In the framework of the investment plan, the government of Egypt introduced an accelerated develo... more In the framework of the investment plan, the government of Egypt introduced an accelerated development of Hurghada in collaboration with the private sector, as early as 1980's. The government intended to construct tourist resort communities, which required establishment of infrastructures. The demand of such facilities, in absence of enforced environmental roles led owners to implement processes of landfilling and dredging for the purpose of smoothing, paving and widening the beach in order to construct swimming pools, marinas and other recreational facilities. Such activities came on the expense of the marine ecosystem and especially assault on the coral reef communities.
ABSTRACT The Tineh Plain NW Sinai coast has been the subjected of several studies related to its ... more ABSTRACT The Tineh Plain NW Sinai coast has been the subjected of several studies related to its stratigraphy, geoarchaeology, and sustainable development. Recently, the name of the Tineh Plain has emerged following the government of Egypt’s decision to establish a new economic project to develop the Suez Canal Sector (Suez Canal Corridor Mega Project). Landsat and SPOT satellite images acquired for years 1984, 2000, 2006, 2008 and 2010 to detect temporal changes coupled with field relations, verification, sampling, analyzing and photographing were conducted. Change detection of LU/LC show six classes; the beach, the wetland (El-Mallaha lagoon), Sabkhas or salt marshes, urban, agriculture, and fish breeding farms. In 1984, the beach (4.2 km2), El-Mallaha lagoon (26.4 km2), sabkhas or salt marches (236.7 km2) were reduced due to expansion of agriculture (120.3 km2), fish breeding farms (35.7 km2) and controlled by sediment characteristic (salinity and grain size). Accordingly, fish farms grow northward of the Tineh Plain while reclamation and cultivation extends southward. Such activities may threaten the archaeological sits at Tell El-Farama (The City of Pelusium). Three geomorphic units detected, these are the beach, the strand plain, and the deltaic plain. The beach is flat with concavo (accreted) - convex (eroded) shoreline. The strand plain made of accreted beach ridges of very low bundles, set at slight mutual angles, which sometimes truncate one another. The deltaic plain surface composed of intercalations of sand and mud of shoreface, mouth bar, and distributary channel fill. The accreted ridges representing four paleoshorelines related to Late Holocene and dated back to 400-500BP, 1100-1200BP, 1400-1500BP, and 1700-1900BP, those record the Late Holocene history (sea level, floods, and tectonics) of the Tineh Plain. The study area is waiting a plan of sustainable development, it represents phase “A” East Port Said of the Suez Canal Corridor Mega Project. This study raise the alarm of constructing heavy industries and other logistics related to shipping on the fragile environments of the Tineh Plain. This is in fact due to active tectonism, and sediment characteristics. The activities related to agriculture, fish breeding, and salts and food industries are recommended in the framework of sustainable development. It is important to include the Suez Canal Corridor Project a plan to save the ruins of fortifications of Tineh Plain. These are not only Egyptian heritage but also a world one record the history from the Persian invasions of Egypt about 6th or 7th Century B.C., through the Byzantines in 859-860, the Greeks in 954-955, the Arabic Conquest, and the Crusaders in the 12th Century. A cooperation and support from the international organization such as UNESCO should be conducted.
The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 2020
Burullus headland is located in the middle half of the Nile Delta Coast. It extends from Burullus... more Burullus headland is located in the middle half of the Nile Delta Coast. It extends from Burullus inlet to the east to Kitchener drain outlet to the west. Burullus headland has several types of coastal protection structures, such as seawalls, groins, revetments, jetties, basalt riprap (rock wall), and detached breakwaters; these structures were constructed to mitigate coastal erosion. This study aims to compare rates of shoreline displacement prior to and after the construction of the aforementioned structures and to evaluate their efficiency in protecting Burullus headland from erosion during the period from 1973 to 2018. Multi-temporal satellite images and Digital Shoreline Analysis System software have been used to detect and quantify shoreline changes and to predict the shoreline position at 2030, depending on the resulted rates of shoreline displacement. The analysis showed that Burullus headland coast would be divided into four zones, according to the intensity of the erosion;...
