Saniye Dedeoglu is a professor of social policy in Mugla University, Turkey at the Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, Turkey and was a Marie Curie Fellow at the Center for Research in Ethnic Relations at Warwick University, UK. She has a PhD in Development Studies from SOAS, University of London. She is the author of Migrants, Work and Social Integration (Palgrave 2014) and Women Workers in Turkey: Global Industrial Production in Istanbul (IB Trauris 2007). Phone: 90 252 211 1463 Address: Mugla University Labour Economics and Industrial Relations IIBF Kotekli Mentese 48000 Mugla TURKEY
Introduction
While gender is an often-neglected variable in studies of migration, migration is a ... more Introduction While gender is an often-neglected variable in studies of migration, migration is a largely gendered phenomenon — women comprise almost half of international migrants (48%) and registered refugees (46%).[1] The experience of displacement can create gender-specific hardships or exacerbate existing gender inequalities, but it can also create new opportunities and transform gender relations. When gender is considered in the context of displacement — whether by host country governments or humanitarian organizations — there are many assumptions of how women’s experiences differ from men, with women frequently viewed as vulnerable and agentless actors. In reality, migrant women are not inherently vulnerable; it is the circumstances in which they find themselves and the policies they live under that produce precarity.[2]
To explore and understand the experiences of women migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees in the context of the Middle East and North Africa, the following briefs consider how gender impacts displacement and migration, and how gender succeeds — or fails — to inform policies toward displaced individuals. Using detailed case studies of specific populations and host countries, the contributing authors — who include scholars from Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Palestine, Tunisia, and Lebanon — examine how women experience displacement differently from men. They ask whether and how gender has been integrated into humanitarian or state-led programming, and to what effect. They also consider innovative and community-based strategies that women use to ensure they have the necessary support for themselves and their families. Finally, they explore how these narratives counter stereotypes of women migrants and refugees as lacking agency, instead revealing their resiliency and self-sufficiency.
Saha çalışmasından elde edilen bulgular, her
iki sektörde dijitalleşmenin cinsiyete dayalı iş
böl... more Saha çalışmasından elde edilen bulgular, her iki sektörde dijitalleşmenin cinsiyete dayalı iş bölümünde dönüşüm yaratma kapasitesinin düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. Kadınların sektörlerde yaptıkları işler ya ev içinde gerçekleştirdikleri işlerin bir uzantısı olan temizlik, bakıcılık gibi işler ya da geleneksel olarak kadın işi olarak bilinen tekstil ve hazır giyim gibi ve kadınların el becerisine dayandığı düşünülen alanlarda var olan işlerden oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca fiziksel güç gerektiren işler otomatik olarak erkek işi olarak kodlanmaktadır. Sektörlerde var olan cinsiyete dayalı iş bölümü dijitalleşme sonucu pek değişmeden sabit kalmaktadır. Fakat bunun yanı sıra, dijitalleşme ile eğitimli profesyonel kadın istihdamı ve yönetici idari kademelerde temsiliyet arasında daha pozitif bir ilişki olduğu araştırma bulguları ile desteklenmektedir. Ayrıca dijitalleşme, zayıf da olsa bazı alanlarda kadınların girişimcilik faaliyetlerini olumlu yönde etkileyebilmektedir.
This stuyd shows that the capacity of digitalization is low to
create transformation in gender-ba... more This stuyd shows that the capacity of digitalization is low to create transformation in gender-based division of work. Women’s jobs in the sector are either such jobs as cleaning and caregiving that are similar to domestic jobs they undertake or jobs that are traditionally known as women’s jobs and that are considered to be based on women’s dexterity in textile and garment industries. Besides, jobs that require physical strength are automatically coded as men’s jobs. Digitalization makes nearly no change in the existing gender-based division of work in the sectors. In addition to this, findings from research support that however, there is a higher correlation between digitalization and employment of educated, professional women and their representation in executive positions. Furthermore, digitalization may have a positive effect, even slightly, on female entrepreneurship activities.
Dedeoglu, Saniye. Migrants, Work and Social Integration: Women's Labour in the Turkish Ethnic... more Dedeoglu, Saniye. Migrants, Work and Social Integration: Women's Labour in the Turkish Ethnic Economy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. 216 pages. (ISBN: 9781137371119)Migrants, Work and Social Integration: Women's Labour in the Turkish Ethnic Economy is based on Dedeoglu's field research on Turkish migrants in London. During her fifteen-month research, she met employers, families and non-governmental organization representatives, who participate in ethnic economy, composed of migrants from Turkey, and had in-depth interviews with 60 migrant women, selected through snowball and chain-referral techniques.In the introduction, the impact of London-resident Turkish migrant women's positioning in ethnic economy on the community's social integration is discussed . The focus of the book is stated as the consequences of social inequality as reflected in migrants' experiences as well as the experiences' impact on the theoretical and methodological approach. The research is predicated on the assertion that Turkish community has developed their own ways of integration in Britain. According to the author, in this process, social bonds, family connections and gender play crucial roles. Gender specific issues in social integration of women migrants in Britain constitutes the core of this study.The author argues that the qualitative method and the biographical approach are the most suitable modes of inquiry for this research, focusing women's integration in the labour market and society. Qualitative methods reveal more flesh through stories.The book is composed of eight chapters. A general overview of the study is presented in the introduction. In the second chapter, role of gender in ethnic economy and social integration of the migrants are explained. The relationships between migration and work, migration and social integration, work and social integration and relationship among work, social integration and gender are discussed. The third chapter is on the extent of Turkish ethnic economy growing in Europe and contribution of this economy to the entire European economy; the chapter examines labour opportunities of Turkish migrants, provided by this growing ethnic economy and the effect of this economy on the migrants' survival strategies. The fourth chapter begins with a description of Turkish people resident in London. Although this group is described as "silent" and "invisible" in the literature, the author claims to make migrants' contribution to British economy visible. In the fifth chapter the migrant women's lives and motivations in the ethnic economy are analysed. What is discussed in this section is the women's influence on and participation in migration process via concepts such as patriarchy, marriage, social networks through a sociological perspective. In the sixth chapter, changing roles of women in ethnic economy are reviewed through time and transformation of industry marked by the collapse of textile sector and growth of catering sector. In this chapter, many striking examples showing women's disadvantaged position in the household. The seventh chapter is reserved for the paradoxical relationship between women's social integration and work life, which is characterized as a zigzag path in social integration by the author. As opposed to what the literature indicates, Dedeoglu lays stress on the first generation women migrants' effort for their children's integration and success in this section. In the concluding chapter, a general summary is followed by a section on women's integration in mainstream society and the impact of their traditional roles as mother, wife and sister in ethnic economy on this integration process (zigzag paths to social integration) are discussed (p.12-15). Although a balance structure exists in the book, there is a good deal of repetition particularly regarding the position of women in ethnic economy.In the literature, studies with a focus on gender issues has increased noticeably in recent years. …
This Special Dossier on Gender, Care, and Work in Turkey presents an overview of
the gender analy... more This Special Dossier on Gender, Care, and Work in Turkey presents an overview of the gender analysis of the relationship between women’s care responsibilities and work practices, and also an account of how welfare state policies and care regimes affect the role of women and gender in the labor market. The Turkish welfare state has traditionally rested on the ideal of women’s main societal role being that of mothers and wives because the family is an important source of security for the vast majority of the population. This, in turn, has resulted in women’s overwhelming involvement in caring activities and their remaining outside the labor market activities on which the recent welfare reforms of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) have been vested. The “cash-for-care” benefit scheme directed at women has generated a neo-paternalist care regime in which women’s traditional roles have been protected and perpetuated by the government. Rewarding women’s domestic care activities not only turns them into informal workers for the government but also helps to fill the gap in institutional care services for children and the elderly, even in times of high demand for social care services. The cash-for-care scheme also boosted the statistics on women’s labor force participation as the government recorded them as employed in the service sector (Toksöz 2016). Therefore, Turkey’s neo-paternalist care regime has ended up keeping women in the domestic sphere as the main care providers while recording them as employed, albeit on informal terms.
