Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease, occurs in almost all warm blooded animals including human be... more Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease, occurs in almost all warm blooded animals including human beings and is caused by a global protozoan intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It is estimated that one third of the world human population have been infected by this parasite. This protozoan causes a significant public health problem in humans and imposes considerable economic losses and damages to livestock. The final host is cat, Feliscatus, accounts for all of these significant burdens. Hence the present study was designed to determine the prevalence rate of T. gondii infection in cats and also to analyze the associated factors that were potential for human beings and livestock as well in the period from September 2014 to August 2016. Altogether 254 faecal samples from cat and 390 water samples were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus, farm and residential areas of BAU and were examined for presence of T. gondii oocysts at Department of Parasitology, BA...
Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis, infecting human and other warm-blooded animal... more Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis, infecting human and other warm-blooded animals worldwide. This disease has economic importance in regard to animal reproduction, and it leads to abortions and neonatal complications in humans. This study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep, cattle, cats and human in Inaruwa and surrounding areas of Sunsari district, Nepal. Altogether 336 blood samples, of which 50 from sheep, 92 from cattle, 44 from cats and 150 from human were collected and tested immediately using lateral fl ow chromatographic immunoassay (Toxo IgG/IgM Combo Rapid test®). Associated biometric information such as age, sex, pregnancy status, occupation, association with cat was recorded and analyzed to determine the association of risk factors with the disease. Data were analyzed using R 3.2.2 (The R foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015). Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was detected 12.00% (95% CI: 4.53- 24.31%) in sh...
Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, 2018
Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other m... more Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other multipurpose uses distributed densely from southern tarai to northern mid-hills in Nepal. Among several internal parasitic diseases fascioliasis is highly economic one caused by Fasciola in buffaloes. However, there are only few studies carried on prevalence of fascioliasis emphasizing buffaloes in relation to seasonal (summer and rainy, and winter) and altitudinal variations. Therefore, we examined prevalence of fascioliasis seasonally and vertically. For the purpose, we selected two districts of eastern Nepal and sampled from low altitude area known as Madhesha ranging from 175-200, Dhankuta from 800-1200 m, and Murtidhunga from 1800-2200 m elevation from the sea level, representing tarai, mid hills and high hills, respectively. Altogether from February 2013 to January 2014 at every two months interval we collected 798 fecal samples from buffaloes; 282 from Murtidhunga, 239 from Dhankut...
Fascioliasis is an economically important zoonotic disease of domestic livestock, especially catt... more Fascioliasis is an economically important zoonotic disease of domestic livestock, especially cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, donkey, rabbit, wild ruminant and human. A cross-sectional investigation on ovine fascioliasis was carried out for six months in sheep of Sheep and Goat Research Program, Guthichaur, Jumla to determine prevalence of fascioliasis in sheep as well as to assess the major associated risk factors and its economic significance. Altogether 100 fecal samples (50 in March and 50 in June month) were collected randomly and tested for presence of eggs of Fasciola. Similarly antemortem inspection and slaughtered sheep examination were performed in 30 sheep for abnormality. Case study was conducted for deep study about fascioliasis and postmortem of 17 dead sheep was done to observe presence of liver fluke in liver and gall bladder. Major risk factors were identified and analysis was done from obtained data. Prevalence of ovine fascioliasis was recorded 34% in fecal te...
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Agriculture Research, 2019
The goat contributes about 20.4% to the total meat production in Nepal and ranks second after buf... more The goat contributes about 20.4% to the total meat production in Nepal and ranks second after buffalo (54.3%). Fascioliasis is a widely distributed and economically important parasitic disease of ruminants. A cross sectional study was conducted using sedimentation technique for faecal examination to determine the prevalence of fascioliasis in the goats. In total, 1000 animals were sampled from households in different five sites (i.e. Inaruwa, Narsingh, Laukhi, Sahebganj and Kushaha) in Sunsari district, at four separate times from March, 2017-February, 2018. Presence of a fluke egg or more was considered as positive. From each site, 25 farmers/households were selected randomly and 50 samples were collected at each time period, for a total of 200 samples per site and 1,000 samples overall. The overall prevalence of fascioliasis was found 35% (350/1000; CI at 95%: 32.0-38.0) in goat. Faecal samples from Sahebganj and Kushaha had shown significantly higher prevalence 55% (110/200) and 51% (102/200), respectively of eggs of Fasciola spp followed by Laukhi (31.5%), Narsingh (23.5%) and Inaruwa (14%) [P value<0.05: 0.00001 at 95% confidence interval and Chi-square:109.14]. Rainy season and adult goats having above 6 months old showed high prevalence 58% and 39.6%, respectively. Seasons and age showed significant different at 95% confidence interval and p-value <0.05 was 0.00001. Variation in prevalence was also significant in relation to age and body condition score (BCS) of the animals. Therefore, it is essential to make effective control strategies against fascioliasis in goats. Since the fascioliasis in goats is highly endemic, thus strategic deworming in high risk period is recommended along with measure to prevent pasture contamination with goat feces.
