Markets and Staples in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom, 2020
This book discusses medieval markets and depots, places of commercial activity in the Kingdom of ... more This book discusses medieval markets and depots, places of commercial activity in the Kingdom of Hungary, and their many interactions, and how they developed and changed over time. The system went through many changes as new demands arose over the centuries, but permanence and adherence to old ways was always a characteristic feature. In the early Kingdom of Hungary, only the king could hold markets, but clerical and secular landowners gradually acquired market rights in later times. In the second half of the thirteenth century, kings started to control trade through the staple right. After depots formed into a contiguous system in the border regions of the Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the Middle Ages, foreign traders were excluded from the weekly markets, their activities being confined to the depots and to annual fairs.
The most important scenes of the medieval trade were markets and staples, where Hungarian and for... more The most important scenes of the medieval trade were markets and staples, where Hungarian and foreign merchants as well turned up regularly. Examining these institutions together can provide us a more complete picture about the trade system encompassing the whole of the Hungarian Kingdom in the Middle Ages.
The first chapter of the book contains the history of the medieval markets, starting with examining the natural and economic-geographical factors of the emergence of markets. Following this, certain types of fairs (daily, weekly and annual markets) are categorized, linking together their names appearing in different Latin and German sources. From the market types, forum liberum had be dealt with special attention, as – according to the relevant literature –there are different, sometimes even contradictory opinions about its interpretation. Analyzing the days of the fairs and markets, the relations of the weekly and annual fairs in a settlement, the competition among the markets situated close to each other, and the methods applied for judging the disputes, the system of the markets of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom can be explored. The “mile right” (of German origin, Bannmeilenrecht) – which meant that a settlement had an exclusive right of a certain privilege within a certain distance – connected to not only the history of markets is discussed in a subchapter with examples of its practical implementation. Enumeration of the revenues deriving from the fairs (first of all, market tolls) illustrates clearly why taking out market permission from the ruler was significantly useful for a settlement. The crowd gathering for the fairs provided opportunity for developing habits and customs not connected to trade; first of all the practice of proclaiming matters of public interest is presented, detailing separately the cases when the three-market proclamation extended not only one, but two or three counties, as well as cases when it meant only two, or more than three fairs. Finally, other functions of the market place (e.g. executions, town halls) are also investigated.
The greater part of the book is constituted by the second chapter, which examines the trade staples and staple rights – which was called “árumegállító jog” by the previous relevant hungarian literature – in the Hungarian Kingdom. Arbitrating the dispute between the denomination of “lerakatjog” and “árumegállító jog” can be facilitated with examining the Latin and German phrases appeared in the sources. At the same time, the trade repository or depot (e.g. salt or wine) is to be distinguished from the staple right. The book lists all the towns that acquired staple right in the Middle Ages, and the ones that could have this right although there are no written documents about it in the period under review. The privilege of the staple right could be broadened or narrowed, which several times was effected by the feud among different towns. After these, the rights accompanying the staple rights are shown, which were held by the settlements having staple rights but were not part of that privilege, as other settlements, too, could have them, e.g. mandatory roads, transfer right etc.
The appendix of the book contains a database that lists the market places of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom, defining the days of the weekly fairs and the time of the annual fair of the settlements, and also the time of the first occurrence of the fairs. The database enumerating 800 market places is supplemented with an annexed map.
