Conferences & Events Organisation by Magdaléna Rychetská (b. Masláková)
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Papers by Magdaléna Rychetská (b. Masláková)
Christianity in modern China, 2022
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International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church, 2019
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Review of Religion and Chinese Society, 2022
The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (pct) is the Protestant denomination with the longest tradition... more The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (pct) is the Protestant denomination with the longest tradition in the country. The central theological position of the church began to change in the late 1960s, and over the following decade the church became increasingly politically active and vocal in its support for human rights, minority rights, and democratization. This paper addresses the issue of human rights as narrated within the pct, which explained its involvement in human rights with reference to its Christian beliefs. One outcome of the church’s endeavors was that the people of Taiwan accepted the struggle initiated by the church and began to ask for free elections. Using the pct as an example, the paper shows that religious bodies have the potential to be a positive force for change in society and that a Christian perspective on human rights can contribute to secular discourse on the topic.
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Christianity in modern China, 2022
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Review of Religion and Chinese Society, 2022
The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (pct) is the Protestant denomination with the longest tradition... more The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (pct) is the Protestant denomination with the longest tradition in the country. The central theological position of the church began to change in the late 1960s, and over the following decade the church became increasingly politically active and vocal in its support for human rights, minority rights, and democratization. This paper addresses the issue of human rights as narrated within the pct, which explained its involvement in human rights with reference to its Christian beliefs. One outcome of the church's endeavors was that the people of Taiwan accepted the struggle initiated by the church and began to ask for free elections. Using the pct as an example, the paper shows that religious bodies have the potential to be a positive force for change in society and that a Christian perspective on human rights can contribute to secular discourse on the topic.
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The Palgrave Handbook of the Catholic Church in East Asia, 2021
Government edicts are unilaterally imposed by the decision-makers, the political elites, without ... more Government edicts are unilaterally imposed by the decision-makers, the political elites, without considering those affected by them. The authoritarian government’s relationship as the holder of power and the actions and reactions of Catholics affected by the government’s pronouncements is a complex one. Even under an authoritarian regime, the Catholic Church in China may see itself as needing to develop a mutually supportive relationship with the state. Catholics in China can take one of the two main paths. They can struggle against the government and even mobilize direct opposition to it: as a hierarchical social group, it may have sufficient resources to organize its members to oppose this form of domination. Alternatively, they can seek to cooperate with the government to secure economic, cultural, and symbolic resources. The following chapter focuses on the development of the Catholic Church in China since the establishment of the PRC in 1949. It observes Chinese Catholics of all of the abovementioned groups: the CCPA, the local churches under the CCPA, and the underground Church. The chapter follows their political and cultural struggles under the communist leadership of the PRC. The presented data are based on study of the existing literature and fieldwork which was conducted in Zhejiang province in 2018 and 2019. Data were collected during two fieldwork studies: the first from March to June 2018 and the second in May and June 2019. Both pieces of fieldwork combined semi-structured interviews, narrative interviews, and participant observation. Twenty representatives of the open Catholic Church in China were interviewed.
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In Chris White and Fenggang Yang (Eds). Christian Social Activism and the Rule of Law in Chinese Societies., 2021
The study aims to observe how Taiwan has been narrated as a national subject within the documents... more The study aims to observe how Taiwan has been narrated as a national subject within the documents of the PCT since 1971. This is not to suggest that the whole of Taiwan’s population shares the national identity narrated in these texts, nor that the narrated national identity is based in the reality of an existing community—it is based much more on the belief that such a community exists. The research does not focus on a particular subjective identification of belonging but instead analyzes the specific narrative concerning the Taiwanese national identity as created and promoted by the PCT.
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Sacra, 2014
Tento článok si dáva za cieľ skúmať interakciu medzi ľudovou a učenou vrstvou kresťanskej kultúry... more Tento článok si dáva za cieľ skúmať interakciu medzi ľudovou a učenou vrstvou kresťanskej kultúry stredovekej Európy v treťom oddiele zbierky exempiel Rozprávanie o zázrakoch Caesaria z Heisterbachu. Táto zbierka zázrakov z 13. storočia bola napísaná na pozadí dialógu medzi dvoma kultúrnymi vrstvami, pretože bola vytvorená mníchom, ktorý v diele predstavuje učené predstavy, a adresovaná novicom, ktorí prichádzali do kláštora a prinášali si so sebou predstavy ľudové. Mních sa skrz text snaží prihovárať novicom, a preto používa komunikačné stratégie, ktoré mu to umožnili. V texte sa interakcia prejavuje skrz dva rozdielne diškurzy – teologický a naratívny, ktoré zastupujú rozličné kultúry.