Study was carried out to explore the management system of pig including health care and marketing... more Study was carried out to explore the management system of pig including health care and marketing, adopted by farmers in Hattikharka of Dhankuta and Phakchamara of Terhathum districts. A semi-structured questionnaire was distributed to a total of 200 pig farmers of selected sites. Farmers were surveyed to acquire information on management systems of pig such as, housing, breeding, feeding, health care and marketing. Majority of pig farmers kept Pakhribas black pig, chawanche and their crosses. Population of local pigs was found three times more than improved breeds in both sites. Generally, 1-5 pigs were raised by a farmer. Bamboo, wood and mud were mostly used as housing material. Stall feeding system was adopted by most of the farmers. Locally available feeding materials such as, rice bran, rice polish, maize, sisno, karklo, swill feeding, leftover food and green grasses like rayo, latte sag, kande jhar, twigs of fodder, khubhindo, pumpkin etc were mostly used for pig. Rai, Sherpa, Tamang, Gurung, Limbu, Magar, BK and Shrestha communities were mainly rearing pigs. Diarrhea, gastroenteritis, piglet mortality, agalactia, repeat breeding, parasitic infestation, etc were reported as the common diseases in pigs. Drenching against worm was adopted by few farmers and drugs like albendazole and fenbendazole were common. Vaccination against swine fever was also reported by the farmers and is in increasing trend as a preventive measure. According to farmers, demand for pigs is more than supply in the market and all the pigs are marketed and consumed within the district.
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 2018
To estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and risk factors for seropositivity in sheep, goa... more To estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and risk factors for seropositivity in sheep, goats and cattle in Dhaka, Mymensingh, Sirajganj and Chittagong districts in Bangladesh, 1104 sera samples (552 sheep, 300 goats and 252 cattle) were randomly selected and tested by an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The overall seroprevalence was 12.2% (135/1104), and was significantly (P = 0.008) higher in goats (16.0%) than cattle (8.3%). The odds of seropositivity was 2.09 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-3.67) higher in goats than cattle. In sheep, herd type, district and pregnancy status were significant risk factors. The odds of seropositivity was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.00-4.84), 7.29 (95% CI: 12.71-423.41) and 10.88 (95% CI: 5.42-23.41 times higher in sheep-only flocks, in Mymensingh district and in pregnant sheep than in mixed flocks, Chittagong district and non-pregnant sheep, respectively. In cattle, breeds and district were significant risk factors. The odds of seropositivity was 5.79 (95% CI: 1.13-24.62) and 4.29 (95% CI: 1.38-16.34) times higher in Holstein Friesian cross cattle and in Mymensingh district than in indigenous cattle and Chittagong district, respectively. This study indicates that exposure of sheep, goats and cattle to oocysts of T. gondii is widespread, suggesting that the consumption of raw and undercooked meat of these animals might be a source of human toxoplasmosis. Risk factor information can be used to design control programs to reduce exposure.
Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, 2018
Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other m... more Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other multipurpose uses distributed densely from southern tarai to northern mid-hills in Nepal. Among several internal parasitic diseases fascioliasis is highly economic one caused by Fasciola in buffaloes. However, there are only few studies carried on prevalence of fascioliasis emphasizing buffaloes in relation to seasonal (summer and rainy, and winter) and altitudinal variations. Therefore, we examined prevalence of fascioliasis seasonally and vertically. For the purpose, we selected two districts of eastern Nepal and sampled from low altitude area known as Madhesha ranging from 175-200, Dhankuta from 800-1200 m, and Murtidhunga from 1800-2200 m elevation from the sea level, representing tarai, mid hills and high hills, respectively. Altogether from February 2013 to January 2014 at every two months interval we collected 798 fecal samples from buffaloes; 282 from Murtidhunga, 239 from Dhankuta and 277 from Madhesha. The samples were examined microscopically for the presence of Fasciola eggs using sedimentation technique. Results showed that overall prevalence of fascioliasis in buffaloes was 39.9% (319/798), ranging highest 42.6%in Madhesha followed by 39.7% in Murtidhunga and 37.2% in Dhankuta, respectively. The prevalence of fascioliasis was found to be significantly (p <0.05) high in winter (44.9%) comparing to rainy season (34.4%). The prevalence of fascioliasis in buffaloes was relatively higher in low altitude than high altitude, although it was not statistically significant (p <0.05). In our findings the female buffaloes showed higher prevalence for fascioliasis than in male. Since the fascioliasis in buffaloes is highly endemic, thus strategic deworming in high risk period is recommended along with measure to prevent pasture contamination with buffalo feces. ;f/f+ z kmfl;of] lnPl;; Ps dxTjk" 0f{ cfGtl/s k/lhjL kml;of] nfaf6 x' g] /f] u xf]. of] /f] usf] cWoog O{ =;+ =@)!#-!$ df wgs' 6f / ;' g;/L lhNnfsf ljleGg ;d' ›L ;tx eGbf prfO{ x?df kflnPsf e} + ;Lx?df hDdf &(* j6f uf] a/sf] gd' gf tLg j6} Ct' x?df ;+ sng u/L cWoog ul/of]. gd' gf x? k| To] s @ dlxgfsf] cGt/df ;+ sng ul/ k| of] uzfnfdf kmfl;of] nfsf] cG8f kl/If0f ul/of]. kmn:j?k #(=(Ü e} + ;Ldf kmfl;of] nf ePsf] b] lvof] ;f] dWo] $@=^Ü dw] zf ;' g;/Ldf, #&=@Ü wgs' §fdf / #(=&Ü d' lt{ 9' Ëfdf kfOof]. of] /f] usf] k| sf] k hf8f] ofddf al9 $$=(Ü / sd prfO{ df $@=^Ü ePsf] b] lvof]. ltgj6} 7fpF x?df /f+ uf] x?df eGbf e} + ;Ldf of] /f] u a9L kfOof]. kmfl;of] nf ;a} 7fpF x?df ePsf] t/ Ct' / prfO{ sf cfwf/df s] lx km/s x' G5, eGg] lgisif{ cfof]. /f] syfdsf] nflu r/0fdf ;' wf/ Nofpg' sf ;fy} of] /f] u la?4 ;do ;dodf /f+ uf / e} + ;LnfO{ cf} iflw v' jfpg' kb{ 5 .
Gastrointestinal nematode parasites are one of the major constraints to swine production. This st... more Gastrointestinal nematode parasites are one of the major constraints to swine production. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of common gastrointestinal nematodes of pigs based on different altitudes and seasons in Dhankuta and Sunsari districts of Nepal from February 2013 to January 2014. Ranges of altitudes of selected sites were 1800-2200 masl in Murtidhunga; 800-1200 masl in Dhankuta and 100-200 masl in Inaruwa of Sunsari district. Seasons were divided into three viz. summer, rainy and winter. A total of 1022 faecal samples (Murtidhunga-400, Dhankuta-395 and Inaruwa-227) from pigs of different sexes and ages were collected in every two months' interval from same study sites and examined microscopically for the presence of eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes using the floatation technique. A total prevalence of 51.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 48.26-54.48) was recorded; with Strongly spp 27.3% followed by Ascaris suum 19.8% and Trichuris suis 4.3% while mixed infestation was found 7%. Significantly higher prevalence was found in female (56.3%, 95% CI: 51.76-60.67, p=0.0024) pigs than in males (46.8%, 95% CI: 42.44-51.14); and also higher prevalence in adults pigs (55.7%, 95% CI: 51.96-59.39, p=0.0001) than young pigs (41.5%, 95% CI: 35.95-47.18). There was higher prevalence in Dhankuta (63%) followed by Murtidhunga (53.3%) and Inaruwa (27.8%) which was found significant (p<0.05) difference. Similarly significantly prevalence was found in winter season (60.4%) followed by rainy (49.8%) and summer (40.1%). High prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in pigs in eastern Nepal warrants intervention policies to control this problem. This study therefore confirms the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs and it was therefore recommended that farmers improve on their bio-security and also adhere to routine de-worming regimen.