In the 13 century, paralelly with the increase of domestic trade customs multiplied in the countr... more In the 13 century, paralelly with the increase of domestic trade customs multiplied in the country. Those, who were interested in trade tried to gain relief from customs duties. Andrew II. ensured exemption to seculars in different degrees. Beside total exemption covering the whole country there existed exemptions limited with regard to territpry or voods. Besides these once he gave a charter to a foreign trademan and there were a few occasionally offered exemptions in reign of Andrew II
The customs duties-places of the county Bars were at the age of the Árpáds: Bars, Gelednek, Gozni... more The customs duties-places of the county Bars were at the age of the Árpáds: Bars, Gelednek, Goznica and Keresztúr. In Bars customs of market and customs of road were levied. In Gelednek and in Goznica and in Keresztúr customs of road were levied. The one-third parts of the customs from the county Bars had the monastery of Garamszentbenedek
Salt mines became the property of the Árpáds at quite an early stage of their rule. Monarchs soug... more Salt mines became the property of the Árpáds at quite an early stage of their rule. Monarchs sought to retain their monopoly, they handed over mines for only a short period, or they donated only parts of the mines to their subjects. Revenues from salt went to the royal treasury, and rulers were unwilling to renounce them. In the age of the Árpáds two methods were employed to provide the realm with royal salt, on the one hand royal salt storehouses were established, on the other hand salt was issued to ecclesiastical bodies, which took over the salt in mines or storehouses and dispensed it. Apart from the storehouses in Szeged and in Szalacs prescribed in the Golden Bull of 1222, other storehouses were used in Pozsony, Sopron and Vasvár. The monarch controlled foreign trade in salt. Charters of the Árpád age mention salt-tax (tributum saBnarum/salium/de salibus/in salibus) in connection with four setdements (Aranyos, Nána, Kakat, Pest). Collecting salt-tax is evidenced in connection ...
In the 13th century, paralelly with the increase of domestic trade, customs multiplied in the cou... more In the 13th century, paralelly with the increase of domestic trade, customs multiplied in the country. Those, who were interested in trade tried to gain relief from customs duties. King Andrew II. ensured exemption in different degrees. Beside total exemption covering the whole country there existed exemptions limited with regard to territory or goods. Besides these once he gave a charter to a foreign trademan and there were a few occasionally offered exemptions in reign of Andrew II
On the basis of the documents dating from the Árpád era only one of the customs (Jászó) in Abaúj ... more On the basis of the documents dating from the Árpád era only one of the customs (Jászó) in Abaúj county can be identified, but with the help of the documents of the Angevin period further customs of the county can be detected (Kassa, Garadna, Forró). Two-third of the customs paid at markets in the county were owned by the church of Várad, one-tenth of them by the church of Eger. Apart from the customs there are references to markets and crossings, where the existence of customs cannot be verified
The crossing-places (bridge, ferry, ford) were indispensable in the Middle Ages for travellers to... more The crossing-places (bridge, ferry, ford) were indispensable in the Middle Ages for travellers to traffic. All the crossing-places on river Tisza were ferries (24 ones) in the charters from the Arpadian period on river Tisza from Szőllős to Becse. There were important ferries by main roads (e. g. Abád), some ferries were used only at stated weather conditions. It is possible that other ferries (Titel, Adorján) were used on river Tisza at the age of the Árpáds, too
Markets and Staples in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom, 2020
This book discusses medieval markets and depots, places of commercial activity in the Kingdom of ... more This book discusses medieval markets and depots, places of commercial activity in the Kingdom of Hungary, and their many interactions, and how they developed and changed over time. The system went through many changes as new demands arose over the centuries, but permanence and adherence to old ways was always a characteristic feature. In the early Kingdom of Hungary, only the king could hold markets, but clerical and secular landowners gradually acquired market rights in later times. In the second half of the thirteenth century, kings started to control trade through the staple right. After depots formed into a contiguous system in the border regions of the Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the Middle Ages, foreign traders were excluded from the weekly markets, their activities being confined to the depots and to annual fairs.
The most important scenes of the medieval trade were markets and staples, where Hungarian and for... more The most important scenes of the medieval trade were markets and staples, where Hungarian and foreign merchants as well turned up regularly. Examining these institutions together can provide us a more complete picture about the trade system encompassing the whole of the Hungarian Kingdom in the Middle Ages.