This paper presents the preliminary results of the application of the ocean model (FVCOM) to repl... more This paper presents the preliminary results of the application of the ocean model (FVCOM) to replicate the hydrodynamic flows experienced within Lake El-Manzala, Egypt. The construction of this model is used to characterize the ecosystem of this shallow brackish lake and assess a range of sustainable water management strategies. Lake El-Manzala is the largest of the Egyptian shallow coastal lakes on the fringe of the Mediterranean Sea. The lake currently supports 30% of the fresh water fish farm production of Egypt. In recent years the aquatic health of the lake has significantly deteriorated due to an increase in the contamination of the lake by polluted inflows and over intensive aquaculture. The focus of this study is to develop a model that may be employed to investigate the causes, effects and potential solutions to the pollutant loads imposed on the lake. The model has been used to study the hydrodynamic effect that a 40% reduction in the polluted drain water inflows to the la...
Multi-dates satellite images have been used in this study to detect the trends of environmental c... more Multi-dates satellite images have been used in this study to detect the trends of environmental changes in Mariut Lake, particularly for the main two lake ecosystems; water, and vegetation. The study focuses on the aquatic vegetation type and water area of Mariout Lake during the past four decades (from 1972 to 2016). The results reported in this research represent the way in which ecosystem degradation processes, affecting Lake Mariout, are increased due to external factors (human activities) of drying and reclaiming some areas to estimate the consequential effects on the lake. A combination of LandSat-1(MSS), LandSat-5 (TM), LandSat-7 (ETM+), SPOT-1, SPOT-4, SPOT-5, Rapid Eye, and Sentinel-2 Satellite data were used to analyze temporal changes in the Lake ecosystem. Different image processing techniques were under taken such as: on screen digitizing to delineate the lake boundary, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) makes use of reflected near-infrared radiation and visible green light to enhance the presence of such features while eliminating the presence of soil and terrestrial vegetation features, and change detection to ascertain the changes of water and vegetation features within last Four decades interval. The results of analysis indicate that Mariut Lake has been subjected to various physical and biological changes mainly due to the different human activities that have serious impacts on its quality and a subsequent deterioration in its ecological parameters.
Shoreline mapping and change rate along the Ras El-Hekma, north west of Egypt has been analyzed. ... more Shoreline mapping and change rate along the Ras El-Hekma, north west of Egypt has been analyzed. Thresholding band ratio method, in which a thresholding value is selected either by man-machine interaction or by a local adaptive strategy, has been used to extract shorelinе. Digital Shoreline Analysis Systеm (DSAS) used to detect Change ratе of shorelines by EPR (end point rate model). Also future shoreline positions based on precedent shorelines has been predicted and has been corrected. Rates and trends Information of shoreline change can give Case Study
Abstract:
In the framework of the investment plan, the government of Egypt introduced an accelera... more Abstract: In the framework of the investment plan, the government of Egypt introduced an accelerated development of Hurghada in collaboration with the private sector, as early as 1980's. The government intended to construct tourist resort communities, which required establishment of infrastructures. The demand of such facilities, in absence of enforced environmental roles led owners to implement processes of landfilling and dredging for the purpose of smoothing, paving and widening the beach in order to construct swimming pools, marinas and other recreational facilities. Such activities came on the expense of the marine ecosystem and especially assault on the coral reef communities. For monitoring and assessing such oppressive activities; MSS, TM, ETM+, and SPOT XS 4 satellite images acquired during 1972, 1984, 1992, 2004 and 2011. Shoreline change detection from 1972 to 2011 reveals landfilling of some 7.56Km2 and dredging of 2.67km2, with loss of 5.34km2 of the reef tracts. At the same period, the region has witnessed expansions in urban and road network by 16.47km2 and 8.738km2 respectively. The Egyptian government issued the essential laws for regulating and saving the coastal ecosystem, yet mostly violated. Activation of such laws, applying judicial officers, toughening penalties and establishment of coastal building front line (CBFL), and a reef protection line (RPL) are important tasks especially south of Hurghada to the Egyptian-Sudanese borders to preserve the remnants of such unique coastal ecosystem.