Since the implementation of export-oriented industrialization strategies in the early 1980s, smal... more Since the implementation of export-oriented industrialization strategies in the early 1980s, small-scale firms have become increasingly important to Turkey's economy. In an era of flexible production and subcontracting, small-scale firms have been able to enter the global marketplace by cheaply producing and exporting labor-intensive commodities, such as textiles, food, garments, and leather goods. This paper investigates the changing nature of Turkey's manufacturing sector by investigating one increasingly prominent type of small-scale firm: garment ateliers (atolye) in Istanbul. As family-owned businesses, ateliers draw on inexpensive (and often unpaid), flexible, and loyal immediate and extended kin to provide labor. Garment ateliers operate informally on the outskirts of big cities, such as Istanbul, where rural migrant families comprise a cheap labor pool for enterprising migrant business owners. These small-scale firms then depend on unpaid and underpaid labor, encoura...
This article explores how the vulnerabilities of Syrian refugees influence their integration into... more This article explores how the vulnerabilities of Syrian refugees influence their integration into Turkish labour markets, in particular the agricultural sector. ‘Vulnerable integration’ refers to the inclusion of the most vulnerable migrant labour – women and children – in the face of rivalry among different segments of the precariat to obtain existing agricultural jobs. With a focus on intersectional vulnerabilities and the feminisation of precarisation of Syrian labour in Turkey, I aim to highlight the interconnectedness between women’s production and social reproduction. Therefore, I develop a sociological multidimensional dynamic way of thinking about the integration of Syrian refugee labour in Turkey’s seasonal agricultural labour markets.
Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may ma... more Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country.
İlk basım yılı 2021 Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü yayınları, Telif Hakları Evrensel Sözleşmesi 2. P... more İlk basım yılı 2021 Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü yayınları, Telif Hakları Evrensel Sözleşmesi 2. Protokolü kapsamındaki telif haklarından yararlanır. Yine de, kaynak belirtilmek şartıyla izin almadan yayınlardan kısa alıntılar çoğaltılabilir. Çoğaltma ve çeviri hakları için ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Cenevre 22 İsviçre adresine veya e-posta yoluyla rights@ilo.org adresine başvuruda bulunulmalıdır. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü bu tür başvuruları memnuniyetle karşılamaktadır. Kütüphaneler, kurumlar ve bir çoğaltım hakları kuruluşuna kayıtlı olan diğer kullanıcılar, bu amaçla kendilerine verilen lisanslara uygun şekilde kopyalar oluşturabilirler. Ülkenizdeki yetkili çoğaltım hakları kuruluşunu bulmak için www.ifrro.org adresini ziyaret edebilirsiniz.
This report focuses on two categories of home-based workers in Turkey; industrial home-based piec... more This report focuses on two categories of home-based workers in Turkey; industrial home-based pieceworkers and IT-enabled remote workers, who are commonly referred to in Turkey as “freelancers”. With an aim of exploring the current patterns and issues of these two categories of home-based workers in Turkey, the report presents the situation and working practices of industrial home-based workers and freelance remote workers. A supply-and-demand side analysis is used to analyse the changes in the production networks and in the working relations. Issues such as access to work, working arrangements, working hours, earnings, health and safety and work-life balance are main areas of investigation. The interviews conducted in Istanbul with homeworkers reveal that an analysis of gendered nature of home-based work is necessary to unveil the values attached to piecework and digital remote work and that even social, cultural and economic distinctions between two groups, the lack of job security and decent working conditions as well as low bargaining power have resulted in their increased vulnerabilities in the Turkish labour markets.
Dünya genelinde yaşanan mülteci göçleri 2000’li yıllarla beraber hız kazanırken, Türkiye’de Mülte... more Dünya genelinde yaşanan mülteci göçleri 2000’li yıllarla beraber hız kazanırken, Türkiye’de Mültecilik, Zorunlu Göç ve Toplumsal Uyum: Geri Dönüş mü, Birlikte Yaşam mı? başlıklı bu derleme kitap, Türkiye’nin, küresel göç haritasının merkezinde durduğunu göstermektedir. Göçmenlik, mültecilik ve toplumsal uyum gibi kavramlar ekseninde tartışılan zorunlu göç olgusu, Türkiye’de hukuksal, politik ve işgücü piyasalarında ortaya çıkan yapısal dönüşümlere dikkat çekmektedir. Kitapta yer alan çalışmalar, zorunlu göçün vatandaşlık, göç ve refah rejimi alanlarında kısa ve uzun vadede ciddi dönüşümleri barındırdığına işaret etmekte ve Türkiye’de mültecilerle beraber yaşamanın olanaklılığını sorgulatmaktadır. Göç yazınının en yetkin akademisyenleri tarafından hazırlanan bu kitap, güncel göç ve toplumsal uyum politikalarını farklı boyutlarıyla tartışmaya açmaktadır. Ayrıca Türkiye’de sığınmacı, geçici korunan ve şartlı mülteci gibi farklılaşan statülere sahip olan Iraklı, Afganistanlı, Suriyeli, İranlı, Somalili gibi zorunlu göçle gelenler ile Ukraynalı, Moldovyalı gibi farklı göçmen gruplara yönelik olarak saha çalışmalarıyla göçmenlerin özne olma halleri ve birlikte yaşam deneyimleri okuyucuyla paylaşılmaktadır. Kitapta yer alan değerlendirme yazıları ve İstanbul, Ankara, Isparta ve Gaziantep gibi farklı kentlerde yapılan saha çalışmaları, uluslararası göçün küresel/yerel, düzenli/düzensiz, toplumsal cinsiyet temelli ve siyasallaşan boyutlarını toplumsal uyum ve birlikte yaşam sorunsalı bağlamında yeniden düşünmemiz için fırsat yaratmaktadır.