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease, occurs in almost all warm blooded animals including human be... more Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease, occurs in almost all warm blooded animals including human beings and is caused by a global protozoan intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It is estimated that one third of the world human population have been infected by this parasite. This protozoan causes a significant public health problem in humans and imposes considerable economic losses and damages to livestock. The final host is cat, Feliscatus, accounts for all of these significant burdens. Hence the present study was designed to determine the prevalence rate of T. gondii infection in cats and also to analyze the associated factors that were potential for human beings and livestock as well in the period from September 2014 to August 2016. Altogether 254 faecal samples from cat and 390 water samples were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus, farm and residential areas of BAU and were examined for presence of T. gondii oocysts at Department of Parasitology, BA...
Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis, infecting human and other warm-blooded animal... more Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis, infecting human and other warm-blooded animals worldwide. This disease has economic importance in regard to animal reproduction, and it leads to abortions and neonatal complications in humans. This study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep, cattle, cats and human in Inaruwa and surrounding areas of Sunsari district, Nepal. Altogether 336 blood samples, of which 50 from sheep, 92 from cattle, 44 from cats and 150 from human were collected and tested immediately using lateral fl ow chromatographic immunoassay (Toxo IgG/IgM Combo Rapid test®). Associated biometric information such as age, sex, pregnancy status, occupation, association with cat was recorded and analyzed to determine the association of risk factors with the disease. Data were analyzed using R 3.2.2 (The R foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015). Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was detected 12.00% (95% CI: 4.53- 24.31%) in sh...
Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, 2018
Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other m... more Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other multipurpose uses distributed densely from southern tarai to northern mid-hills in Nepal. Among several internal parasitic diseases fascioliasis is highly economic one caused by Fasciola in buffaloes. However, there are only few studies carried on prevalence of fascioliasis emphasizing buffaloes in relation to seasonal (summer and rainy, and winter) and altitudinal variations. Therefore, we examined prevalence of fascioliasis seasonally and vertically. For the purpose, we selected two districts of eastern Nepal and sampled from low altitude area known as Madhesha ranging from 175-200, Dhankuta from 800-1200 m, and Murtidhunga from 1800-2200 m elevation from the sea level, representing tarai, mid hills and high hills, respectively. Altogether from February 2013 to January 2014 at every two months interval we collected 798 fecal samples from buffaloes; 282 from Murtidhunga, 239 from Dhankut...
Fascioliasis is an economically important zoonotic disease of domestic livestock, especially catt... more Fascioliasis is an economically important zoonotic disease of domestic livestock, especially cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, donkey, rabbit, wild ruminant and human. A cross-sectional investigation on ovine fascioliasis was carried out for six months in sheep of Sheep and Goat Research Program, Guthichaur, Jumla to determine prevalence of fascioliasis in sheep as well as to assess the major associated risk factors and its economic significance. Altogether 100 fecal samples (50 in March and 50 in June month) were collected randomly and tested for presence of eggs of Fasciola. Similarly antemortem inspection and slaughtered sheep examination were performed in 30 sheep for abnormality. Case study was conducted for deep study about fascioliasis and postmortem of 17 dead sheep was done to observe presence of liver fluke in liver and gall bladder. Major risk factors were identified and analysis was done from obtained data. Prevalence of ovine fascioliasis was recorded 34% in fecal te...
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Agriculture Research, 2019
The goat contributes about 20.4% to the total meat production in Nepal and ranks second after buf... more The goat contributes about 20.4% to the total meat production in Nepal and ranks second after buffalo (54.3%). Fascioliasis is a widely distributed and economically important parasitic disease of ruminants. A cross sectional study was conducted using sedimentation technique for faecal examination to determine the prevalence of fascioliasis in the goats. In total, 1000 animals were sampled from households in different five sites (i.e. Inaruwa, Narsingh, Laukhi, Sahebganj and Kushaha) in Sunsari district, at four separate times from March, 2017-February, 2018. Presence of a fluke egg or more was considered as positive. From each site, 25 farmers/households were selected randomly and 50 samples were collected at each time period, for a total of 200 samples per site and 1,000 samples overall. The overall prevalence of fascioliasis was found 35% (350/1000; CI at 95%: 32.0-38.0) in goat. Faecal samples from Sahebganj and Kushaha had shown significantly higher prevalence 55% (110/200) and 51% (102/200), respectively of eggs of Fasciola spp followed by Laukhi (31.5%), Narsingh (23.5%) and Inaruwa (14%) [P value<0.05: 0.00001 at 95% confidence interval and Chi-square:109.14]. Rainy season and adult goats having above 6 months old showed high prevalence 58% and 39.6%, respectively. Seasons and age showed significant different at 95% confidence interval and p-value <0.05 was 0.00001. Variation in prevalence was also significant in relation to age and body condition score (BCS) of the animals. Therefore, it is essential to make effective control strategies against fascioliasis in goats. Since the fascioliasis in goats is highly endemic, thus strategic deworming in high risk period is recommended along with measure to prevent pasture contamination with goat feces.
