Fe-3.8wt%Si transformer steels were processed using two different additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and directed energy deposition (DED). While the LPBF processed samples exhibited a strong <001>... more
Fe-3.8wt%Si transformer steels were processed using two different additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and directed energy deposition (DED). While the LPBF processed samples exhibited a strong <001> orientation of the BCC grains along the build axis, the DED processed samples exhibited a randomized texture along the build axis. DED processed samples showed substantially coarser columnar grains as compared to their LPBF counterparts. The columnar grains exhibited a substantial number of low-angle sub-grain boundaries. All samples exhibited very good soft magnetic properties, with saturation magnetization (M s) values ranging from 205-232 emu/gm, and coercivity (H c) values ranging from 1.2-4.2 Oe. The Coercivity (H c) values were significantly lower when the magnetic field was applied parallel to the build axis, as compared to being perpendicular, which can be rationalized based on the columnar nature of the grains, resulting in a higher number density of grain boundaries in case of the field applied perpendicular to the build axis.
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Varying the Al content, strongly influences the microstructure, magnetic and microhardness of additively manufactured Alx(CoFeNi) (x = 0, 10, 30) complex concentrated alloys (CCA). Compared to the single FCC phase of CoFeNi, the... more
Varying the Al content, strongly influences the microstructure, magnetic and microhardness of additively manufactured Alx(CoFeNi) (x = 0, 10, 30) complex concentrated alloys (CCA). Compared to the single FCC phase of CoFeNi, the hierarchical FCC/L12+BCC/B2 heterostructure of heat treated Al10(CoFeNi) CCA displayed substantially improved saturation magnetization, Curie temperature and microhardness. However, there was no significant change in the properties of heat treated CoFeNi and Al30(CoFeNi) CCA. These findings can be rationalized via thermodynamic modelling of the phase stability. We have demonstrated the feasibility of exploiting additive manufacturing for rapidly screening and developing novel high-performance alloys for next generation rotating electrical machines.
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Bulk Ti-48Al alloy samples were prepared by the high energy ball milling (HBM) of elemental powders, followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of the HBM processed powders. The microstructure, phase evolution and mechanical properties of... more
Bulk Ti-48Al alloy samples were prepared by the high energy ball milling (HBM) of elemental powders, followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of the HBM processed powders. The microstructure, phase evolution and mechanical properties of the bulk alloy were studied. The resulting TiAl + Ti 3 Al two phase alloy possessed an equiaxed fine grain structure, unlike the usual lamellar structure produced by arc melting. The process parameters of HBM and SPS, e.g., milling speed, milling time and sintering temperature were used to tune the phase fraction, microstructure, and grain size. A very high nanohardness of up to ~12 GPa was obtained, ~2.4 times higher than the corresponding value of the as-cast counterpart. The combined influence of powder size reduction during HBM, high Ti 3 Al phase fraction and microstructural development during SPS resulted in higher hardness, wear resistance and yield pressure. Thus, a HBM+SPS processing approach is a promising processing route for the manufacture of high hardness bulk TiAl alloys.
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High-performance permanent magnets (PMs) have gained high and growing interest due to their excessive demand in energy conversion systems and electric vehicles. PM-based electric machines exhibit great advantages over traditional motors... more
High-performance permanent magnets (PMs) have gained high and growing interest due to their excessive demand in energy conversion systems and electric vehicles. PM-based electric machines exhibit great advantages over traditional motors due to their high efficiency of energy conversion. Nd–Fe–B magnet is the best available magnet in terms of energy-product at room temperature. Replacement of Nd by heavy rare earth (HRE) and of Fe by Co results in an enhanced anisotropy field and an improved thermal stability, but also increases the production costs. Developing a strong PM with minimum use of HRE elements is required due to their high cost, low availability and issues associated with international politics. Grain boundary diffusion (GBD) process allows the HRE to diffuse around the grain boundaries, unlike adding expensive HRE to the middle of a grain. Here, we review the recent progress in PMs, especially the novel development of grain boundary-diffused magnets and nanostructured ma...