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Studia Orientalia Slovaca, 2016
The main aim of the paper is to observe how and why the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) creat... more The main aim of the paper is to observe how and why the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) created a new Taiwanese national identity within the public statements/important documents (zhongyao wenxian) published by the church between 1971–1995. The public statements of the PCT represent church’s declaration about various social issues, therefore they are the best source for observing an official viewpoint of the church. For the purpose, historical textual analysis and interpretation is used to explain why the PCT supported civic nationalism rather than nationalism based on common ethnicity. Civic nationalism defines nationhood by common citizenship, and it enable connecting people with different cultural and ethnic roots. The PCT’s mission was established between various ethnic groups, thus we can assume that’s the reason why the PCT didn’t want to favor only one ethnic group. Within the public statements, national Taiwanese identity was closely connected with a specific identity of the PCT. The paper analyzes this specific identity of the church as well.
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Dingir : časopis o současné náboženské scéně, 2019
Vlastenecké združenie čínskych katolíkov je organizácia, ktorá je často prezentovaná negatívne hl... more Vlastenecké združenie čínskych katolíkov je organizácia, ktorá je často prezentovaná negatívne hlavne pre jej ochotu spolupracovať s komu- nistickým režimom. Najväčšími kritikmi sú práve členovia podzemnej katolíckej cirkvi a tzv. domácich protestantských cirkví, ktoré nepod- porujú komunistický režim a sú tvrdo potláčané. Tí často podporujú demokratizačné snahy a priamo vystupujú proti Komunistickej strane Číny. Naopak predstavitelia rôznych vlasteneckých združení sa snažia harmonizovať spoluprácu s vládou Čínskej ľudovej republiky (ČĽR).
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Nový Orient, 2018
Tento článok si dáva za cieľ predstaviť čitateľovi presbyteriánsku misiu na Taiwane. Jej pôsobeni... more Tento článok si dáva za cieľ predstaviť čitateľovi presbyteriánsku misiu na Taiwane. Jej pôsobenie je zasadené do dejinných udalostí, ktoré neovplyvnili len samotný Taiwan, ale práve aj túto misiu. Japonská
koloniálna nadvláda, pripojenie Taiwanu k Číne, príchod nacionalistov po prehraní občianskej vojny na
pevnine, vyhlásenie stanného práva... týmto udalostiam musela cirkev spoločne s taiwanským obyvateľstvom čeliť, reagovať a prispôsobovať sa. Následne sa presbyteriánska cirkev pod tlakom politických
a spoločenských udalostí stavia do pozície politického aktivistu hájaceho záujmy Taiwanu. Článok sa
snaží celý tento priebeh zastihnúť a stručne predstaviť českému čitateľovi.
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Religions, 2021
The aims of this paper are to analyze the missionary endeavors of the first Canadian
Presbyterian... more The aims of this paper are to analyze the missionary endeavors of the first Canadian
Presbyterian missionary in Taiwan, George Leslie Mackay (1844–1901), as described in From Far
Formosa: The Islands, Its People and Missions, and to explore how Christian theology was established
among and adapted to the Taiwanese people: the approaches that Mackay used and the missionary
strategies that he implemented, as well as the difficulties that he faced. Given that Mackay’s
missionary strategy was clearly highly successful—within 30 years, he had built 60 churches and
made approximately 2000 converts—the question of how he achieved these results is certainly worth
considering. Furthermore, from the outset, Mackay was perceived and received very positively in
Taiwan and is considered something of a folk hero in the country even today. In the present-day
narrative of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan, Mackay is seen as someone whose efforts to establish
an independent church with native local leadership helped to introduce democracy to Taiwan.
However, in some of the scholarship, missionaries such as Mackay are portrayed as profit seekers.
This paper seeks to give a voice to Mackay himself and thereby to provide a more symmetrical
approach to mission history.