Abstract The Tineh Plain NW Sinai coast has been the subjected
of several studies related to its ... more Abstract The Tineh Plain NW Sinai coast has been the subjected of several studies related to its stratigraphy, geoarchaeology, and sustainable development. Recently, the name of the Tineh Plain has emerged following the government of Egypt’s decision to establish a new economic project to develop the Suez Canal Sector (Suez Canal Corridor Mega Project). Landsat and SPOTsatellite images acquired for years 1984, 2000, 2006, 2008 and 2010 to detect temporal changes coupled with field relations, verification, sampling, analyzing and photographing were conducted. Change detection of LU/ LC show six classes; the beach, the wetland (El-Mallaha lagoon), Sabkhas or salt marshes, urban, agriculture, and fish breeding farms. In 1984, the beach (4.2 km2), El-Mallaha lagoon (26.4 km2), sabkhas or salt marches (236.7 km2) were reduced due to expansion of agriculture (120.3 km2), fish breeding farms (35.7 km2) and controlled by sediment characteristic (salinity and grain size). Accordingly, fish farms grow northward of the Tineh Plain while reclamation and cultivation extends southward. Such activities may threaten the archaeological sits at Tell El-Farama (The City of Pelusium). Three geomorphic units detected, these are the beach, the strand plain, and the deltaic plain. The beach is flat with concavo (accreted) - convex (eroded) shoreline. The strand plain made of accreted beach ridges of very low bundles, set at slight mutual angles, which sometimes truncate one another. The deltaic plain surface composed of intercalations of sand and mud of shoreface, mouth bar, and distributary channel fill. The accreted ridges representing four paleoshorelines related to Late Holocene and dated back to 400–500BP, 1100–1200BP, 1400–1500BP, and 1700–1900BP, those record the Late Holocene history (sea level, floods, and tectonics) of the Tineh Plain. The study area is waiting a plan of sustainable development, it represents phase BA^ East Port Said of the Suez Canal Corridor Mega Project. This study raise the alarm of constructing heavy industries and other logistics related to shipping on the fragile environments of the Tineh Plain. This is in fact due to active tectonism, and sediment characteristics. The activities related to agriculture, fish breeding, and salts and food industries are recommended in the framework of sustainable development. It is important to include the Suez Canal Corridor Project a plan to save the ruins of fortifications of Tineh Plain. These are not only Egyptian heritage but also a world one record the history from the Persian invasions of Egypt about 6th or 7th Century B.C., through the Byzantines in 859–860, the Greeks in 954–955, the Arabic Conquest, and the Crusaders in the 12th Century. A cooperation and support from the international organization such as UNESCO should be conducted.
In the framework of the investment plan, the government of Egypt introduced an accelerated develo... more In the framework of the investment plan, the government of Egypt introduced an accelerated development of Hurghada in collaboration with the private sector, as early as 1980's. The government intended to construct tourist resort communities, which required establishment of infrastructures. The demand of such facilities, in absence of enforced environmental roles led owners to implement processes of landfilling and dredging for the purpose of smoothing, paving and widening the beach in order to construct swimming pools, marinas and other recreational facilities. Such activities came on the expense of the marine ecosystem and especially assault on the coral reef communities.
