The present research examined the connoted hazard level of symbols with two types of prohibition ... more The present research examined the connoted hazard level of symbols with two types of prohibition symbols shown with depicted image either before or after injury consequences. One common international symbol for prohibition is a circle with a slash which is intended to show that a depicted event should not be performed (e.g., putting hands near moving gears). Another prohibition symbol, a red circle without the slash is sometimes used to indicate prohibition but also as a restriction with respect to some activity. In the present research, eight base symbols were shown to 96 participants who evaluated them according to two hazard perception scales. The results showed the symbols depicting after consequences events produced significantly higher ratings than images of before consequences events. Symbols with circle-slash were rated somewhat higher than those with the circle only, but significantly different for only some of the base symbols. Having both the prohibition circle-slash and ...
This study focused on how to train older adults to perform computer procedures. Young-old (aged 6... more This study focused on how to train older adults to perform computer procedures. Young-old (aged 60-74 years) and old-old (aged 75 years and older) adults were instructed on how to use ELDERCOMM, an electronic bulletin board system using one of two types of text-based instructions. The first set of directions consisted of illustrated, step-by-step instructions (simple condition). The second set of directions included the same step-by-step instructions as in the first set, but explanatory information about how the bulletin board system worked was added before the instructions for each of the procedures (expanded condition). Participants were tested on how well they learned to perform the computer tasks immediately after training and 1 week later. Study results revealed the following: (a) young-old adults outperformed old-old adults in their ability to acquire and retain computer skills, (b) simple instructions facilitated computer skill acquisition in both age groups relative to expanded instructions, and (c) measures of underlying cognitive mechanisms were predictive of performance depending on how participants were trained.
The magnitude of age differences on event- and time-based prospective memory tasks was investigat... more The magnitude of age differences on event- and time-based prospective memory tasks was investigated in 2 experiments. Participants performed a working memory task and were also required to perform either an event- or time-based prospective action. Control participants performed either the working memory task only or the prospective memory task only. Results yielded age differences on both prospective tasks. The age effect was particularly marked on the time-based task. Performance of the event-based prospective task, however, had a higher cost to performance on the concurrent working memory task than the time-based task did, suggesting that event-based responding has a substantial attentional requirement. The older adults also made a significant number of time-monitoring errors when time monitoring was their sole task. This suggests that some time-based prospective memory deficits in older adults are due to a fundamental deficit in time monitoring rather than to prospective memory.
International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 2015
Phishing is an act of technology-based deception that targets individuals to obtain information. ... more Phishing is an act of technology-based deception that targets individuals to obtain information. To minimize the number of phishing attacks, factors that influence the ability to identify phishing attempts must be examined. The present study aimed to determine how individual differences relate to performance on a phishing task. Undergraduate students completed a questionnaire designed to assess impulsivity, trust, personality characteristics, and Internet/security habits. Participants performed an email task where they had to discriminate between legitimate emails and phishing attempts. Researchers assessed performance in terms of correctly identifying all email types (overall accuracy) as well as accuracy in identifying phishing emails (phishing accuracy). Results indicated that overall and phishing accuracy each possessed unique trust, personality, and impulsivity predictors, but shared one significant behavioral predictor. These results present distinct predictors of phishing sus...
Web users must rely on their own judgment to determine the validity and reliability of website in... more Web users must rely on their own judgment to determine the validity and reliability of website information. The present research examined internet trust by evaluating student and non-student participant's beliefs about the credibility of information based on web domain names and whether participants could distinguish between the domain names of organizations that were actual or fictitious. Results indicated that participants had difficulty discriminating between actual and fictitious internet domain names. Potential implications regarding website credibility are discussed and possible interventions are described.
International journal of mass emergencies and disasters
As a whole, scholars suggest that individuals with disabilities are disproportionately affected b... more As a whole, scholars suggest that individuals with disabilities are disproportionately affected by disaster. However, few empirical studies have been conducted on the effects of disasters on individuals with disabilities, and to our knowledge, no published data is available on the effects of tornadoes on this population. However, we believe findings from research conducted on the elderly can be reasonably extrapolated for two reasons. First, the two groups share commonalities in how they are vulnerable to disasters. For example, both individuals with disabilities and elderly adults often evidence similar specific physical disabilities, such as mobility disabilities or sensory impairments. Both also experience socio-economic vulnerabilities, such as poverty, unemployment, or living in housing prone to disaster hazards at disproportionately higher rates. In addition, these types of vulnerabilities are often "layered" in these two groups leading to cases in which individuals ...