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Nový orient, 2015
Presbyteriánska cirkev na Taiwane (Taiwan Jidu zhanglao jiaohui 台灣基督長老教會) je najdlhšie existujúca... more Presbyteriánska cirkev na Taiwane (Taiwan Jidu zhanglao jiaohui 台灣基督長老教會) je najdlhšie existujúca a zároveň najväčšia protestantská denominácia na území Taiwanu. Nie je len náboženskou organizáciou, ale môžeme ju chápať aj ako hnutie za spoločenské zmeny a politické
práva. Táto cirkev je veľmi aktívna a zasahuje do rôznorodých sociálnych sfér – charita, vzdelávanie, zdravotný systém, pomoc pri prírodných katastrofách... Vytvárala sociálne blaho a pomáhala rôznym neprivilegovaným skupinám. Od roku 1971 začala Presbyteriánska cirkev na Taiwane vydávať oficiálne vyhlásenia, ktoré boli politicky ladené. Tým opustila svoje predchádzajúce stanovisko nezasahovania do štátnych záležitostí a začala sa priamo podieľať na procese demokratizácie Taiwanu
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Religio: revue pro religionistiku, 2020
This article aims to critically evaluate the current state of research into the Protestant and
Ca... more This article aims to critically evaluate the current state of research into the Protestant and
Catholic Churches in the Chinese context. It introduces two main academic discourses on
Christianity in China; it also mentions some challenges connected to the use of the triple-
-market approach proposed by Yang Fenggang, and extensively used by many scholars of
Chinese religions today. Instead of employing the market approach, I believe in the need to
confront the main discourses with empirical data. In the article, I use the example of the
official Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, which is categorised as a “red” religious
market supporting communist rule. As such, the churches united under this body are often
neglected by researchers, as they are perceived as “unproblematic” – and, therefore, do not
support the narrative of Christian groups victimized by the Chinese government.
Nonetheless, the Christian churches (or any religious groups within the “red” market) need
our scholarly attention, as choosing cooperation instead of opposition is not unproblematic
– and various processes of negotiation between a religious group and the government should
be included in the research.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, 2019
After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China
(PRC) in 1949, the Communist Party of C... more After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China
(PRC) in 1949, the Communist Party of China sought to
break all ties between the Church in China and Western
powers. Since 1957, there have been two distinct Catholic
groups within the PRC: the Chinese Catholic Patriotic
Association, and the underground church loyal to the
Vatican. This may be about to change, however, as in
September 2018, the Vatican and the PRC signed a new
provisional agreement on the appointment of bishops, which
could lead to efforts towards reunification of the Catholic
Church in China after more than sixty years of division. This
paper introduces the changing position of the popes with
respect to the PRC. The article argues that the new agreement
should not be considered an initiative solely of Pope Francis,
but rather the result of numerous changes within the Vatican
instigated during the papacy of Pope John XXIII.
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Journal of Church and State, 2019
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Religions, 2019
The Chinese government has regulated all religious activity in the public domain for many years. ... more The Chinese government has regulated all religious activity in the public domain for many years. The state has generally considered religious groups as representing a potential challenge to the authority of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which sees one of its basic roles as making sure religion neither interferes with the state's exercise of power nor harms its citizens. A revised Regulation on Religious Affairs (Zongjiao shiwu tiaoli 宗教事务条例) took effect in 2018, updating the regulation of 2005. This paper aims to introduce and examine the content of the regulation, especially how it differs from its predecessor and how the changes are likely to affect religious groups in China. The Catholic church in China has historical links to the worldwide Catholic church, so articles in the new regulation which seek to curb foreign influence on Chinese religious groups may have more of an effect on Chinese Catholics than on other groups. The paper addresses two main questions: How dose the new regulation affect the Catholic church and what strategies are employed by the Catholic church in order to comply with the regulation? The research is based on textual analysis of the relevant legal documents and on field research conducted in the People Republic of China (PRC). The fieldwork consisted of open interviews with several church members and official representatives of the church conducted in Zhejiang Province between March and May 2018, and in May and June 2019. The paper thus aims to analyze contemporary Chinese religious legislation with respect to the lived experience of Catholics in China.
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The 8th Annual Czech and Slovak Sinological Conference 2014 Proceedings, 2014
The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) is not just a religious organization, but also a movement... more The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) is not just a religious organization, but also a movement for social change and political rights. The church is very active in many different social events, such as charity, education, health care... The church has proclaimed to become a prophet for the Taiwanese nation and a critic of social and political iniquity. If inculturation is the intentional transmission of a system of ideas and values from one culture to another, then the PCT’s Christian ideas (which are specific, but I realize are not Western anymore) represent the system of cultural values that are trying to be passed to Taiwanese culture. This system includes not only religious beliefs, but also other cultural or political ideas. During the process of inculturation, which can be observed in statements and documents of the PCT, it is easy to see how important legitimization is, because it provides the church with recognition – and the church´s ideas can be transferred only if they are widespread and identified. The questions that this paper aims to answer are how exactly has the PCT established legitimacy for its social involvement, which strategies has the PCT used, and if the problem of legitimacy is connected to the process
of inculturation.