ABSTRACT The Tineh Plain NW Sinai coast has been the subjected of several studies related to its ... more ABSTRACT The Tineh Plain NW Sinai coast has been the subjected of several studies related to its stratigraphy, geoarchaeology, and sustainable development. Recently, the name of the Tineh Plain has emerged following the government of Egypt’s decision to establish a new economic project to develop the Suez Canal Sector (Suez Canal Corridor Mega Project). Landsat and SPOT satellite images acquired for years 1984, 2000, 2006, 2008 and 2010 to detect temporal changes coupled with field relations, verification, sampling, analyzing and photographing were conducted. Change detection of LU/LC show six classes; the beach, the wetland (El-Mallaha lagoon), Sabkhas or salt marshes, urban, agriculture, and fish breeding farms. In 1984, the beach (4.2 km2), El-Mallaha lagoon (26.4 km2), sabkhas or salt marches (236.7 km2) were reduced due to expansion of agriculture (120.3 km2), fish breeding farms (35.7 km2) and controlled by sediment characteristic (salinity and grain size). Accordingly, fish farms grow northward of the Tineh Plain while reclamation and cultivation extends southward. Such activities may threaten the archaeological sits at Tell El-Farama (The City of Pelusium). Three geomorphic units detected, these are the beach, the strand plain, and the deltaic plain. The beach is flat with concavo (accreted) - convex (eroded) shoreline. The strand plain made of accreted beach ridges of very low bundles, set at slight mutual angles, which sometimes truncate one another. The deltaic plain surface composed of intercalations of sand and mud of shoreface, mouth bar, and distributary channel fill. The accreted ridges representing four paleoshorelines related to Late Holocene and dated back to 400-500BP, 1100-1200BP, 1400-1500BP, and 1700-1900BP, those record the Late Holocene history (sea level, floods, and tectonics) of the Tineh Plain. The study area is waiting a plan of sustainable development, it represents phase “A” East Port Said of the Suez Canal Corridor Mega Project. This study raise the alarm of constructing heavy industries and other logistics related to shipping on the fragile environments of the Tineh Plain. This is in fact due to active tectonism, and sediment characteristics. The activities related to agriculture, fish breeding, and salts and food industries are recommended in the framework of sustainable development. It is important to include the Suez Canal Corridor Project a plan to save the ruins of fortifications of Tineh Plain. These are not only Egyptian heritage but also a world one record the history from the Persian invasions of Egypt about 6th or 7th Century B.C., through the Byzantines in 859-860, the Greeks in 954-955, the Arabic Conquest, and the Crusaders in the 12th Century. A cooperation and support from the international organization such as UNESCO should be conducted.
The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 2020
Burullus headland is located in the middle half of the Nile Delta Coast. It extends from Burullus... more Burullus headland is located in the middle half of the Nile Delta Coast. It extends from Burullus inlet to the east to Kitchener drain outlet to the west. Burullus headland has several types of coastal protection structures, such as seawalls, groins, revetments, jetties, basalt riprap (rock wall), and detached breakwaters; these structures were constructed to mitigate coastal erosion. This study aims to compare rates of shoreline displacement prior to and after the construction of the aforementioned structures and to evaluate their efficiency in protecting Burullus headland from erosion during the period from 1973 to 2018. Multi-temporal satellite images and Digital Shoreline Analysis System software have been used to detect and quantify shoreline changes and to predict the shoreline position at 2030, depending on the resulted rates of shoreline displacement. The analysis showed that Burullus headland coast would be divided into four zones, according to the intensity of the erosion;...
This paper presents the preliminary results of the application of the ocean model (FVCOM) to repl... more This paper presents the preliminary results of the application of the ocean model (FVCOM) to replicate the hydrodynamic flows experienced within Lake El-Manzala, Egypt. The construction of this model is used to characterize the ecosystem of this shallow brackish lake and assess a range of sustainable water management strategies. Lake El-Manzala is the largest of the Egyptian shallow coastal lakes on the fringe of the Mediterranean Sea. The lake currently supports 30% of the fresh water fish farm production of Egypt. In recent years the aquatic health of the lake has significantly deteriorated due to an increase in the contamination of the lake by polluted inflows and over intensive aquaculture. The focus of this study is to develop a model that may be employed to investigate the causes, effects and potential solutions to the pollutant loads imposed on the lake. The model has been used to study the hydrodynamic effect that a 40% reduction in the polluted drain water inflows to the la...
Multi-dates satellite images have been used in this study to detect the trends of environmental c... more Multi-dates satellite images have been used in this study to detect the trends of environmental changes in Mariut Lake, particularly for the main two lake ecosystems; water, and vegetation. The study focuses on the aquatic vegetation type and water area of Mariout Lake during the past four decades (from 1972 to 2016). The results reported in this research represent the way in which ecosystem degradation processes, affecting Lake Mariout, are increased due to external factors (human activities) of drying and reclaiming some areas to estimate the consequential effects on the lake. A combination of LandSat-1(MSS), LandSat-5 (TM), LandSat-7 (ETM+), SPOT-1, SPOT-4, SPOT-5, Rapid Eye, and Sentinel-2 Satellite data were used to analyze temporal changes in the Lake ecosystem. Different image processing techniques were under taken such as: on screen digitizing to delineate the lake boundary, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) makes use of reflected near-infrared radiation and visible green light to enhance the presence of such features while eliminating the presence of soil and terrestrial vegetation features, and change detection to ascertain the changes of water and vegetation features within last Four decades interval. The results of analysis indicate that Mariut Lake has been subjected to various physical and biological changes mainly due to the different human activities that have serious impacts on its quality and a subsequent deterioration in its ecological parameters.