The first chapter of the book contains the history of the medieval markets, starting with examining the natural and economic-geographical factors of the emergence of markets. Following this, certain types of fairs (daily, weekly and annual markets) are categorized, linking together their names appearing in different Latin and German sources. From the market types, forum liberum had be dealt with special attention, as – according to the relevant literature –there are different, sometimes even contradictory opinions about its interpretation. Analyzing the days of the fairs and markets, the relations of the weekly and annual fairs in a settlement, the competition among the markets situated close to each other, and the methods applied for judging the disputes, the system of the markets of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom can be explored. The “mile right” (of German origin, Bannmeilenrecht) – which meant that a settlement had an exclusive right of a certain privilege within a certain distance – connected to not only the history of markets is discussed in a subchapter with examples of its practical implementation. Enumeration of the revenues deriving from the fairs (first of all, market tolls) illustrates clearly why taking out market permission from the ruler was significantly useful for a settlement. The crowd gathering for the fairs provided opportunity for developing habits and customs not connected to trade; first of all the practice of proclaiming matters of public interest is presented, detailing separately the cases when the three-market proclamation extended not only one, but two or three counties, as well as cases when it meant only two, or more than three fairs. Finally, other functions of the market place (e.g. executions, town halls) are also investigated.
The greater part of the book is constituted by the second chapter, which examines the trade staples and staple rights – which was called “árumegállító jog” by the previous relevant hungarian literature – in the Hungarian Kingdom. Arbitrating the dispute between the denomination of “lerakatjog” and “árumegállító jog” can be facilitated with examining the Latin and German phrases appeared in the sources. At the same time, the trade repository or depot (e.g. salt or wine) is to be distinguished from the staple right. The book lists all the towns that acquired staple right in the Middle Ages, and the ones that could have this right although there are no written documents about it in the period under review. The privilege of the staple right could be broadened or narrowed, which several times was effected by the feud among different towns. After these, the rights accompanying the staple rights are shown, which were held by the settlements having staple rights but were not part of that privilege, as other settlements, too, could have them, e.g. mandatory roads, transfer right etc.
The appendix of the book contains a database that lists the market places of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom, defining the days of the weekly fairs and the time of the annual fair of the settlements, and also the time of the first occurrence of the fairs. The database enumerating 800 market places is supplemented with an annexed map.
In the 13 century, paralelly with the increase of domestic trade customs multiplied in the countr... more In the 13 century, paralelly with the increase of domestic trade customs multiplied in the country. Those, who were interested in trade tried to gain relief from customs duties. Andrew II. ensured exemption to seculars in different degrees. Beside total exemption covering the whole country there existed exemptions limited with regard to territpry or voods. Besides these once he gave a charter to a foreign trademan and there were a few occasionally offered exemptions in reign of Andrew II
The customs duties-places of the county Bars were at the age of the Árpáds: Bars, Gelednek, Gozni... more The customs duties-places of the county Bars were at the age of the Árpáds: Bars, Gelednek, Goznica and Keresztúr. In Bars customs of market and customs of road were levied. In Gelednek and in Goznica and in Keresztúr customs of road were levied. The one-third parts of the customs from the county Bars had the monastery of Garamszentbenedek
Salt mines became the property of the Árpáds at quite an early stage of their rule. Monarchs soug... more Salt mines became the property of the Árpáds at quite an early stage of their rule. Monarchs sought to retain their monopoly, they handed over mines for only a short period, or they donated only parts of the mines to their subjects. Revenues from salt went to the royal treasury, and rulers were unwilling to renounce them. In the age of the Árpáds two methods were employed to provide the realm with royal salt, on the one hand royal salt storehouses were established, on the other hand salt was issued to ecclesiastical bodies, which took over the salt in mines or storehouses and dispensed it. Apart from the storehouses in Szeged and in Szalacs prescribed in the Golden Bull of 1222, other storehouses were used in Pozsony, Sopron and Vasvár. The monarch controlled foreign trade in salt. Charters of the Árpád age mention salt-tax (tributum saBnarum/salium/de salibus/in salibus) in connection with four setdements (Aranyos, Nána, Kakat, Pest). Collecting salt-tax is evidenced in connection ...