Since the beginning of the 2000s, foreign migrant workers have been taking part
in agricultural p... more Since the beginning of the 2000s, foreign migrant workers have been taking part in agricultural production in Turkey as a significant component of the workforce. In eastern provinces such as Kars, Ardahan and Iğdır, migrants generally work in fodder cutting and animal care, while in the Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia, Southern Anatolia, the Aegean and Central Anatolia, foreign migrant workers are employed as seasonal agricultural workers in the growing and harvest of hazelnuts, tea, cotton, apricots, legumes, sugar beet, citrus, peanuts, grapes, pistachios and vegetables. Azerbaijani migrants are employed intensively in livestock raising and Georgian migrants in tea and hazelnut harvesting . Meanwhile, since they have begun arriving in Turkey in 2011, Syrian migrants have come to replace the local workforce in the production of many agricultural goods. In Turkey, as around the world, the use of foreign migrant workers in seasonal agricultural production is widespread. Due to the conditions created by the migration regime in Turkey and the active use of short-term work permits for agricultural employment, foreign migrant workers who engage in agricultural production are employed informally. Turkey’s liberal visa practices for the citizens of some countries act as short term agricultural work visas. However, as these are actually tourist visas, migrants are not given a work permit and they are not covered by social security. In addition to those foreign migrant workers who enter Turkey with a visa, many of the approximately 3 million Syrians who have fled the war in their country and are staying in Turkey under temporary protection status are also employed informally in the production of many agricultural goods. In summary, foreign migrant workers are engaged in agricultural production as vulnerable workers without security
Rapid Assessment Report on Child Labour in Footwear Industry in Turkey addresses
the current situ... more Rapid Assessment Report on Child Labour in Footwear Industry in Turkey addresses the current situation of child labour in the footwear manufacturing industry. Covering the provinces of Adana, Gaziantep, Hatay, İstanbul, İzmir and Konya, the rapid assessment study looks into how and why children become involved in the footwear manufacturing industry, in which stages of supply chain of the footwear industry child labour prevails, and how child labour has become integrated into footwear manufacturing industry as part of the concept of acquiring a profession through methods like apprenticeship and traineeship. Moreover, the study addresses the growing number of Syrian migrants and children in the footwear manufacturing industry over the past couple of years.
Introduction
While gender is an often-neglected variable in studies of migration, migration is a ... more Introduction While gender is an often-neglected variable in studies of migration, migration is a largely gendered phenomenon — women comprise almost half of international migrants (48%) and registered refugees (46%).[1] The experience of displacement can create gender-specific hardships or exacerbate existing gender inequalities, but it can also create new opportunities and transform gender relations. When gender is considered in the context of displacement — whether by host country governments or humanitarian organizations — there are many assumptions of how women’s experiences differ from men, with women frequently viewed as vulnerable and agentless actors. In reality, migrant women are not inherently vulnerable; it is the circumstances in which they find themselves and the policies they live under that produce precarity.[2]
To explore and understand the experiences of women migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees in the context of the Middle East and North Africa, the following briefs consider how gender impacts displacement and migration, and how gender succeeds — or fails — to inform policies toward displaced individuals. Using detailed case studies of specific populations and host countries, the contributing authors — who include scholars from Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Palestine, Tunisia, and Lebanon — examine how women experience displacement differently from men. They ask whether and how gender has been integrated into humanitarian or state-led programming, and to what effect. They also consider innovative and community-based strategies that women use to ensure they have the necessary support for themselves and their families. Finally, they explore how these narratives counter stereotypes of women migrants and refugees as lacking agency, instead revealing their resiliency and self-sufficiency.
Saha çalışmasından elde edilen bulgular, her
iki sektörde dijitalleşmenin cinsiyete dayalı iş
böl... more Saha çalışmasından elde edilen bulgular, her iki sektörde dijitalleşmenin cinsiyete dayalı iş bölümünde dönüşüm yaratma kapasitesinin düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. Kadınların sektörlerde yaptıkları işler ya ev içinde gerçekleştirdikleri işlerin bir uzantısı olan temizlik, bakıcılık gibi işler ya da geleneksel olarak kadın işi olarak bilinen tekstil ve hazır giyim gibi ve kadınların el becerisine dayandığı düşünülen alanlarda var olan işlerden oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca fiziksel güç gerektiren işler otomatik olarak erkek işi olarak kodlanmaktadır. Sektörlerde var olan cinsiyete dayalı iş bölümü dijitalleşme sonucu pek değişmeden sabit kalmaktadır. Fakat bunun yanı sıra, dijitalleşme ile eğitimli profesyonel kadın istihdamı ve yönetici idari kademelerde temsiliyet arasında daha pozitif bir ilişki olduğu araştırma bulguları ile desteklenmektedir. Ayrıca dijitalleşme, zayıf da olsa bazı alanlarda kadınların girişimcilik faaliyetlerini olumlu yönde etkileyebilmektedir.
This stuyd shows that the capacity of digitalization is low to
create transformation in gender-ba... more This stuyd shows that the capacity of digitalization is low to create transformation in gender-based division of work. Women’s jobs in the sector are either such jobs as cleaning and caregiving that are similar to domestic jobs they undertake or jobs that are traditionally known as women’s jobs and that are considered to be based on women’s dexterity in textile and garment industries. Besides, jobs that require physical strength are automatically coded as men’s jobs. Digitalization makes nearly no change in the existing gender-based division of work in the sectors. In addition to this, findings from research support that however, there is a higher correlation between digitalization and employment of educated, professional women and their representation in executive positions. Furthermore, digitalization may have a positive effect, even slightly, on female entrepreneurship activities.