Shoreline mapping and change rate along the Ras El-Hekma, north west of Egypt has been analyzed. ... more Shoreline mapping and change rate along the Ras El-Hekma, north west of Egypt has been analyzed. Thresholding band ratio method, in which a thresholding value is selected either by man-machine interaction or by a local adaptive strategy, has been used to extract shorelinе. Digital Shoreline Analysis Systеm (DSAS) used to detect Change ratе of shorelines by EPR (end point rate model). Also future shoreline positions based on precedent shorelines has been predicted and has been corrected. Rates and trends Information of shoreline change can give Case Study
Abstract:
In the framework of the investment plan, the government of Egypt introduced an accelera... more Abstract: In the framework of the investment plan, the government of Egypt introduced an accelerated development of Hurghada in collaboration with the private sector, as early as 1980's. The government intended to construct tourist resort communities, which required establishment of infrastructures. The demand of such facilities, in absence of enforced environmental roles led owners to implement processes of landfilling and dredging for the purpose of smoothing, paving and widening the beach in order to construct swimming pools, marinas and other recreational facilities. Such activities came on the expense of the marine ecosystem and especially assault on the coral reef communities. For monitoring and assessing such oppressive activities; MSS, TM, ETM+, and SPOT XS 4 satellite images acquired during 1972, 1984, 1992, 2004 and 2011. Shoreline change detection from 1972 to 2011 reveals landfilling of some 7.56Km2 and dredging of 2.67km2, with loss of 5.34km2 of the reef tracts. At the same period, the region has witnessed expansions in urban and road network by 16.47km2 and 8.738km2 respectively. The Egyptian government issued the essential laws for regulating and saving the coastal ecosystem, yet mostly violated. Activation of such laws, applying judicial officers, toughening penalties and establishment of coastal building front line (CBFL), and a reef protection line (RPL) are important tasks especially south of Hurghada to the Egyptian-Sudanese borders to preserve the remnants of such unique coastal ecosystem.
Abstract The Tineh Plain NW Sinai coast has been the subjected
of several studies related to its ... more Abstract The Tineh Plain NW Sinai coast has been the subjected of several studies related to its stratigraphy, geoarchaeology, and sustainable development. Recently, the name of the Tineh Plain has emerged following the government of Egypt’s decision to establish a new economic project to develop the Suez Canal Sector (Suez Canal Corridor Mega Project). Landsat and SPOTsatellite images acquired for years 1984, 2000, 2006, 2008 and 2010 to detect temporal changes coupled with field relations, verification, sampling, analyzing and photographing were conducted. Change detection of LU/ LC show six classes; the beach, the wetland (El-Mallaha lagoon), Sabkhas or salt marshes, urban, agriculture, and fish breeding farms. In 1984, the beach (4.2 km2), El-Mallaha lagoon (26.4 km2), sabkhas or salt marches (236.7 km2) were reduced due to expansion of agriculture (120.3 km2), fish breeding farms (35.7 km2) and controlled by sediment characteristic (salinity and grain size). Accordingly, fish farms grow northward of the Tineh Plain while reclamation and cultivation extends southward. Such activities may threaten the archaeological sits at Tell El-Farama (The City of Pelusium). Three geomorphic units detected, these are the beach, the strand plain, and the deltaic plain. The beach is flat with concavo (accreted) - convex (eroded) shoreline. The strand plain made of accreted beach ridges of very low bundles, set at slight mutual angles, which sometimes truncate one another. The deltaic plain surface composed of intercalations of sand and mud of shoreface, mouth bar, and distributary channel fill. The accreted ridges representing four paleoshorelines related to Late Holocene and dated back to 400–500BP, 1100–1200BP, 1400–1500BP, and 1700–1900BP, those record the Late Holocene history (sea level, floods, and tectonics) of the Tineh Plain. The study area is waiting a plan of sustainable development, it represents phase BA^ East Port Said of the Suez Canal Corridor Mega Project. This study raise the alarm of constructing heavy industries and other logistics related to shipping on the fragile environments of the Tineh Plain. This is in fact due to active tectonism, and sediment characteristics. The activities related to agriculture, fish breeding, and salts and food industries are recommended in the framework of sustainable development. It is important to include the Suez Canal Corridor Project a plan to save the ruins of fortifications of Tineh Plain. These are not only Egyptian heritage but also a world one record the history from the Persian invasions of Egypt about 6th or 7th Century B.C., through the Byzantines in 859–860, the Greeks in 954–955, the Arabic Conquest, and the Crusaders in the 12th Century. A cooperation and support from the international organization such as UNESCO should be conducted.