In the 13th century, paralelly with the increase of domestic trade, customs multiplied in the cou... more In the 13th century, paralelly with the increase of domestic trade, customs multiplied in the country. Those, who were interested in trade tried to gain relief from customs duties. King Andrew II. ensured exemption in different degrees. Beside total exemption covering the whole country there existed exemptions limited with regard to territory or goods. Besides these once he gave a charter to a foreign trademan and there were a few occasionally offered exemptions in reign of Andrew II
On the basis of the documents dating from the Árpád era only one of the customs (Jászó) in Abaúj ... more On the basis of the documents dating from the Árpád era only one of the customs (Jászó) in Abaúj county can be identified, but with the help of the documents of the Angevin period further customs of the county can be detected (Kassa, Garadna, Forró). Two-third of the customs paid at markets in the county were owned by the church of Várad, one-tenth of them by the church of Eger. Apart from the customs there are references to markets and crossings, where the existence of customs cannot be verified
The crossing-places (bridge, ferry, ford) were indispensable in the Middle Ages for travellers to... more The crossing-places (bridge, ferry, ford) were indispensable in the Middle Ages for travellers to traffic. All the crossing-places on river Tisza were ferries (24 ones) in the charters from the Arpadian period on river Tisza from Szőllős to Becse. There were important ferries by main roads (e. g. Abád), some ferries were used only at stated weather conditions. It is possible that other ferries (Titel, Adorján) were used on river Tisza at the age of the Árpáds, too
Idén ősszel második alkalommal és a hagyományteremtés szándékával rendezzük meg a Mixtura textura... more Idén ősszel második alkalommal és a hagyományteremtés szándékával rendezzük meg a Mixtura texturalis – Ember és textil a Kárpát-medencében című tudományos konferenciát. Célunk a régészeti korok textilművességének, textil- és eszközleleteinek, textilalapú viseleti elemeinek, továbbá a korabeli emberi társadalmak textiljeinek készítésével, felhasználásával-fogyasztásával kapcsolatos nagyobb ívű (akár korszakokon is átívelő), komplexebb interpretációk bemutatásán túl egy olyan interdiszciplináris műhely létrehozása, melyben a különböző tudományterületek képviselői (pl. bölcsészek, természettudósok, restaurátorok stb.) közt aktív párbeszéd és együttműködés alakulhat ki.
Várjuk olyan előadók jelentkezését, akik max. 20 perces előadásukban, illetve 5 perces poszterükkel (ez utóbbi esetében egy-egy lelet vagy lelőhely ismertetésével) a múltbéli textilek készítésének, felhasználásának sokrétűségét, annak gazdasági, társadalmi stb. aspektusait mutatják be más tudományterületek képviselői számára is érthető, követhető tudományos stílusban.
A tervezett előadások illetve poszterek max. 400 szavas kivonatát kérjük a weisz.boglarka@btk.mta.hu ÉS a pszeoke23@gmail.com email címek MINDEGYIKÉRE elküldeni 2018. augusztus 30-ig!
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Books by Boglárka Weisz
The first chapter of the book contains the history of the medieval markets, starting with examining the natural and economic-geographical factors of the emergence of markets. Following this, certain types of fairs (daily, weekly and annual markets) are categorized, linking together their names appearing in different Latin and German sources. From the market types, forum liberum had be dealt with special attention, as – according to the relevant literature –there are different, sometimes even contradictory opinions about its interpretation. Analyzing the days of the fairs and markets, the relations of the weekly and annual fairs in a settlement, the competition among the markets situated close to each other, and the methods applied for judging the disputes, the system of the markets of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom can be explored. The “mile right” (of German origin, Bannmeilenrecht) – which meant that a settlement had an exclusive right of a certain privilege within a certain distance – connected to not only the history of markets is discussed in a subchapter with examples of its practical implementation. Enumeration of the revenues deriving from the fairs (first of all, market tolls) illustrates clearly why taking out market permission from the ruler was significantly useful for a settlement. The crowd gathering for the fairs provided opportunity for developing habits and customs not connected to trade; first of all the practice of proclaiming matters of public interest is presented, detailing separately the cases when the three-market proclamation extended not only one, but two or three counties, as well as cases when it meant only two, or more than three fairs. Finally, other functions of the market place (e.g. executions, town halls) are also investigated.