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ABSTRACT Low cost magnetocaloric nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention for energy efficient applications. We report a very high relative cooling power (RCP) in a study of the magnetocaloric effect in quenched FeNiB... more
ABSTRACT Low cost magnetocaloric nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention for energy efficient applications. We report a very high relative cooling power (RCP) in a study of the magnetocaloric effect in quenched FeNiB nanoparticles. RCP increases from 89.8 to 640 J kg1 for a field change of 1 and 5 T, respectively, these values are the largest for rare earth free iron based magnetocaloric nanomaterials. To investigate the magnetocaloric behavior around the Curie temperature (T), the critical behavior of these quenched nanoparticles was studied. Detailed analysis of the magnetic phase transition using the modified Arrott plot, Kouvel-Fisher method, and critical isotherm plots yields critical exponents of b ¼0.364, c ¼1.319, d ¼4.623, and a ¼�0.055, which are close to the theoretical exponents obtained from the 3D-Heisenberg model. Our results indicate that theseFeNiB nanoparticles are potential candidates for magnetocaloric fluid based heat pumps and low grade waste heat recovery.
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Magnetic high entropy alloys (HEAs) are a new category of high-performance magnetic materials, with multi-component concentrated compositions and complex multi-phase structures. Although there have been numerous reports of their... more
Magnetic high entropy alloys (HEAs) are a new category of high-performance magnetic materials, with multi-component concentrated compositions and complex multi-phase structures. Although there have been numerous reports of their interesting magnetic properties, there is very limited understanding about the interplay between their hierarchical multi-phase structures and their local magnetic structures. By employing high spatial resolution correlative magnetic, structural and chemical studies, we reveal the influence of a hierarchically decomposed B2 + A2 structure in an AlCo0.5Cr0.5FeNi HEA on the formation of magnetic vortex states within individual A2 (disordered BCC) precipitates, which are distributed in an ordered B2 matrix that is weakly ferromagnetic. Non-magnetic or weakly ferromagnetic B2 precipitates in large magnetic domains of the A2 phase, and strongly magnetic Fe-Co-rich interphase A2 regions, are also observed. These results provide important insight into the origin of...
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Abstract Iron-based soft magnetic alloys (FeSiB, FeSiBNb, FeSiBCu, and FeSiBNbCu (Finemet)) have been fabricated via mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. FeSiB alloy powder was obtained by high energy ball... more
Abstract Iron-based soft magnetic alloys (FeSiB, FeSiBNb, FeSiBCu, and FeSiBNbCu (Finemet)) have been fabricated via mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. FeSiB alloy powder was obtained by high energy ball milling of an elemental blend Fe, Si, and B powders. The effect of milling time on crystallite size and phase transformation was studied. Additionally, FeSiBCu, FeSiBNb, and FeSiBCuNb alloy powders were milled to study the effect of Cu and Nb on phase transformation, mechanical, and magnetic behavior. The mechanically alloyed powders were sintered via SPS process to achieve full densification. The microhardness and magnetic permeability of sintered FeSiB alloys were found to be increased monotonically with milling time primarily due to the smaller crystallite size and more uniform microstructure. Interestingly, the alloying of Cu or (and) Nb to FeSiB resulted in higher saturation magnetization and lower coercivity mainly due to large volume fraction of α-Fe3Si nanocrystals. Overall, these alloys exhibit reasonably good soft magnetic behavior along with excellent microhardness. Mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering opens up a new avenue of processing amorphous-nanocrystalline alloys into bulk shape with good mechanical and magnetic properties.
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We report an environmentally benign and cost-effective method to produce Fe and Co magnetic metal nanoparticles as well as the Fe/Cao and Co/CaO nanocomposites by using a novel, dry mechanochemical process. Mechanochemical milling of... more
We report an environmentally benign and cost-effective method to produce Fe and Co magnetic metal nanoparticles as well as the Fe/Cao and Co/CaO nanocomposites by using a novel, dry mechanochemical process. Mechanochemical milling of metal oxides with a suitable reducing agent resulted in the production of magnetic metal nanoparticles. The process involved grinding and consequent reduction of low-costing oxide powders, unlike conventional processing techniques involving metal salts or metal complexes. Calcium granules were used as the reducing agent. Magnetometry measurements were performed over a large range of temperatures, from 10 to 1273 K, to evaluate the Curie temperature, blocking temperature, irreversibility temperature, saturation magnetization, and coercivity. The saturation magnetizations of the iron and cobalt nanoparticles were found to be 191 and 102 emu g, respectively. The heating abilities of these nanoparticles suspended in several liquids under alternating magneti...