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2002
Older adults appear to be particularly susceptible to hazards in the home environment. While some... more Older adults appear to be particularly susceptible to hazards in the home environment. While some studies have investigated the hazards associated with structural elements in the home environment or specific products such as throw rugs or major appliances, we used a focus group approach to investigate the full range of products with which older adults come in contact and the hazards associated with these products. We conducted six focus groups in the Atlanta area, with 6–8 older adults (age 65–80) in each group. The group discussions were guided by several key topics, including hazardous products in the home and associated hazards. Participants also completed a product usage questionnaire, establishing the representativeness of the sample, as well as providing measures of product hazard perception and product usage frequency. By assessing older adults' awareness and perceptions of hazards through a naturalistic methodology, we provide an initial step in learning how older adults...
This chapter provides an overview of the communication-human informaton processing (C-HIP) model.... more This chapter provides an overview of the communication-human informaton processing (C-HIP) model. CHIP is a framework that describes warning processing and organizes the warning research literature into a coherent structure. As part of the discussion, an overview of the influential factors at each stage of the model is presented. Other separate chapters in this Handbook give more details for each of the stages. Lastly, another practical aspect of the O{IIP model is described whereby it can be used as an investigative tool to determine why a warning failed.
Proceedings of the Symposium and Bootcamp on the Science of Security, 2016
Humans can easily find themselves in high cost situations where they must choose between suggesti... more Humans can easily find themselves in high cost situations where they must choose between suggestions made by an automated decision aid and a conflicting human decision aid. Previous research indicates that humans often rely on automation or other humans, but not both simultaneously. Expanding on previous work conducted by Lyons and Stokes (2012), the current experiment measures how trust in automated or human decision aids differs along with perceived risk and workload. The simulated task required 126 participants to choose the safest route for a military convoy; they were presented with conflicting information from an automated tool and a human. Results demonstrated that as workload increased, trust in automation decreased. As the perceived risk increased, trust in the human decision aid increased. Individual differences in dispositional trust correlated with an increased trust in both decision aids. These findings can be used to inform training programs for operators who may receive information from human and automated sources. Examples of this context include: air traffic control, aviation, and signals intelligence.
Warnings and warnings-related issues continue to be an important focal point of liti-gation in th... more Warnings and warnings-related issues continue to be an important focal point of liti-gation in the U.S. Many personal injury cases, for example, revolve around questions associated with residual hazards in products, facilities, or user environments – and the steps the manufacturer of a product, or the parties responsible for the safe operation of a facility or environment have taken to mitigate people’s exposure to those hazards. If haz-ards are not eliminated through design and/or guarding, then warnings and other types of precautionary instructions are commonly used to alert, inform, and remind people about the hazard(s) and to tell them what they should do to avoid or at least minimize injury.
The present research examined the connoted hazard level of symbols with two types of prohibition ... more The present research examined the connoted hazard level of symbols with two types of prohibition symbols shown with depicted image either before or after injury consequences. One common international symbol for prohibition is a circle with a slash which is intended to show that a depicted event should not be performed (e.g., putting hands near moving gears). Another prohibition symbol, a red circle without the slash is sometimes used to indicate prohibition but also as a restriction with respect to some activity. In the present research, eight base symbols were shown to 96 participants who evaluated them according to two hazard perception scales. The results showed the symbols depicting after consequences events produced significantly higher ratings than images of before consequences events. Symbols with circle-slash were rated somewhat higher than those with the circle only, but significantly different for only some of the base symbols. Having both the prohibition circle-slash and ...
This study focused on how to train older adults to perform computer procedures. Young-old (aged 6... more This study focused on how to train older adults to perform computer procedures. Young-old (aged 60-74 years) and old-old (aged 75 years and older) adults were instructed on how to use ELDERCOMM, an electronic bulletin board system using one of two types of text-based instructions. The first set of directions consisted of illustrated, step-by-step instructions (simple condition). The second set of directions included the same step-by-step instructions as in the first set, but explanatory information about how the bulletin board system worked was added before the instructions for each of the procedures (expanded condition). Participants were tested on how well they learned to perform the computer tasks immediately after training and 1 week later. Study results revealed the following: (a) young-old adults outperformed old-old adults in their ability to acquire and retain computer skills, (b) simple instructions facilitated computer skill acquisition in both age groups relative to expanded instructions, and (c) measures of underlying cognitive mechanisms were predictive of performance depending on how participants were trained.
The magnitude of age differences on event- and time-based prospective memory tasks was investigat... more The magnitude of age differences on event- and time-based prospective memory tasks was investigated in 2 experiments. Participants performed a working memory task and were also required to perform either an event- or time-based prospective action. Control participants performed either the working memory task only or the prospective memory task only. Results yielded age differences on both prospective tasks. The age effect was particularly marked on the time-based task. Performance of the event-based prospective task, however, had a higher cost to performance on the concurrent working memory task than the time-based task did, suggesting that event-based responding has a substantial attentional requirement. The older adults also made a significant number of time-monitoring errors when time monitoring was their sole task. This suggests that some time-based prospective memory deficits in older adults are due to a fundamental deficit in time monitoring rather than to prospective memory.