Dedeoglu, Saniye. Migrants, Work and Social Integration: Women's Labour in the Turkish Ethnic... more Dedeoglu, Saniye. Migrants, Work and Social Integration: Women's Labour in the Turkish Ethnic Economy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. 216 pages. (ISBN: 9781137371119)Migrants, Work and Social Integration: Women's Labour in the Turkish Ethnic Economy is based on Dedeoglu's field research on Turkish migrants in London. During her fifteen-month research, she met employers, families and non-governmental organization representatives, who participate in ethnic economy, composed of migrants from Turkey, and had in-depth interviews with 60 migrant women, selected through snowball and chain-referral techniques.In the introduction, the impact of London-resident Turkish migrant women's positioning in ethnic economy on the community's social integration is discussed . The focus of the book is stated as the consequences of social inequality as reflected in migrants' experiences as well as the experiences' impact on the theoretical and methodological approach. The research is predicated on the assertion that Turkish community has developed their own ways of integration in Britain. According to the author, in this process, social bonds, family connections and gender play crucial roles. Gender specific issues in social integration of women migrants in Britain constitutes the core of this study.The author argues that the qualitative method and the biographical approach are the most suitable modes of inquiry for this research, focusing women's integration in the labour market and society. Qualitative methods reveal more flesh through stories.The book is composed of eight chapters. A general overview of the study is presented in the introduction. In the second chapter, role of gender in ethnic economy and social integration of the migrants are explained. The relationships between migration and work, migration and social integration, work and social integration and relationship among work, social integration and gender are discussed. The third chapter is on the extent of Turkish ethnic economy growing in Europe and contribution of this economy to the entire European economy; the chapter examines labour opportunities of Turkish migrants, provided by this growing ethnic economy and the effect of this economy on the migrants' survival strategies. The fourth chapter begins with a description of Turkish people resident in London. Although this group is described as "silent" and "invisible" in the literature, the author claims to make migrants' contribution to British economy visible. In the fifth chapter the migrant women's lives and motivations in the ethnic economy are analysed. What is discussed in this section is the women's influence on and participation in migration process via concepts such as patriarchy, marriage, social networks through a sociological perspective. In the sixth chapter, changing roles of women in ethnic economy are reviewed through time and transformation of industry marked by the collapse of textile sector and growth of catering sector. In this chapter, many striking examples showing women's disadvantaged position in the household. The seventh chapter is reserved for the paradoxical relationship between women's social integration and work life, which is characterized as a zigzag path in social integration by the author. As opposed to what the literature indicates, Dedeoglu lays stress on the first generation women migrants' effort for their children's integration and success in this section. In the concluding chapter, a general summary is followed by a section on women's integration in mainstream society and the impact of their traditional roles as mother, wife and sister in ethnic economy on this integration process (zigzag paths to social integration) are discussed (p.12-15). Although a balance structure exists in the book, there is a good deal of repetition particularly regarding the position of women in ethnic economy.In the literature, studies with a focus on gender issues has increased noticeably in recent years. …
This Special Dossier on Gender, Care, and Work in Turkey presents an overview of
the gender analy... more This Special Dossier on Gender, Care, and Work in Turkey presents an overview of the gender analysis of the relationship between women’s care responsibilities and work practices, and also an account of how welfare state policies and care regimes affect the role of women and gender in the labor market. The Turkish welfare state has traditionally rested on the ideal of women’s main societal role being that of mothers and wives because the family is an important source of security for the vast majority of the population. This, in turn, has resulted in women’s overwhelming involvement in caring activities and their remaining outside the labor market activities on which the recent welfare reforms of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) have been vested. The “cash-for-care” benefit scheme directed at women has generated a neo-paternalist care regime in which women’s traditional roles have been protected and perpetuated by the government. Rewarding women’s domestic care activities not only turns them into informal workers for the government but also helps to fill the gap in institutional care services for children and the elderly, even in times of high demand for social care services. The cash-for-care scheme also boosted the statistics on women’s labor force participation as the government recorded them as employed in the service sector (Toksöz 2016). Therefore, Turkey’s neo-paternalist care regime has ended up keeping women in the domestic sphere as the main care providers while recording them as employed, albeit on informal terms.
Since the implementation of export-oriented industrialization strategies in the early 1980s, smal... more Since the implementation of export-oriented industrialization strategies in the early 1980s, small-scale firms have become increasingly important to Turkey's economy. In an era of flexible production and subcontracting, small-scale firms have been able to enter the global marketplace by cheaply producing and exporting labor-intensive commodities, such as textiles, food, garments, and leather goods. This paper investigates the changing nature of Turkey's manufacturing sector by investigating one increasingly prominent type of small-scale firm: garment ateliers (atolye) in Istanbul. As family-owned businesses, ateliers draw on inexpensive (and often unpaid), flexible, and loyal immediate and extended kin to provide labor. Garment ateliers operate informally on the outskirts of big cities, such as Istanbul, where rural migrant families comprise a cheap labor pool for enterprising migrant business owners. These small-scale firms then depend on unpaid and underpaid labor, encoura...
This article explores how the vulnerabilities of Syrian refugees influence their integration into... more This article explores how the vulnerabilities of Syrian refugees influence their integration into Turkish labour markets, in particular the agricultural sector. ‘Vulnerable integration’ refers to the inclusion of the most vulnerable migrant labour – women and children – in the face of rivalry among different segments of the precariat to obtain existing agricultural jobs. With a focus on intersectional vulnerabilities and the feminisation of precarisation of Syrian labour in Turkey, I aim to highlight the interconnectedness between women’s production and social reproduction. Therefore, I develop a sociological multidimensional dynamic way of thinking about the integration of Syrian refugee labour in Turkey’s seasonal agricultural labour markets.
Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may ma... more Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country.
İlk basım yılı 2021 Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü yayınları, Telif Hakları Evrensel Sözleşmesi 2. P... more İlk basım yılı 2021 Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü yayınları, Telif Hakları Evrensel Sözleşmesi 2. Protokolü kapsamındaki telif haklarından yararlanır. Yine de, kaynak belirtilmek şartıyla izin almadan yayınlardan kısa alıntılar çoğaltılabilir. Çoğaltma ve çeviri hakları için ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Cenevre 22 İsviçre adresine veya e-posta yoluyla rights@ilo.org adresine başvuruda bulunulmalıdır. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü bu tür başvuruları memnuniyetle karşılamaktadır. Kütüphaneler, kurumlar ve bir çoğaltım hakları kuruluşuna kayıtlı olan diğer kullanıcılar, bu amaçla kendilerine verilen lisanslara uygun şekilde kopyalar oluşturabilirler. Ülkenizdeki yetkili çoğaltım hakları kuruluşunu bulmak için www.ifrro.org adresini ziyaret edebilirsiniz.
This report focuses on two categories of home-based workers in Turkey; industrial home-based piec... more This report focuses on two categories of home-based workers in Turkey; industrial home-based pieceworkers and IT-enabled remote workers, who are commonly referred to in Turkey as “freelancers”. With an aim of exploring the current patterns and issues of these two categories of home-based workers in Turkey, the report presents the situation and working practices of industrial home-based workers and freelance remote workers. A supply-and-demand side analysis is used to analyse the changes in the production networks and in the working relations. Issues such as access to work, working arrangements, working hours, earnings, health and safety and work-life balance are main areas of investigation. The interviews conducted in Istanbul with homeworkers reveal that an analysis of gendered nature of home-based work is necessary to unveil the values attached to piecework and digital remote work and that even social, cultural and economic distinctions between two groups, the lack of job security and decent working conditions as well as low bargaining power have resulted in their increased vulnerabilities in the Turkish labour markets.
Dünya genelinde yaşanan mülteci göçleri 2000’li yıllarla beraber hız kazanırken, Türkiye’de Mülte... more Dünya genelinde yaşanan mülteci göçleri 2000’li yıllarla beraber hız kazanırken, Türkiye’de Mültecilik, Zorunlu Göç ve Toplumsal Uyum: Geri Dönüş mü, Birlikte Yaşam mı? başlıklı bu derleme kitap, Türkiye’nin, küresel göç haritasının merkezinde durduğunu göstermektedir. Göçmenlik, mültecilik ve toplumsal uyum gibi kavramlar ekseninde tartışılan zorunlu göç olgusu, Türkiye’de hukuksal, politik ve işgücü piyasalarında ortaya çıkan yapısal dönüşümlere dikkat çekmektedir. Kitapta yer alan çalışmalar, zorunlu göçün vatandaşlık, göç ve refah rejimi alanlarında kısa ve uzun vadede ciddi dönüşümleri barındırdığına işaret etmekte ve Türkiye’de mültecilerle beraber yaşamanın olanaklılığını sorgulatmaktadır. Göç yazınının en yetkin akademisyenleri tarafından hazırlanan bu kitap, güncel göç ve toplumsal uyum politikalarını farklı boyutlarıyla tartışmaya açmaktadır. Ayrıca Türkiye’de sığınmacı, geçici korunan ve şartlı mülteci gibi farklılaşan statülere sahip olan Iraklı, Afganistanlı, Suriyeli, İranlı, Somalili gibi zorunlu göçle gelenler ile Ukraynalı, Moldovyalı gibi farklı göçmen gruplara yönelik olarak saha çalışmalarıyla göçmenlerin özne olma halleri ve birlikte yaşam deneyimleri okuyucuyla paylaşılmaktadır. Kitapta yer alan değerlendirme yazıları ve İstanbul, Ankara, Isparta ve Gaziantep gibi farklı kentlerde yapılan saha çalışmaları, uluslararası göçün küresel/yerel, düzenli/düzensiz, toplumsal cinsiyet temelli ve siyasallaşan boyutlarını toplumsal uyum ve birlikte yaşam sorunsalı bağlamında yeniden düşünmemiz için fırsat yaratmaktadır.