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Book Reviews by Magdaléna Rychetská (b. Masláková)
Chinet, 2015
This is a review of a book. In her book Audrey Ronning Topping leads us through two parallel stor... more This is a review of a book. In her book Audrey Ronning Topping leads us through two parallel stories. One of them starts in 1891 and is about the establishment of a Christian mission in China’s interior by three missionaries: the Reverend Halvor Ronning (1862-1950), his sister Thea and his future wife Hannah Rorem. The second is the story of the Chinese nation since the end of the nineteenth century, with references to earlier events. This story describes the devastations China suffered under the corrupt rule of the last Qing (1644- 1911) emperors. It is the story of the Sino-Japanese war, the attempts at reform during the reign of the last emperor, the Boxer Uprising, the siege of Peking, the fall of the Qing dynasty, landlords rule, the revolution in 1927 and, finally, the fall of Nanking (Nanjing) into the hands of the Communists. We learn about these events not only through reference to existing secondary literature, but also through eye-witness accounts preserved within the Topping family, such as family letters and memoirs. The author uses private letters to lead her readers not only through the personal history of her family but also through several decades of Chinese history.
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Conferences & Events Organisation by Magdaléna Rychetská (b. Masláková)
Papers by Magdaléna Rychetská (b. Masláková)
koloniálna nadvláda, pripojenie Taiwanu k Číne, príchod nacionalistov po prehraní občianskej vojny na
pevnine, vyhlásenie stanného práva... týmto udalostiam musela cirkev spoločne s taiwanským obyvateľstvom čeliť, reagovať a prispôsobovať sa. Následne sa presbyteriánska cirkev pod tlakom politických
a spoločenských udalostí stavia do pozície politického aktivistu hájaceho záujmy Taiwanu. Článok sa
snaží celý tento priebeh zastihnúť a stručne predstaviť českému čitateľovi.
Presbyterian missionary in Taiwan, George Leslie Mackay (1844–1901), as described in From Far
Formosa: The Islands, Its People and Missions, and to explore how Christian theology was established
among and adapted to the Taiwanese people: the approaches that Mackay used and the missionary
strategies that he implemented, as well as the difficulties that he faced. Given that Mackay’s
missionary strategy was clearly highly successful—within 30 years, he had built 60 churches and
made approximately 2000 converts—the question of how he achieved these results is certainly worth
considering. Furthermore, from the outset, Mackay was perceived and received very positively in
Taiwan and is considered something of a folk hero in the country even today. In the present-day
narrative of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan, Mackay is seen as someone whose efforts to establish
an independent church with native local leadership helped to introduce democracy to Taiwan.
However, in some of the scholarship, missionaries such as Mackay are portrayed as profit seekers.
This paper seeks to give a voice to Mackay himself and thereby to provide a more symmetrical
approach to mission history.
práva. Táto cirkev je veľmi aktívna a zasahuje do rôznorodých sociálnych sfér – charita, vzdelávanie, zdravotný systém, pomoc pri prírodných katastrofách... Vytvárala sociálne blaho a pomáhala rôznym neprivilegovaným skupinám. Od roku 1971 začala Presbyteriánska cirkev na Taiwane vydávať oficiálne vyhlásenia, ktoré boli politicky ladené. Tým opustila svoje predchádzajúce stanovisko nezasahovania do štátnych záležitostí a začala sa priamo podieľať na procese demokratizácie Taiwanu
Catholic Churches in the Chinese context. It introduces two main academic discourses on
Christianity in China; it also mentions some challenges connected to the use of the triple-
-market approach proposed by Yang Fenggang, and extensively used by many scholars of
Chinese religions today. Instead of employing the market approach, I believe in the need to
confront the main discourses with empirical data. In the article, I use the example of the
official Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, which is categorised as a “red” religious
market supporting communist rule. As such, the churches united under this body are often
neglected by researchers, as they are perceived as “unproblematic” – and, therefore, do not
support the narrative of Christian groups victimized by the Chinese government.
Nonetheless, the Christian churches (or any religious groups within the “red” market) need
our scholarly attention, as choosing cooperation instead of opposition is not unproblematic
– and various processes of negotiation between a religious group and the government should
be included in the research.