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Adhesive technology is of high and increasing interest in a wide variety of conventional and emerging applications. One-component adhesives typically cure using moisture, heat and light. These approaches limit applications to specific... more
Adhesive technology is of high and increasing interest in a wide variety of conventional and emerging applications. One-component adhesives typically cure using moisture, heat and light. These approaches limit applications to specific substrates, inefficient handling in manufacturing, and can only be indirectly activated. Hence, we developed a method for remote, wireless, contactless curing of adhesives using alternating magnetic fields (AMF). This approach ("magnetocuring") offers energy efficient, on-demand adhesion. Exposure of Mn x Zn 1-x Fe 2 O 4 Curie temperature tuned magnetic nanoparticles (CNP) additives within commercial epoxy adhesives to an AMF cured thermoset resins within min with minimal rise in substrate temperature. The heating of the CNP "switches off" above its Curie temperature offering failsafe heating. The in-situ heating of the CNP can be controlled by CNP composition, CNP loading, and AMF strength. Internal temperatures of 160 °C could be reached in 5 min, allowing curing of most commercial epoxy adhesives without resin scorching. The maximum lap shear adhesion strength exceeded 6.5 MPa. Magnetocuring is demonstrated on wood, ceramics, and plastics, which is of considerable interest in sports, automotive, and aerospace industries.
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The influence of mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) processing parameters on the microstructure, magnetic and mechanical properties of Finemet (Fe 73.5 Cu 1 Nb 3 Si 13.5 B 9) type alloys was investigated. Finemet... more
The influence of mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) processing parameters on the microstructure, magnetic and mechanical properties of Finemet (Fe 73.5 Cu 1 Nb 3 Si 13.5 B 9) type alloys was investigated. Finemet alloy powder was obtained via mechanical alloying of elemental powders for 30 h, 60 h, 90 h, and 120 h with ball to powder ratio (BPR) of 10:1 and 15:1. The milled powders were consolidated using the SPS process. The XRD patterns confirm the presence of the α-Fe 3 Si phase in all Finemet alloys, also broadening of the (110) peak of α-Fe 3 Si was observed with increasing milling time. The microhardness of Finemet alloys increases with increase in milling time primarily due to a decrease in grain size. All samples show good saturation magnetization (M s), 120h sample exhibiting the highest M s of 166 emu/g, however coercivity increases with increasing milling time. Additionally, α-Fe 3 Si crystal size decreases with increasing the BPR primarily due to higher impact energy.
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While BCC FeeCo alloys form an important class of soft magnetic alloys, they are often challenging to process in near net shape, due to the formation of the hard embrittling ordered B2 phase. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, such... more
While BCC FeeCo alloys form an important class of soft magnetic alloys, they are often challenging to process in near net shape, due to the formation of the hard embrittling ordered B2 phase. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, such as laser engineered net shaping (LENS), permit processing these alloys in complex near-net shapes while controlling the extent of B2 ordering. The as-deposited samples, consist of elongated BCC grains, and exhibited reasonable values of saturation magnetization (M s) but rather high coercivity (H c). After annealing (950 C/30 min), the Hc values further increased due to the formation of fine recrystallized BCC grains, although these grains were relatively free of residual stresses. A second annealing step (500 C/50 h) resulted in the M s increasing by 25% and H c reducing by 63%. Detailed Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed substantially larger ordered B2 domains, separated by anti-phase domain (APD) boundaries in the two-step annealed condition, as compared to the single-step annealed (950 C/30 min) condition which consisted on nanometer scale weakly ordered B2 domains homogeneously distributed within a disordered BCC matrix. Therefore, the magnetic properties of the LENS processed alloys are significantly affected by the extent of B2 ordering, which can be engineered via appropriate post-processing heat treatments.