Since the beginning of the 2000s, foreign migrant workers have been taking part
in agricultural p... more Since the beginning of the 2000s, foreign migrant workers have been taking part in agricultural production in Turkey as a significant component of the workforce. In eastern provinces such as Kars, Ardahan and Iğdır, migrants generally work in fodder cutting and animal care, while in the Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia, Southern Anatolia, the Aegean and Central Anatolia, foreign migrant workers are employed as seasonal agricultural workers in the growing and harvest of hazelnuts, tea, cotton, apricots, legumes, sugar beet, citrus, peanuts, grapes, pistachios and vegetables. Azerbaijani migrants are employed intensively in livestock raising and Georgian migrants in tea and hazelnut harvesting . Meanwhile, since they have begun arriving in Turkey in 2011, Syrian migrants have come to replace the local workforce in the production of many agricultural goods. In Turkey, as around the world, the use of foreign migrant workers in seasonal agricultural production is widespread. Due to the conditions created by the migration regime in Turkey and the active use of short-term work permits for agricultural employment, foreign migrant workers who engage in agricultural production are employed informally. Turkey’s liberal visa practices for the citizens of some countries act as short term agricultural work visas. However, as these are actually tourist visas, migrants are not given a work permit and they are not covered by social security. In addition to those foreign migrant workers who enter Turkey with a visa, many of the approximately 3 million Syrians who have fled the war in their country and are staying in Turkey under temporary protection status are also employed informally in the production of many agricultural goods. In summary, foreign migrant workers are engaged in agricultural production as vulnerable workers without security
Rapid Assessment Report on Child Labour in Footwear Industry in Turkey addresses
the current situ... more Rapid Assessment Report on Child Labour in Footwear Industry in Turkey addresses the current situation of child labour in the footwear manufacturing industry. Covering the provinces of Adana, Gaziantep, Hatay, İstanbul, İzmir and Konya, the rapid assessment study looks into how and why children become involved in the footwear manufacturing industry, in which stages of supply chain of the footwear industry child labour prevails, and how child labour has become integrated into footwear manufacturing industry as part of the concept of acquiring a profession through methods like apprenticeship and traineeship. Moreover, the study addresses the growing number of Syrian migrants and children in the footwear manufacturing industry over the past couple of years.
This chapter examines women’s home-based piece-work in the Turkish
garment industry and shows the... more This chapter examines women’s home-based piece-work in the Turkish garment industry and shows the gender inequalities that underlie the export success of the industry, wherein the organization of production and workplace relations embed and reproduce gender ideology and norms. Women’s engagement in garment production is ensured through the articulation of their subordinate position within the social organization of garment production and the mobilization of kinship relations.
Work, Precarity, Survival "This book offers an unusual window on the new precarity of the Turkish... more Work, Precarity, Survival "This book offers an unusual window on the new precarity of the Turkish economy and it's increasing reliance on Syrian refugees as the cheapest sources of labour. A rich contextualization of the lives of Syrian refugees in the insecure, invisible, and low/unpaid end of the agricultural labour market in Turkey. A must read for anyone wishing to understand not only the lives of Syrian refugees as seasonal agricultural workers, but also how their work, particularly that of women and children, fits into the global agricultural production strategies and control practices."
Turkish migration to British Isles has a long history but sizeable diaspora communities and encla... more Turkish migration to British Isles has a long history but sizeable diaspora communities and enclaves of Turkish origin have emerged only in the last four to five decades. Earlier groups arrived were Cypriots fleeing the troubled island in the Eastern Mediterranean whilst Turks and Kurds of the mainland were not even considering the UK as a destination. This book is about these contemporary movers from Turkey, their movement trajectories, practices, and integration in Britain. Eight researchers from different disciplinary backgrounds and methodological schools came together to do the ground work for the students of this emerging subfield of human mobility studies. Turkey is now at the forefront of accommodating large scale inward mobility mostly due to the crisis in Syria and Iraq. This also brings some attention to Turkey’s own diasporic population
The Report on Wage Payment Types and the Outlook of Child Labour in Turkey's Agricultural Product... more The Report on Wage Payment Types and the Outlook of Child Labour in Turkey's Agricultural Production examines the relationship between the different types of wage payment practices in agricultural production and child labour. The typology of wage payment practices varies regarding to both the different stages of production for the same product as well as among different agricultural products. The type of wage payments is one of the determining factors in child labour practices. It influences the age of child workers, as well as their working conditions. Children are an important part of the commercial agricultural production in which their families are involved, and therefore their health and development of children who are both unpaid family workers and paid child workers, are affected negatively.
Tarımsal Üretimde Ücret Tipleri ve Çocuk İşçiliğinin Görünümleri Raporu, tarımsal üretimde kullan... more Tarımsal Üretimde Ücret Tipleri ve Çocuk İşçiliğinin Görünümleri Raporu, tarımsal üretimde kullanılan farklı ücret ödeme biçimleri ile çocuk işçiliği arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Ücret ödeme tipolojisi hem farklı tarımsal ürünler hem de aynı ürün olsa bile farklı üretim aşamalarına göre değişmektedir. Ücret ödeme biçimi, çocuk işçiliği pratiklerinde belirleyici faktörlerden biridir. Çocukların çalışmaya başlama yaşını ve çalışma koşullarını etkiler. Çocuklar, ailelerinin dahil olduğu ticari tarımsal üretimin önemli bir parçasıdır ve bu nedenle hem ücretsiz aile işçisi hem de ücretli tarım işçisi olan çocukların sağlıkları ve gelişimleri olumsuz yönde etkilenmektedir.
Çocuk işçiliğinin belirleyici bir unsuru olarak ücret ödeme biçimlerinin incelenmesi, çocukların ücretli veya ücretsiz aile işçisi olarak tarımsal üretime katılma şekilleri, tarımsal üretimin yapısı ve üretim dinamiğinin çocukların tarımsal üretime eklemlenme biçimlerini ve çeşitlerini nasıl etkilediği hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bu araştırma, çocuk işçiliğinin ortadan kaldırılması ve çocukların sağlık ve refahlarının iyileştirilmesine dair politika ve düzenlemeleri desteklemek amacıyla tarımsal üretimde kullanılan ücret tipleri ile çocuk işçiliği uygulamaları arasındaki ilişkiyi araştıran ilk girişimdir. Rapor bulguları, çocuk işçiliğini önleme odaklı müdahaleler, politikalar ve uygulamalar için bir yol haritası oluşturmak için kullanılabilir.