(PRC) in 1949, the Communist Party of China sought to
break all ties between the Church in China and Western
powers. Since 1957, there have been two distinct Catholic
groups within the PRC: the Chinese Catholic Patriotic
Association, and the underground church loyal to the
Vatican. This may be about to change, however, as in
September 2018, the Vatican and the PRC signed a new
provisional agreement on the appointment of bishops, which
could lead to efforts towards reunification of the Catholic
Church in China after more than sixty years of division. This
paper introduces the changing position of the popes with
respect to the PRC. The article argues that the new agreement
should not be considered an initiative solely of Pope Francis,
but rather the result of numerous changes within the Vatican
instigated during the papacy of Pope John XXIII.
of inculturation.
Book Reviews by Magdaléna Rychetská (b. Masláková)
koloniálna nadvláda, pripojenie Taiwanu k Číne, príchod nacionalistov po prehraní občianskej vojny na
pevnine, vyhlásenie stanného práva... týmto udalostiam musela cirkev spoločne s taiwanským obyvateľstvom čeliť, reagovať a prispôsobovať sa. Následne sa presbyteriánska cirkev pod tlakom politických
a spoločenských udalostí stavia do pozície politického aktivistu hájaceho záujmy Taiwanu. Článok sa
snaží celý tento priebeh zastihnúť a stručne predstaviť českému čitateľovi.
Presbyterian missionary in Taiwan, George Leslie Mackay (1844–1901), as described in From Far
Formosa: The Islands, Its People and Missions, and to explore how Christian theology was established
among and adapted to the Taiwanese people: the approaches that Mackay used and the missionary
strategies that he implemented, as well as the difficulties that he faced. Given that Mackay’s
missionary strategy was clearly highly successful—within 30 years, he had built 60 churches and
made approximately 2000 converts—the question of how he achieved these results is certainly worth
considering. Furthermore, from the outset, Mackay was perceived and received very positively in
Taiwan and is considered something of a folk hero in the country even today. In the present-day
narrative of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan, Mackay is seen as someone whose efforts to establish
an independent church with native local leadership helped to introduce democracy to Taiwan.
However, in some of the scholarship, missionaries such as Mackay are portrayed as profit seekers.
This paper seeks to give a voice to Mackay himself and thereby to provide a more symmetrical
approach to mission history.
práva. Táto cirkev je veľmi aktívna a zasahuje do rôznorodých sociálnych sfér – charita, vzdelávanie, zdravotný systém, pomoc pri prírodných katastrofách... Vytvárala sociálne blaho a pomáhala rôznym neprivilegovaným skupinám. Od roku 1971 začala Presbyteriánska cirkev na Taiwane vydávať oficiálne vyhlásenia, ktoré boli politicky ladené. Tým opustila svoje predchádzajúce stanovisko nezasahovania do štátnych záležitostí a začala sa priamo podieľať na procese demokratizácie Taiwanu
Catholic Churches in the Chinese context. It introduces two main academic discourses on
Christianity in China; it also mentions some challenges connected to the use of the triple-
-market approach proposed by Yang Fenggang, and extensively used by many scholars of
Chinese religions today. Instead of employing the market approach, I believe in the need to
confront the main discourses with empirical data. In the article, I use the example of the
official Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, which is categorised as a “red” religious
market supporting communist rule. As such, the churches united under this body are often
neglected by researchers, as they are perceived as “unproblematic” – and, therefore, do not
support the narrative of Christian groups victimized by the Chinese government.
Nonetheless, the Christian churches (or any religious groups within the “red” market) need
our scholarly attention, as choosing cooperation instead of opposition is not unproblematic
– and various processes of negotiation between a religious group and the government should
be included in the research.
(PRC) in 1949, the Communist Party of China sought to
break all ties between the Church in China and Western
powers. Since 1957, there have been two distinct Catholic
groups within the PRC: the Chinese Catholic Patriotic
Association, and the underground church loyal to the
Vatican. This may be about to change, however, as in
September 2018, the Vatican and the PRC signed a new
provisional agreement on the appointment of bishops, which
could lead to efforts towards reunification of the Catholic
Church in China after more than sixty years of division. This
paper introduces the changing position of the popes with
respect to the PRC. The article argues that the new agreement
should not be considered an initiative solely of Pope Francis,
but rather the result of numerous changes within the Vatican
instigated during the papacy of Pope John XXIII.
of inculturation.