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Papers by Sameh B. ElKafrawy
In the framework of the investment plan, the government of Egypt introduced an accelerated development of Hurghada in collaboration with the private sector, as early as 1980's. The government intended to construct tourist resort communities, which required establishment of infrastructures. The demand of such facilities, in absence of enforced environmental roles led owners to implement processes of landfilling and dredging for the purpose of smoothing, paving and widening the beach in order to construct swimming pools, marinas and other recreational facilities. Such activities came on the expense of the marine ecosystem and especially assault on the coral reef communities.
For monitoring and assessing such oppressive activities; MSS, TM, ETM+, and SPOT XS 4 satellite images acquired during 1972, 1984, 1992, 2004 and 2011. Shoreline change detection from 1972 to 2011 reveals landfilling of some 7.56Km2 and dredging of 2.67km2, with loss of 5.34km2 of the reef tracts. At the same period, the region has witnessed expansions in urban and road network by 16.47km2 and 8.738km2 respectively.
The Egyptian government issued the essential laws for regulating and saving the coastal ecosystem, yet mostly violated. Activation of such laws, applying judicial officers, toughening penalties and establishment of coastal building front line (CBFL), and a reef protection line (RPL) are important tasks especially south of Hurghada to the Egyptian-Sudanese borders to preserve the remnants of such unique coastal ecosystem.
of several studies related to its stratigraphy,
geoarchaeology, and sustainable development. Recently, the
name of the Tineh Plain has emerged following the government
of Egypt’s decision to establish a new economic project
to develop the Suez Canal Sector (Suez Canal Corridor Mega
Project). Landsat and SPOTsatellite images acquired for years
1984, 2000, 2006, 2008 and 2010 to detect temporal changes
coupled with field relations, verification, sampling, analyzing
and photographing were conducted. Change detection of LU/
LC show six classes; the beach, the wetland (El-Mallaha lagoon),
Sabkhas or salt marshes, urban, agriculture, and fish
breeding farms. In 1984, the beach (4.2 km2), El-Mallaha
lagoon (26.4 km2), sabkhas or salt marches (236.7 km2) were
reduced due to expansion of agriculture (120.3 km2), fish
breeding farms (35.7 km2) and controlled by sediment characteristic
(salinity and grain size). Accordingly, fish farms
grow northward of the Tineh Plain while reclamation and
cultivation extends southward. Such activities may threaten
the archaeological sits at Tell El-Farama (The City of
Pelusium). Three geomorphic units detected, these are the
beach, the strand plain, and the deltaic plain. The beach is
flat with concavo (accreted) - convex (eroded) shoreline.
The strand plain made of accreted beach ridges of very
low bundles, set at slight mutual angles, which sometimes
truncate one another. The deltaic plain surface composed of
intercalations of sand and mud of shoreface, mouth bar, and
distributary channel fill. The accreted ridges representing
four paleoshorelines related to Late Holocene and dated
back to 400–500BP, 1100–1200BP, 1400–1500BP, and
1700–1900BP, those record the Late Holocene history
(sea level, floods, and tectonics) of the Tineh Plain. The
study area is waiting a plan of sustainable development, it
represents phase BA^ East Port Said of the Suez Canal
Corridor Mega Project. This study raise the alarm of constructing
heavy industries and other logistics related to
shipping on the fragile environments of the Tineh Plain.
This is in fact due to active tectonism, and sediment characteristics.