“Feminist Sosyal Politika: Bakım, Emek, Göç” adlı bu kitap sosyal politika alanını feminist bir m... more “Feminist Sosyal Politika: Bakım, Emek, Göç” adlı bu kitap sosyal politika alanını feminist bir mercekle inceliyor. 1990’lara değin sosyal politikanın odağına oturan erkek işçinin dışında, ev içi ücretsiz emek, güvencesiz kadın emeği gibi mecralara dümen kıran bir sosyal politika kitabı görüyoruz karşımızda. Bu kitap, hizmet sektörünün eğreti işlerinde kadınların konumundan, bakım emeğine, göç ve sığınmacılığa kadar uzanan güncel tartışma alanlarını toplumsal cinsiyet deneyimleri üzerinden yeniden yorumluyor. Gülay Toksöz’e armağan edilen bu kitap, Türkiye’de toplumsal cinsiyet çalışmalarının öncülerinden olan Yıldız Ecevit ile bu alanın gelişimi ve sosyal politika araştırmalarına katkıları üzerine gerçekleştirilen keyifli bir söyleşi ile başlıyor. Kitabın Feminist Ekonomi ve Bakım Politikaları başlıklı ilk bölümünde, İpek İlkkaracan’ın dünya literatürüne armağan ettiği “Mor Ekonomi” kavramıyla tanışıyoruz. Ardından çocuk ve yaşlı bakımına ilişkin refah devleti politikalarının tartışılmasına şahit oluyoruz. Kitabın Kadın Emeği, Geçicilik, Eğretilik başlıklı ikinci bölümünde, ilk önce işçi kiralamanın temel özellikleri kadın istihdamına etkileriyle birlikte ele alınıyor. Ardından hizmetler sektörünün düzensiz ve güvencesiz işlerinde kadın istihdamının boyutları analiz edilip, Alışveriş Merkezlerinde çalışan kadınların istihdam koşulları irdeleniyor. Kentsel Ve Tarımsal Üretimde Suriyeli Kadın Emeğinin ele alındığı üçüncü ve son bölümde ise Adana Ovası’nda ve Denizli Kentsel İşgücü piyasasında Suriyeli Kadın İşçilerin göçmenlik ve kadınlık deneyimlerine mercek tutuluyor.
A Child’s Work Makes A Day’s Wage...’ Report on Labour Intermediaries and Child
Workers in Agricu... more A Child’s Work Makes A Day’s Wage...’ Report on Labour Intermediaries and Child Workers in Agricultural Production in Turkey examines the link between the role of labour intermediation and child labour in seasonal agricultural production. This study shows that labour intermediaries play an active role in determining the degree of child labour in seasonal agricultural production through their capacity to organise the labour force, their impact on working conditions, and on their role in organisation of the living conditions of workers. Agricultural intermediaries, most of whom worked as child agricultural workers in the past, state that families are being forced to make their children work due to economic hardship and believe that it is the best for children themselves to work since they have dropped out from school. The understanding of child labour based on the dictum ‘a child’s work makes a day’s wage’ is of vital importance for families that make their living through paid work in agricultural production and for labour intermediaries who facilitate these worker families access to agricultural production.
‘Bir Yevmiye, Bir Yevmiyedir...’ Tarım Aracıları ve Türkiye’de Tarımsal Üretimde Çocuk İşçiliği R... more ‘Bir Yevmiye, Bir Yevmiyedir...’ Tarım Aracıları ve Türkiye’de Tarımsal Üretimde Çocuk İşçiliği Raporu mevsimlik tarımsal üretimde tarım aracılığı ve çocuk işçiliği ilişkisini irdelemektedir. Tarım aracıları, tarımsal üretimde işgücünü organize etme kapasiteleri ve çalışma koşulları üzerindeki etkileri ile, işçilerin yaşam koşullarını düzenleme rolleri nedeniyle, mevsimlik tarımsal üretimde çocuk işçiliğinin boyutlarını belirlemede etkin bir rol oynamaktadır. Kendileri de geçmişte tarımda çalışan çocuk işçiler olan tarım aracıları, işçi ailelerin ekonomik zorluklar nedeniyle çocuklarını çalıştırmak zorunda kaldığını ve eğitim hayatından erken kopan çocukların çalışmasının çocukların kendileri için de en iyi yol olduğunu düşünmektedirler. ‘Bir yevmiye bir yevmiyedir’ anlayışı içinde kurgulanan çocuk işçiliği, tarımsal üretimde ücretli işçilik ile hayatını kazanan aileler ve bu aileleri organize ederek tarımsal üretime entegre eden tarım aracıları için yaşamsal bir öneme sahiptir.
LITTLE TURKEY IN GREAT BRITAIN by Ibrahim Sirkeci, Tuncay Bilecen, Yakup Costu, Saniye Dedeoglu, ... more LITTLE TURKEY IN GREAT BRITAIN by Ibrahim Sirkeci, Tuncay Bilecen, Yakup Costu, Saniye Dedeoglu, M. Rauf Kesici, B. Dilara Seker, Fethiye Tilbe, K. Onur Unutulmaz is about Turkish movers in Britain. Turkish migration to British Isles has a long history but sizeable diaspora communities and enclaves of Turkish origin have emerged only in the last four to five decades. Earlier groups arrived were Cypriots fleeing the troubled island in the Eastern Mediterranean whilst Turks and Kurds of the mainland were not even considering the UK as a destination. This book is about these contemporary movers from Turkey, their movement trajectories, practices, and integration in Britain. Eight researchers from different disciplinary backgrounds and methodological schools came together to do the ground work for the students of this emerging subfield of human mobility studies. Turkey is now at the forefront of accommodating large scale inward mobility mostly due to the crisis in Syria and Iraq. This also brings some attention to Turkey's own diaspora populations.
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While gender is an often-neglected variable in studies of migration, migration is a largely gendered phenomenon — women comprise almost half of international migrants (48%) and registered refugees (46%).[1] The experience of displacement can create gender-specific hardships or exacerbate existing gender inequalities, but it can also create new opportunities and transform gender relations. When gender is considered in the context of displacement — whether by host country governments or humanitarian organizations — there are many assumptions of how women’s experiences differ from men, with women frequently viewed as vulnerable and agentless actors. In reality, migrant women are not inherently vulnerable; it is the circumstances in which they find themselves and the policies they live under that produce precarity.[2]
To explore and understand the experiences of women migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees in the context of the Middle East and North Africa, the following briefs consider how gender impacts displacement and migration, and how gender succeeds — or fails — to inform policies toward displaced individuals. Using detailed case studies of specific populations and host countries, the contributing authors — who include scholars from Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Palestine, Tunisia, and Lebanon — examine how women experience displacement differently from men. They ask whether and how gender has been integrated into humanitarian or state-led programming, and to what effect. They also consider innovative and community-based strategies that women use to ensure they have the necessary support for themselves and their families. Finally, they explore how these narratives counter stereotypes of women migrants and refugees as lacking agency, instead revealing their resiliency and self-sufficiency.