The greater part of the book is constituted by the second chapter, which examines the trade staples and staple rights – which was called “árumegállító jog” by the previous relevant hungarian literature – in the Hungarian Kingdom. Arbitrating the dispute between the denomination of “lerakatjog” and “árumegállító jog” can be facilitated with examining the Latin and German phrases appeared in the sources. At the same time, the trade repository or depot (e.g. salt or wine) is to be distinguished from the staple right. The book lists all the towns that acquired staple right in the Middle Ages, and the ones that could have this right although there are no written documents about it in the period under review. The privilege of the staple right could be broadened or narrowed, which several times was effected by the feud among different towns. After these, the rights accompanying the staple rights are shown, which were held by the settlements having staple rights but were not part of that privilege, as other settlements, too, could have them, e.g. mandatory roads, transfer right etc.
The appendix of the book contains a database that lists the market places of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom, defining the days of the weekly fairs and the time of the annual fair of the settlements, and also the time of the first occurrence of the fairs. The database enumerating 800 market places is supplemented with an annexed map.
Papers by Boglárka Weisz
The first chapter of the book contains the history of the medieval markets, starting with examining the natural and economic-geographical factors of the emergence of markets. Following this, certain types of fairs (daily, weekly and annual markets) are categorized, linking together their names appearing in different Latin and German sources. From the market types, forum liberum had be dealt with special attention, as – according to the relevant literature –there are different, sometimes even contradictory opinions about its interpretation. Analyzing the days of the fairs and markets, the relations of the weekly and annual fairs in a settlement, the competition among the markets situated close to each other, and the methods applied for judging the disputes, the system of the markets of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom can be explored. The “mile right” (of German origin, Bannmeilenrecht) – which meant that a settlement had an exclusive right of a certain privilege within a certain distance – connected to not only the history of markets is discussed in a subchapter with examples of its practical implementation. Enumeration of the revenues deriving from the fairs (first of all, market tolls) illustrates clearly why taking out market permission from the ruler was significantly useful for a settlement. The crowd gathering for the fairs provided opportunity for developing habits and customs not connected to trade; first of all the practice of proclaiming matters of public interest is presented, detailing separately the cases when the three-market proclamation extended not only one, but two or three counties, as well as cases when it meant only two, or more than three fairs. Finally, other functions of the market place (e.g. executions, town halls) are also investigated.
The greater part of the book is constituted by the second chapter, which examines the trade staples and staple rights – which was called “árumegállító jog” by the previous relevant hungarian literature – in the Hungarian Kingdom. Arbitrating the dispute between the denomination of “lerakatjog” and “árumegállító jog” can be facilitated with examining the Latin and German phrases appeared in the sources. At the same time, the trade repository or depot (e.g. salt or wine) is to be distinguished from the staple right. The book lists all the towns that acquired staple right in the Middle Ages, and the ones that could have this right although there are no written documents about it in the period under review. The privilege of the staple right could be broadened or narrowed, which several times was effected by the feud among different towns. After these, the rights accompanying the staple rights are shown, which were held by the settlements having staple rights but were not part of that privilege, as other settlements, too, could have them, e.g. mandatory roads, transfer right etc.
The appendix of the book contains a database that lists the market places of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom, defining the days of the weekly fairs and the time of the annual fair of the settlements, and also the time of the first occurrence of the fairs. The database enumerating 800 market places is supplemented with an annexed map.
Várjuk olyan előadók jelentkezését, akik max. 20 perces előadásukban, illetve 5 perces poszterükkel (ez utóbbi esetében egy-egy lelet vagy lelőhely ismertetésével) a múltbéli textilek készítésének, felhasználásának sokrétűségét, annak gazdasági, társadalmi stb. aspektusait mutatják be más tudományterületek képviselői számára is érthető, követhető tudományos stílusban.
A tervezett előadások illetve poszterek max. 400 szavas kivonatát kérjük a weisz.boglarka@btk.mta.hu ÉS a pszeoke23@gmail.com email címek MINDEGYIKÉRE elküldeni 2018. augusztus 30-ig!