International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 2015
Phishing is an act of technology-based deception that targets individuals to obtain information. ... more Phishing is an act of technology-based deception that targets individuals to obtain information. To minimize the number of phishing attacks, factors that influence the ability to identify phishing attempts must be examined. The present study aimed to determine how individual differences relate to performance on a phishing task. Undergraduate students completed a questionnaire designed to assess impulsivity, trust, personality characteristics, and Internet/security habits. Participants performed an email task where they had to discriminate between legitimate emails and phishing attempts. Researchers assessed performance in terms of correctly identifying all email types (overall accuracy) as well as accuracy in identifying phishing emails (phishing accuracy). Results indicated that overall and phishing accuracy each possessed unique trust, personality, and impulsivity predictors, but shared one significant behavioral predictor. These results present distinct predictors of phishing sus...
Web users must rely on their own judgment to determine the validity and reliability of website in... more Web users must rely on their own judgment to determine the validity and reliability of website information. The present research examined internet trust by evaluating student and non-student participant's beliefs about the credibility of information based on web domain names and whether participants could distinguish between the domain names of organizations that were actual or fictitious. Results indicated that participants had difficulty discriminating between actual and fictitious internet domain names. Potential implications regarding website credibility are discussed and possible interventions are described.
International journal of mass emergencies and disasters
As a whole, scholars suggest that individuals with disabilities are disproportionately affected b... more As a whole, scholars suggest that individuals with disabilities are disproportionately affected by disaster. However, few empirical studies have been conducted on the effects of disasters on individuals with disabilities, and to our knowledge, no published data is available on the effects of tornadoes on this population. However, we believe findings from research conducted on the elderly can be reasonably extrapolated for two reasons. First, the two groups share commonalities in how they are vulnerable to disasters. For example, both individuals with disabilities and elderly adults often evidence similar specific physical disabilities, such as mobility disabilities or sensory impairments. Both also experience socio-economic vulnerabilities, such as poverty, unemployment, or living in housing prone to disaster hazards at disproportionately higher rates. In addition, these types of vulnerabilities are often "layered" in these two groups leading to cases in which individuals ...
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2002
Older adults appear to be particularly susceptible to hazards in the home environment. While some... more Older adults appear to be particularly susceptible to hazards in the home environment. While some studies have investigated the hazards associated with structural elements in the home environment or specific products such as throw rugs or major appliances, we used a focus group approach to investigate the full range of products with which older adults come in contact and the hazards associated with these products. We conducted six focus groups in the Atlanta area, with 6–8 older adults (age 65–80) in each group. The group discussions were guided by several key topics, including hazardous products in the home and associated hazards. Participants also completed a product usage questionnaire, establishing the representativeness of the sample, as well as providing measures of product hazard perception and product usage frequency. By assessing older adults' awareness and perceptions of hazards through a naturalistic methodology, we provide an initial step in learning how older adults...
This chapter provides an overview of the communication-human informaton processing (C-HIP) model.... more This chapter provides an overview of the communication-human informaton processing (C-HIP) model. CHIP is a framework that describes warning processing and organizes the warning research literature into a coherent structure. As part of the discussion, an overview of the influential factors at each stage of the model is presented. Other separate chapters in this Handbook give more details for each of the stages. Lastly, another practical aspect of the O{IIP model is described whereby it can be used as an investigative tool to determine why a warning failed.
Proceedings of the Symposium and Bootcamp on the Science of Security, 2016
Humans can easily find themselves in high cost situations where they must choose between suggesti... more Humans can easily find themselves in high cost situations where they must choose between suggestions made by an automated decision aid and a conflicting human decision aid. Previous research indicates that humans often rely on automation or other humans, but not both simultaneously. Expanding on previous work conducted by Lyons and Stokes (2012), the current experiment measures how trust in automated or human decision aids differs along with perceived risk and workload. The simulated task required 126 participants to choose the safest route for a military convoy; they were presented with conflicting information from an automated tool and a human. Results demonstrated that as workload increased, trust in automation decreased. As the perceived risk increased, trust in the human decision aid increased. Individual differences in dispositional trust correlated with an increased trust in both decision aids. These findings can be used to inform training programs for operators who may receive information from human and automated sources. Examples of this context include: air traffic control, aviation, and signals intelligence.
Warnings and warnings-related issues continue to be an important focal point of liti-gation in th... more Warnings and warnings-related issues continue to be an important focal point of liti-gation in the U.S. Many personal injury cases, for example, revolve around questions associated with residual hazards in products, facilities, or user environments – and the steps the manufacturer of a product, or the parties responsible for the safe operation of a facility or environment have taken to mitigate people’s exposure to those hazards. If haz-ards are not eliminated through design and/or guarding, then warnings and other types of precautionary instructions are commonly used to alert, inform, and remind people about the hazard(s) and to tell them what they should do to avoid or at least minimize injury.
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