Study was carried out to explore the management system of pig including health care and marketing... more Study was carried out to explore the management system of pig including health care and marketing, adopted by farmers in Hattikharka of Dhankuta and Phakchamara of Terhathum districts. A semi-structured questionnaire was distributed to a total of 200 pig farmers of selected sites. Farmers were surveyed to acquire information on management systems of pig such as, housing, breeding, feeding, health care and marketing. Majority of pig farmers kept Pakhribas black pig, chawanche and their crosses. Population of local pigs was found three times more than improved breeds in both sites. Generally, 1-5 pigs were raised by a farmer. Bamboo, wood and mud were mostly used as housing material. Stall feeding system was adopted by most of the farmers. Locally available feeding materials such as, rice bran, rice polish, maize, sisno, karklo, swill feeding, leftover food and green grasses like rayo, latte sag, kande jhar, twigs of fodder, khubhindo, pumpkin etc were mostly used for pig. Rai, Sherpa, Tamang, Gurung, Limbu, Magar, BK and Shrestha communities were mainly rearing pigs. Diarrhea, gastroenteritis, piglet mortality, agalactia, repeat breeding, parasitic infestation, etc were reported as the common diseases in pigs. Drenching against worm was adopted by few farmers and drugs like albendazole and fenbendazole were common. Vaccination against swine fever was also reported by the farmers and is in increasing trend as a preventive measure. According to farmers, demand for pigs is more than supply in the market and all the pigs are marketed and consumed within the district.
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 2018
To estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and risk factors for seropositivity in sheep, goa... more To estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and risk factors for seropositivity in sheep, goats and cattle in Dhaka, Mymensingh, Sirajganj and Chittagong districts in Bangladesh, 1104 sera samples (552 sheep, 300 goats and 252 cattle) were randomly selected and tested by an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The overall seroprevalence was 12.2% (135/1104), and was significantly (P = 0.008) higher in goats (16.0%) than cattle (8.3%). The odds of seropositivity was 2.09 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-3.67) higher in goats than cattle. In sheep, herd type, district and pregnancy status were significant risk factors. The odds of seropositivity was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.00-4.84), 7.29 (95% CI: 12.71-423.41) and 10.88 (95% CI: 5.42-23.41 times higher in sheep-only flocks, in Mymensingh district and in pregnant sheep than in mixed flocks, Chittagong district and non-pregnant sheep, respectively. In cattle, breeds and district were significant risk factors. The odds of seropositivity was 5.79 (95% CI: 1.13-24.62) and 4.29 (95% CI: 1.38-16.34) times higher in Holstein Friesian cross cattle and in Mymensingh district than in indigenous cattle and Chittagong district, respectively. This study indicates that exposure of sheep, goats and cattle to oocysts of T. gondii is widespread, suggesting that the consumption of raw and undercooked meat of these animals might be a source of human toxoplasmosis. Risk factor information can be used to design control programs to reduce exposure.
Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, 2018
Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other m... more Buffalo is the most important livestock commodities for milk, meat production and several other multipurpose uses distributed densely from southern tarai to northern mid-hills in Nepal. Among several internal parasitic diseases fascioliasis is highly economic one caused by Fasciola in buffaloes. However, there are only few studies carried on prevalence of fascioliasis emphasizing buffaloes in relation to seasonal (summer and rainy, and winter) and altitudinal variations. Therefore, we examined prevalence of fascioliasis seasonally and vertically. For the purpose, we selected two districts of eastern Nepal and sampled from low altitude area known as Madhesha ranging from 175-200, Dhankuta from 800-1200 m, and Murtidhunga from 1800-2200 m elevation from the sea level, representing tarai, mid hills and high hills, respectively. Altogether from February 2013 to January 2014 at every two months interval we collected 798 fecal samples from buffaloes; 282 from Murtidhunga, 239 from Dhankuta and 277 from Madhesha. The samples were examined microscopically for the presence of Fasciola eggs using sedimentation technique. Results showed that overall prevalence of fascioliasis in buffaloes was 39.9% (319/798), ranging highest 42.6%in Madhesha followed by 39.7% in Murtidhunga and 37.2% in Dhankuta, respectively. The prevalence of fascioliasis was found to be significantly (p <0.05) high in winter (44.9%) comparing to rainy season (34.4%). The prevalence of fascioliasis in buffaloes was relatively higher in low altitude than high altitude, although it was not statistically significant (p <0.05). In our findings the female buffaloes showed higher prevalence for fascioliasis than in male. Since the fascioliasis in buffaloes is highly endemic, thus strategic deworming in high risk period is recommended along with measure to prevent pasture contamination with buffalo feces. ;f/f+ z kmfl;of] lnPl;; Ps dxTjk" 0f{ cfGtl/s k/lhjL kml;of] nfaf6 x' g] /f] u xf]. of] /f] usf] cWoog O{ =;+ =@)!#-!$ df wgs' 6f / ;' g;/L lhNnfsf ljleGg ;d' ›L ;tx eGbf prfO{ x?df kflnPsf e} + ;Lx?df hDdf &(* j6f uf] a/sf] gd' gf tLg j6} Ct' x?df ;+ sng u/L cWoog ul/of]. gd' gf x? k| To] s @ dlxgfsf] cGt/df ;+ sng ul/ k| of] uzfnfdf kmfl;of] nfsf] cG8f kl/If0f ul/of]. kmn:j?k #(=(Ü e} + ;Ldf kmfl;of] nf ePsf] b] lvof] ;f] dWo] $@=^Ü dw] zf ;' g;/Ldf, #&=@Ü wgs' §fdf / #(=&Ü d' lt{ 9' Ëfdf kfOof]. of] /f] usf] k| sf] k hf8f] ofddf al9 $$=(Ü / sd prfO{ df $@=^Ü ePsf] b] lvof]. ltgj6} 7fpF x?df /f+ uf] x?df eGbf e} + ;Ldf of] /f] u a9L kfOof]. kmfl;of] nf ;a} 7fpF x?df ePsf] t/ Ct' / prfO{ sf cfwf/df s] lx km/s x' G5, eGg] lgisif{ cfof]. /f] syfdsf] nflu r/0fdf ;' wf/ Nofpg' sf ;fy} of] /f] u la?4 ;do ;dodf /f+ uf / e} + ;LnfO{ cf} iflw v' jfpg' kb{ 5 .
Gastrointestinal nematode parasites are one of the major constraints to swine production. This st... more Gastrointestinal nematode parasites are one of the major constraints to swine production. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of common gastrointestinal nematodes of pigs based on different altitudes and seasons in Dhankuta and Sunsari districts of Nepal from February 2013 to January 2014. Ranges of altitudes of selected sites were 1800-2200 masl in Murtidhunga; 800-1200 masl in Dhankuta and 100-200 masl in Inaruwa of Sunsari district. Seasons were divided into three viz. summer, rainy and winter. A total of 1022 faecal samples (Murtidhunga-400, Dhankuta-395 and Inaruwa-227) from pigs of different sexes and ages were collected in every two months' interval from same study sites and examined microscopically for the presence of eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes using the floatation technique. A total prevalence of 51.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 48.26-54.48) was recorded; with Strongly spp 27.3% followed by Ascaris suum 19.8% and Trichuris suis 4.3% while mixed infestation was found 7%. Significantly higher prevalence was found in female (56.3%, 95% CI: 51.76-60.67, p=0.0024) pigs than in males (46.8%, 95% CI: 42.44-51.14); and also higher prevalence in adults pigs (55.7%, 95% CI: 51.96-59.39, p=0.0001) than young pigs (41.5%, 95% CI: 35.95-47.18). There was higher prevalence in Dhankuta (63%) followed by Murtidhunga (53.3%) and Inaruwa (27.8%) which was found significant (p<0.05) difference. Similarly significantly prevalence was found in winter season (60.4%) followed by rainy (49.8%) and summer (40.1%). High prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in pigs in eastern Nepal warrants intervention policies to control this problem. This study therefore confirms the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs and it was therefore recommended that farmers improve on their bio-security and also adhere to routine de-worming regimen.
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