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Soft magnets are extensively deployed in rotating electric machines. Accelerated development of new high Curie temperature, mechanically strong, magnetically soft magnets is urgently needed for next generation rotating electrical... more
Soft magnets are extensively deployed in rotating electric machines. Accelerated development of new high Curie temperature, mechanically strong, magnetically soft magnets is urgently needed for next generation rotating electrical machines. The ternary Fe-Co-Ni alloy system was investigated. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was employed to process compositionally graded (Ni-21Fe)-xCo samples. A combinatorial assessment of structural, magnetic, mechanical and electrical properties of sample sections was performed. Co-lean alloys exhibited a good combination of magnetic, mechanical, and electrical properties but low Curie temperatures. On the other hand, Co rich alloys exhibited elevated T c , high M s , and large hardness. An alloy library with a wide range of properties, M s : 100-150 emu/g, H c : 0.8-30 Oe, T c : 571-1108 °C, ρ: 9-12.9 μΩ-cm, nanohardness: 0.96-1.56 GPa was developed. Thus, SPS processed samples can be employed for the accelerated screening of magnetic materials.
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Thermal management technology based on the magnetocaloric effect offers several advantages over conventional gas compression cooling. The efficiency of magnetic cooling systems can be much higher than conventional gas based cooling... more
Thermal management technology based on the magnetocaloric effect offers several advantages over conventional gas compression cooling. The efficiency of magnetic cooling systems can be much higher than conventional gas based cooling technologies. Additionally, ozone layer depleting chemicals are not used and there is reduced noise and vibrations. Iron and manganese based magnetocaloric materials (MCM) are promising due to the challenges surrounding the use of conventional rare earth based MCM. We review the recent progress in the development of iron and manganese based MCM. The magnetic phase transitions, processing techniques, performance , as well as applications of these materials are discussed. Critical analysis to determine the critical exponents and phase transition behavior of these MCM, using modified Arrot plot, critical isotherm plots, the Kouvel-Fisher method, Landau theory and the Bean-Rodbell model, is also presented.
Keywords: Magnetocaloric materials, Magnetocaloric effect, Fe based alloys, Mn based alloys, Modeling
Keywords: Magnetocaloric materials, Magnetocaloric effect, Fe based alloys, Mn based alloys, Modeling
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Soft magnetic alloys produced by additive manufacturing (AM) typically exhibit inferior magnetic prop- erties compared to conventionally processed counterparts. The present study shows that the saturation magnetization and coercivity of... more
Soft magnetic alloys produced by additive manufacturing (AM) typically exhibit inferior magnetic prop- erties compared to conventionally processed counterparts. The present study shows that the saturation magnetization and coercivity of the equiatomic ternary CoFeNi complex concentrated alloy (CCA), pro- cessed using the laser engineered net shaping (LENS) additive manufacturing (AM) technique, is identical to that of conventionally cast and thermo-mechanically processed samples. Further, the LENS processed alloy exhibits higher yield strength and marginally lower ductility compared to conventionally processed alloys. LENS processed CoFeNi exhibited an excellent combination of soft magnetic and mechanical prop- erties, relevant, e.g., to high speed electrical machines.
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Iron-based soft magnetic alloys (FeSiB, FeSiBNb, FeSiBCu, and FeSiBNbCu (Finemet)) have been fabricated via mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. FeSiB alloy powder was obtained by high energy ball milling... more
Iron-based soft magnetic alloys (FeSiB, FeSiBNb, FeSiBCu, and FeSiBNbCu (Finemet)) have been fabricated via mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. FeSiB alloy powder was obtained by high energy ball milling of an elemental blend Fe, Si, and B powders. The effect of milling time on crystallite size and phase transformation was studied. Additionally, FeSiBCu, FeSiBNb, and FeSiBCuNb alloy powders were milled to study the effect of Cu and Nb on phase transformation, mechanical, and magnetic behavior. The mechanically alloyed powders were sintered via SPS process to achieve full densification. The microhardness and magnetic permeability of sintered FeSiB alloys were found to be increased monotonically with milling time primarily due to the smaller crystallite size and more uniform microstructure. Interestingly, the alloying of Cu or (and) Nb to FeSiB resulted in higher saturation magnetization and lower coercivity mainly due to large volume fraction of α-Fe 3 Si nanocrystals. Overall, these alloys exhibit reasonably good soft magnetic behavior along with excellent microhardness. Mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering opens up a new avenue of processing amorphous-nanocrystalline alloys into bulk shape with good mechanical and magnetic properties.