iki sektörde dijitalleşmenin cinsiyete dayalı iş
bölümünde dönüşüm yaratma kapasitesinin
düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. Kadınların sektörlerde yaptıkları işler ya ev içinde
gerçekleştirdikleri işlerin bir uzantısı olan temizlik,
bakıcılık gibi işler ya da geleneksel olarak kadın
işi olarak bilinen tekstil ve hazır giyim gibi ve
kadınların el becerisine dayandığı düşünülen
alanlarda var olan işlerden oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca
fiziksel güç gerektiren işler otomatik olarak erkek
işi olarak kodlanmaktadır. Sektörlerde var olan
cinsiyete dayalı iş bölümü dijitalleşme sonucu
pek değişmeden sabit kalmaktadır. Fakat bunun
yanı sıra, dijitalleşme ile eğitimli profesyonel kadın
istihdamı ve yönetici idari kademelerde temsiliyet
arasında daha pozitif bir ilişki olduğu araştırma
bulguları ile desteklenmektedir. Ayrıca dijitalleşme,
zayıf da olsa bazı alanlarda kadınların girişimcilik
faaliyetlerini olumlu yönde etkileyebilmektedir.
create transformation in gender-based division of
work. Women’s jobs in the sector are either such jobs as cleaning and caregiving that are similar
to domestic jobs they undertake or jobs that are
traditionally known as women’s jobs and that are
considered to be based on women’s dexterity
in textile and garment industries. Besides, jobs
that require physical strength are automatically
coded as men’s jobs. Digitalization makes nearly
no change in the existing gender-based division
of work in the sectors. In addition to this, findings
from research support that however, there is
a higher correlation between digitalization and
employment of educated, professional women
and their representation in executive positions.
Furthermore, digitalization may have a positive
effect, even slightly, on female entrepreneurship
activities.
the gender analysis of the relationship between women’s care responsibilities and
work practices, and also an account of how welfare state policies and care regimes
affect the role of women and gender in the labor market. The Turkish welfare state
has traditionally rested on the ideal of women’s main societal role being that of mothers
and wives because the family is an important source of security for the vast majority
of the population. This, in turn, has resulted in women’s overwhelming
involvement in caring activities and their remaining outside the labor market activities
on which the recent welfare reforms of the ruling Justice and Development Party
(AKP) have been vested. The “cash-for-care” benefit scheme directed at women has
generated a neo-paternalist care regime in which women’s traditional roles have been
protected and perpetuated by the government. Rewarding women’s domestic care
activities not only turns them into informal workers for the government but also
helps to fill the gap in institutional care services for children and the elderly, even
in times of high demand for social care services. The cash-for-care scheme also
boosted the statistics on women’s labor force participation as the government
recorded them as employed in the service sector (Toksöz 2016). Therefore,
Turkey’s neo-paternalist care regime has ended up keeping women in the domestic
sphere as the main care providers while recording them as employed, albeit on informal
terms.
in agricultural production in Turkey as a significant component of the workforce.
In eastern provinces such as Kars, Ardahan and Iğdır, migrants generally work in
fodder cutting and animal care, while in the Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia, Southern Anatolia, the Aegean and Central Anatolia, foreign migrant workers are employed as seasonal agricultural workers in the growing and harvest of hazelnuts,
tea, cotton, apricots, legumes, sugar beet, citrus, peanuts, grapes, pistachios and
vegetables. Azerbaijani migrants are employed intensively in livestock raising
and Georgian migrants in tea and hazelnut harvesting . Meanwhile, since they
have begun arriving in Turkey in 2011, Syrian migrants have come to replace the
local workforce in the production of many agricultural goods.
In Turkey, as around the world, the use of foreign migrant workers in seasonal
agricultural production is widespread. Due to the conditions created by the migration regime in Turkey and the active use of short-term work permits for agricultural employment, foreign migrant workers who engage in agricultural production are employed informally. Turkey’s liberal visa practices for the citizens of
some countries act as short term agricultural work visas. However, as these are
actually tourist visas, migrants are not given a work permit and they are not covered by social security. In addition to those foreign migrant workers who enter
Turkey with a visa, many of the approximately 3 million Syrians who have fled the
war in their country and are staying in Turkey under temporary protection status
are also employed informally in the production of many agricultural goods. In
summary, foreign migrant workers are engaged in agricultural production as vulnerable workers without security
the current situation of child labour in the footwear manufacturing industry. Covering the
provinces of Adana, Gaziantep, Hatay, İstanbul, İzmir and Konya, the rapid assessment
study looks into how and why children become involved in the footwear manufacturing
industry, in which stages of supply chain of the footwear industry child labour prevails,
and how child labour has become integrated into footwear manufacturing industry as
part of the concept of acquiring a profession through methods like apprenticeship and
traineeship. Moreover, the study addresses the growing number of Syrian migrants
and children in the footwear manufacturing industry over the past couple of years.
While gender is an often-neglected variable in studies of migration, migration is a largely gendered phenomenon — women comprise almost half of international migrants (48%) and registered refugees (46%).[1] The experience of displacement can create gender-specific hardships or exacerbate existing gender inequalities, but it can also create new opportunities and transform gender relations. When gender is considered in the context of displacement — whether by host country governments or humanitarian organizations — there are many assumptions of how women’s experiences differ from men, with women frequently viewed as vulnerable and agentless actors. In reality, migrant women are not inherently vulnerable; it is the circumstances in which they find themselves and the policies they live under that produce precarity.[2]
To explore and understand the experiences of women migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees in the context of the Middle East and North Africa, the following briefs consider how gender impacts displacement and migration, and how gender succeeds — or fails — to inform policies toward displaced individuals. Using detailed case studies of specific populations and host countries, the contributing authors — who include scholars from Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Palestine, Tunisia, and Lebanon — examine how women experience displacement differently from men. They ask whether and how gender has been integrated into humanitarian or state-led programming, and to what effect. They also consider innovative and community-based strategies that women use to ensure they have the necessary support for themselves and their families. Finally, they explore how these narratives counter stereotypes of women migrants and refugees as lacking agency, instead revealing their resiliency and self-sufficiency.
iki sektörde dijitalleşmenin cinsiyete dayalı iş
bölümünde dönüşüm yaratma kapasitesinin
düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. Kadınların sektörlerde yaptıkları işler ya ev içinde
gerçekleştirdikleri işlerin bir uzantısı olan temizlik,
bakıcılık gibi işler ya da geleneksel olarak kadın
işi olarak bilinen tekstil ve hazır giyim gibi ve
kadınların el becerisine dayandığı düşünülen
alanlarda var olan işlerden oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca
fiziksel güç gerektiren işler otomatik olarak erkek
işi olarak kodlanmaktadır. Sektörlerde var olan
cinsiyete dayalı iş bölümü dijitalleşme sonucu
pek değişmeden sabit kalmaktadır. Fakat bunun
yanı sıra, dijitalleşme ile eğitimli profesyonel kadın
istihdamı ve yönetici idari kademelerde temsiliyet
arasında daha pozitif bir ilişki olduğu araştırma
bulguları ile desteklenmektedir. Ayrıca dijitalleşme,
zayıf da olsa bazı alanlarda kadınların girişimcilik
faaliyetlerini olumlu yönde etkileyebilmektedir.
create transformation in gender-based division of
work. Women’s jobs in the sector are either such jobs as cleaning and caregiving that are similar
to domestic jobs they undertake or jobs that are
traditionally known as women’s jobs and that are
considered to be based on women’s dexterity
in textile and garment industries. Besides, jobs
that require physical strength are automatically
coded as men’s jobs. Digitalization makes nearly
no change in the existing gender-based division
of work in the sectors. In addition to this, findings
from research support that however, there is
a higher correlation between digitalization and
employment of educated, professional women
and their representation in executive positions.
