri dari kawasan pertempuran setelah kedua belah pihak mengalami kerugian besar. Pesawat-pesawat hancur dan kapal induk tenggelam atau rosak. Setelah kehilangan perlindungan udara dari kapal induk, Inoue menarik mundur armada invasi Port Moresby dengan maksud mencoba kembali di lain hari.

Pertempuran ini berakhir dengan kemenangan taktis pihak Jepun dalam hal jumlah kapal-kapal musuh yang berhasil ditenggelamkan. Namun sebaliknya, pertempuran ini berarti kemenangan strategis bagi pihak Sekutu berdasarkan beberapa alasan. Ekspansi wilayah Jepun yang sebelumnya tidak tertahankan, untuk pertama kalinya berhasil ditahan dalam Pertempuran Laut Koral. Jepun juga mengalami kerugian besar. Kapal induk Shōkaku rosak berat sementara Zuikaku kehabisan pesawat sehingga tidak dapat turut serta dalam Pertempuran Midway yang berlangsung bulan berikutnya. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan kekuatan udara Amerika Syarikat dan Jepun menjadi berimbang hingga pertempuran laut di Midway berakhir dengan kemenangan Amerika Syarikat. Empat kapal induk Jepun tenggelam di Midway sehingga usaha Jepun untuk kembali menceroboh Port Moresby dari laut terhenti. Dua bulan kemudian, Sekutu memanfaatkan kelemahan strategis Jepun di Pasifik Selatan untuk melancarkan Kampanye Militer Guadalkanal. Bersama dengan dilakukannya Kampanye Militer Nugini, Amerika Syarikat akhirnya membobol pertahanan Jepun di Pasifik Selatan, dan akhirnya menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab kekalahan Jepun dalam Perang Dunia II.

Nota

Rujukan

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