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Electrical rotating machines, including motors, account for a significant portion of total energy consumption in the world. Improving the magnetic materials used in motors is a key challenge to increase their performance. Specifically,... more
Electrical rotating machines, including motors, account for a significant portion of total energy consumption in the world. Improving the magnetic materials used in motors is a key challenge to increase their performance. Specifically, higher rotation frequency requires appropriate site specific magnetic properties as well as good mechanical properties. Hence, we studied both the magnetic and mechanical properties of an Al 0.3 CoFeNi complex concentrated alloy (CCA). Heat treatment, guided by phase diagram modeling, was employed to develop a novel eutectoid-like nano-lamellar (FCC + L1 2) / (BCC + B2) microstructure as well as a coarser FCC + B2 microstructure. The coarser microstructure exhibits soft magnetic properties with saturation magnetization (Ms) of ~127 emu/g, coercivity (Hc) of ~151 A/m and microhardness of ~195 VHN. On the other hand, the semi-hard nano-lamellar microstructure exhibits Ms ~138 emu/g, a high Hc ~12,732 A/m and a very high microhardness ~513 VHN. This corresponds to more than eighty times increase in Hc and double the hardness in the same alloy. These results demonstrate the feasibility of producing a range of mechanical and magnetic properties by thermo-mechanical treatment of a single CCA composition, making them potential candidates for metamorphic manufacturing.
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The microstructure and magnetic properties of three face-centered cubic (FCC) FeCoNiCrCu(x) high en- tropy alloys (HEAs) (x = 0, 0.5, 1) are investigated. Interestingly, addition of the nonmagnetic element Cu to FeCoNiCr HEA is found to... more
The microstructure and magnetic properties of three face-centered cubic (FCC) FeCoNiCrCu(x) high en- tropy alloys (HEAs) (x = 0, 0.5, 1) are investigated. Interestingly, addition of the nonmagnetic element Cu to FeCoNiCr HEA is found to enhance exchange interactions and low temperature saturation magnetiza- tion. The paramagnetic to ferromagnetic Curie transition temperature increases from 85 K for FeCoNiCr to 118 K for FeCoNiCrCu. This is counterintuitive since Cu is nonmagnetic; however, atom probe tomog- raphy revealed Cu rich clusters containing 5 at% Ni and 1 at% each of Fe, Co, Cr, within FCC matrix, these clusters altered the matrix composition and consequently its magnetic properties.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive process to manufacture net shape, complex, engineering components with minimum waste; however, it has been largely applied to structural materials. AM of functional materials, such as magnetic... more
Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive process to manufacture net shape, complex, engineering components with minimum waste; however, it has been largely applied to structural materials. AM of functional materials, such as magnetic materials, has received much less attention. Magnetic materials are of high and growing interest in an extremely wide range of applications , e.g., electronic devices, rotating electrical machines, electric vehicles, wind turbines, magnetic cooling, electromagnetic shielding microphones, mobiles, laptops, etc. The processing of functional materials by AM can result in novel magnetic components with improved performance and lower processing cost, motivating the present review on AM of magnetic materials. We review commonly used AM techniques, their working principles, and applications to magnetic materials. We discuss the use of the laser engineering net shaping (LENS) process to produce soft and hard magnets. This technique can also be readily employed to process compositionally graded structures for accelerated materials development through combinatorial/high throughput investigations. Such graded structures can exhibit a wide range of functional and structural properties. The structural and magnetic properties of AM processed Fe-Si, Ni-Fe, Fe-Co, soft magnetic composites, soft magnetic oxides, magnetic shape memory alloys, magnetocaloric alloys as well as high entropy alloys are described. AM of hard magnetic materials, including Alnico, Sm-Co, Nd-Fe-B and Ce-Co alloys is elucidated. The current and future trends in this area are outlined.