The activities related to agriculture, fish breeding,
and salts and food industries are recommended in the
framework of sustainable development. It is important to
include the Suez Canal Corridor Project a plan to save the
ruins of fortifications of Tineh Plain. These are not only
Egyptian heritage but also a world one record the history
from the Persian invasions of Egypt about 6th or 7th Century
B.C., through the Byzantines in 859–860, the Greeks in
954–955, the Arabic Conquest, and the Crusaders in the
12th Century. A cooperation and support from the international
organization such as UNESCO should be conducted.
In the framework of the investment plan, the government of Egypt introduced an accelerated development of Hurghada in collaboration with the private sector, as early as 1980's. The government intended to construct tourist resort communities, which required establishment of infrastructures. The demand of such facilities, in absence of enforced environmental roles led owners to implement processes of landfilling and dredging for the purpose of smoothing, paving and widening the beach in order to construct swimming pools, marinas and other recreational facilities. Such activities came on the expense of the marine ecosystem and especially assault on the coral reef communities.
For monitoring and assessing such oppressive activities; MSS, TM, ETM+, and SPOT XS 4 satellite images acquired during 1972, 1984, 1992, 2004 and 2011. Shoreline change detection from 1972 to 2011 reveals landfilling of some 7.56Km2 and dredging of 2.67km2, with loss of 5.34km2 of the reef tracts. At the same period, the region has witnessed expansions in urban and road network by 16.47km2 and 8.738km2 respectively.
The Egyptian government issued the essential laws for regulating and saving the coastal ecosystem, yet mostly violated. Activation of such laws, applying judicial officers, toughening penalties and establishment of coastal building front line (CBFL), and a reef protection line (RPL) are important tasks especially south of Hurghada to the Egyptian-Sudanese borders to preserve the remnants of such unique coastal ecosystem.
of several studies related to its stratigraphy,
geoarchaeology, and sustainable development. Recently, the
name of the Tineh Plain has emerged following the government
of Egypt’s decision to establish a new economic project
to develop the Suez Canal Sector (Suez Canal Corridor Mega
Project). Landsat and SPOTsatellite images acquired for years
1984, 2000, 2006, 2008 and 2010 to detect temporal changes
coupled with field relations, verification, sampling, analyzing
and photographing were conducted. Change detection of LU/
LC show six classes; the beach, the wetland (El-Mallaha lagoon),
Sabkhas or salt marshes, urban, agriculture, and fish
breeding farms. In 1984, the beach (4.2 km2), El-Mallaha
lagoon (26.4 km2), sabkhas or salt marches (236.7 km2) were
reduced due to expansion of agriculture (120.3 km2), fish
breeding farms (35.7 km2) and controlled by sediment characteristic
(salinity and grain size). Accordingly, fish farms
grow northward of the Tineh Plain while reclamation and
cultivation extends southward. Such activities may threaten
the archaeological sits at Tell El-Farama (The City of
Pelusium). Three geomorphic units detected, these are the
beach, the strand plain, and the deltaic plain. The beach is
flat with concavo (accreted) - convex (eroded) shoreline.
The strand plain made of accreted beach ridges of very
low bundles, set at slight mutual angles, which sometimes
truncate one another. The deltaic plain surface composed of
intercalations of sand and mud of shoreface, mouth bar, and
distributary channel fill. The accreted ridges representing
four paleoshorelines related to Late Holocene and dated
back to 400–500BP, 1100–1200BP, 1400–1500BP, and
1700–1900BP, those record the Late Holocene history
(sea level, floods, and tectonics) of the Tineh Plain. The
study area is waiting a plan of sustainable development, it
represents phase BA^ East Port Said of the Suez Canal
Corridor Mega Project. This study raise the alarm of constructing
heavy industries and other logistics related to
shipping on the fragile environments of the Tineh Plain.
This is in fact due to active tectonism, and sediment characteristics.
The activities related to agriculture, fish breeding,
and salts and food industries are recommended in the
framework of sustainable development. It is important to
include the Suez Canal Corridor Project a plan to save the
ruins of fortifications of Tineh Plain. These are not only
Egyptian heritage but also a world one record the history
from the Persian invasions of Egypt about 6th or 7th Century
B.C., through the Byzantines in 859–860, the Greeks in
954–955, the Arabic Conquest, and the Crusaders in the
12th Century. A cooperation and support from the international
organization such as UNESCO should be conducted.