Furthermore, digitalization may have a positive
effect, even slightly, on female entrepreneurship
activities.
the gender analysis of the relationship between women’s care responsibilities and
work practices, and also an account of how welfare state policies and care regimes
affect the role of women and gender in the labor market. The Turkish welfare state
has traditionally rested on the ideal of women’s main societal role being that of mothers
and wives because the family is an important source of security for the vast majority
of the population. This, in turn, has resulted in women’s overwhelming
involvement in caring activities and their remaining outside the labor market activities
on which the recent welfare reforms of the ruling Justice and Development Party
(AKP) have been vested. The “cash-for-care” benefit scheme directed at women has
generated a neo-paternalist care regime in which women’s traditional roles have been
protected and perpetuated by the government. Rewarding women’s domestic care
activities not only turns them into informal workers for the government but also
helps to fill the gap in institutional care services for children and the elderly, even
in times of high demand for social care services. The cash-for-care scheme also
boosted the statistics on women’s labor force participation as the government
recorded them as employed in the service sector (Toksöz 2016). Therefore,
Turkey’s neo-paternalist care regime has ended up keeping women in the domestic
sphere as the main care providers while recording them as employed, albeit on informal
terms.
in agricultural production in Turkey as a significant component of the workforce.
In eastern provinces such as Kars, Ardahan and Iğdır, migrants generally work in
fodder cutting and animal care, while in the Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia, Southern Anatolia, the Aegean and Central Anatolia, foreign migrant workers are employed as seasonal agricultural workers in the growing and harvest of hazelnuts,
tea, cotton, apricots, legumes, sugar beet, citrus, peanuts, grapes, pistachios and
vegetables. Azerbaijani migrants are employed intensively in livestock raising
and Georgian migrants in tea and hazelnut harvesting . Meanwhile, since they
have begun arriving in Turkey in 2011, Syrian migrants have come to replace the
local workforce in the production of many agricultural goods.
In Turkey, as around the world, the use of foreign migrant workers in seasonal
agricultural production is widespread. Due to the conditions created by the migration regime in Turkey and the active use of short-term work permits for agricultural employment, foreign migrant workers who engage in agricultural production are employed informally. Turkey’s liberal visa practices for the citizens of
some countries act as short term agricultural work visas. However, as these are
actually tourist visas, migrants are not given a work permit and they are not covered by social security. In addition to those foreign migrant workers who enter
Turkey with a visa, many of the approximately 3 million Syrians who have fled the
war in their country and are staying in Turkey under temporary protection status
are also employed informally in the production of many agricultural goods. In
summary, foreign migrant workers are engaged in agricultural production as vulnerable workers without security
the current situation of child labour in the footwear manufacturing industry. Covering the
provinces of Adana, Gaziantep, Hatay, İstanbul, İzmir and Konya, the rapid assessment
study looks into how and why children become involved in the footwear manufacturing
industry, in which stages of supply chain of the footwear industry child labour prevails,
and how child labour has become integrated into footwear manufacturing industry as
part of the concept of acquiring a profession through methods like apprenticeship and
traineeship. Moreover, the study addresses the growing number of Syrian migrants
and children in the footwear manufacturing industry over the past couple of years.
garment industry and shows the gender inequalities that underlie the export success of the industry, wherein the organization of production and workplace relations embed and reproduce gender ideology and norms. Women’s engagement in garment production is ensured through the articulation of their subordinate position within the social organization of garment production and the mobilization of kinship relations.
age of child workers, as well as their working conditions. Children are an important part of the commercial agricultural production in which their families are involved, and therefore their health and development of children who are both unpaid family workers
and paid child workers, are affected negatively.
ve çalışma koşullarını etkiler. Çocuklar, ailelerinin dahil olduğu ticari tarımsal üretimin önemli bir parçasıdır ve bu nedenle hem ücretsiz aile işçisi hem de ücretli tarım işçisi olan çocukların sağlıkları ve gelişimleri olumsuz yönde etkilenmektedir.
Çocuk işçiliğinin belirleyici bir unsuru olarak ücret ödeme biçimlerinin incelenmesi, çocukların ücretli veya ücretsiz aile işçisi olarak tarımsal üretime katılma şekilleri, tarımsal üretimin yapısı ve üretim dinamiğinin çocukların tarımsal üretime eklemlenme biçimlerini ve çeşitlerini nasıl etkilediği hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bu araştırma, çocuk işçiliğinin ortadan kaldırılması ve çocukların sağlık ve refahlarının iyileştirilmesine dair politika ve düzenlemeleri desteklemek amacıyla tarımsal üretimde kullanılan ücret tipleri ile çocuk işçiliği uygulamaları arasındaki ilişkiyi araştıran ilk girişimdir. Rapor bulguları, çocuk işçiliğini önleme odaklı müdahaleler, politikalar ve uygulamalar için bir yol haritası oluşturmak için kullanılabilir.
Workers in Agricultural Production in Turkey examines the link between the role of
labour intermediation and child labour in seasonal agricultural production. This study
shows that labour intermediaries play an active role in determining the degree of
child labour in seasonal agricultural production through their capacity to organise the
labour force, their impact on working conditions, and on their role in organisation of
the living conditions of workers. Agricultural intermediaries, most of whom worked
as child agricultural workers in the past, state that families are being forced to make
their children work due to economic hardship and believe that it is the best for children
themselves to work since they have dropped out from school. The understanding of child
labour based on the dictum ‘a child’s work makes a day’s wage’ is of vital importance for
families that make their living through paid work in agricultural production and for labour
intermediaries who facilitate these worker families access to agricultural production.
üretimde işgücünü organize etme kapasiteleri ve çalışma koşulları üzerindeki etkileri ile, işçilerin yaşam koşullarını düzenleme rolleri nedeniyle, mevsimlik tarımsal üretimde çocuk işçiliğinin boyutlarını belirlemede etkin bir rol oynamaktadır. Kendileri de geçmişte
tarımda çalışan çocuk işçiler olan tarım aracıları, işçi ailelerin ekonomik zorluklar nedeniyle çocuklarını çalıştırmak zorunda kaldığını ve eğitim hayatından erken kopan çocukların çalışmasının çocukların kendileri için de en iyi yol olduğunu düşünmektedirler. ‘Bir yevmiye bir yevmiyedir’ anlayışı içinde kurgulanan çocuk işçiliği, tarımsal üretimde ücretli işçilik ile hayatını kazanan aileler ve bu aileleri organize ederek tarımsal üretime entegre eden tarım aracıları için yaşamsal bir öneme sahiptir.