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Accelerated development of soft magnetic materials is vital for addressing the challenges associated with improving the performance of electrical machines, transformer cores, electric vehicles etc. A combina- torial assessment of the... more
Accelerated development of soft magnetic materials is vital for addressing the challenges associated with improving the performance of electrical machines, transformer cores, electric vehicles etc. A combina- torial assessment of the structural, magnetic and mechanical properties of Co100-xFex (x 1⁄4 30 to 70) and Ni100-xFex (x 1⁄4 30 to 70) alloys has been carried out on samples fabricated via laser additive manufacturing (AM). Co100-xFex showed a bcc structure in the composition range studied while Ni100-xFex exhibited either single phase fcc or a mixture of fcc and bcc phases, depending on the composition. The saturation magnetization (Ms) for both Co100-xFex and Ni100-xFex compositionally graded alloys increases monotonically with increasing Fe content while the coercivity (Hc) variation is not monotonic. The Ms value of 199.3 emu/g for Co70Fe30 increases to 248 emu/g for Co30Fe70 alloys. Ni70Fe30 exhibits a Ms of 119.8 emu/g which increases to 168.7 emu/g for Ni30Fe70. The peak hardness is 260 VHN for the Co100- xFex series and 160VHN for the Ni100-xFex series. Such AM processed graded magnetic materials can be used for accelerated experiments to discover novel materials.
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The magnetocaloric effect of chemically synthesized Mn0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles with average crystallite size of 11 nm is reported. The magnitude of the magnetic entropy change (ΔS M ), calculated from magnetization... more
The magnetocaloric effect of chemically synthesized Mn0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles with average crystallite size of 11 nm is reported. The magnitude of the magnetic entropy change (ΔS M ), calculated from magnetization isotherms in the temperature range of 30 K to 400 K, increases from - 0.16 J-kg-1K-1 for a field of 1 T to - 0.88 J-kg-1K-1 for 5 T at room temperature. Our results indicate that ΔS M values are much higher than primarily reported values for this class of nanoparticles. ΔS M is not limited to the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition temperature; instead, it occurs over a broad range of temperatures, resulting in high relative cooling power.
Thin films of pure and 6 at% niobium containing titanium oxide (TiO2) have been prepared by spin coating, taking solution of titanium butoxide, amine without and with niobium chloride in ethanol, and subsequent annealing at 500oC for 2h... more
Thin films of pure and 6 at% niobium containing titanium oxide (TiO2) have been prepared by spin coating, taking solution of titanium butoxide, amine without and with niobium chloride in ethanol, and subsequent annealing at 500oC for 2h in air or vacuum. These have been studied with respect to phase, morphology, optical transmittance, photo-luminescence (PL) and electrical behaviour. The annealing of spin coated thin films (thickness ~ 415nm) with sol molarity of 0.6M at 500oC for 2h in air leads to formation of pure anatase TiO2 phase with lattice parameters a = 3.785 Å, c = 9.514 Å, Z = 4, average crystallite size ~ 14 nm, band gap of 3.34 eV, and optical transmittance of 80% in the wavelength range of 420 - 900 nm. The red shift observed in the absorbtion edge of the optical transmittance spectrum with increase in film thickness increase is attributed to the changes in energy band gap caused by the variation in the average particle size. Also, introduction of 6at% Nb in sol itsel...
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High-entropy alloys (HEA) are of high current interest due to their unique and attractive combination of structural, physical, chemical or magnetic properties. HEA comprise multiple principal elements, unlike conventional alloys. The... more
High-entropy alloys (HEA) are of high current interest due to their unique and attractive combination of structural, physical, chemical or magnetic properties. HEA comprise multiple principal elements, unlike conventional alloys. The composition space of HEA is enormous and only a minuscule fraction has been studied. Magnetic HEA are a promising alternative to conventional soft magnetic metallic materials, which typically exhibit poor mechanical properties. We review the progress in the development of magnetic HEA. The influence of alloy composition, crystal structure, phase fraction and processing parameters on the magnetic properties are discussed. Magnetic HEA processed by advanced experimental high throughput techniques such as additive manufacturing, co-sputtering, diffusion multiples, rapid prototyping, and designed via combinatorial computational techniques, such as thermodynamic and phase diagram calculations, density functional theory, machine learning etc. are reviewed. Conventional processing techniques are also discussed. Future trends in magnetic HEA are outlined.