Field work was carried out in 2019 and 2020 by the Central Taurus Prehistoric Research Project in... more Field work was carried out in 2019 and 2020 by the Central Taurus Prehistoric Research Project in the districts of Erdemli, Tarsus and Çamlıyayla of Mersin. The project aimed to fill the chronological gaps in the prehistoric chronology of the region, as well as to understand the role of Central Taurus and Cilicia in interregional cultural relations. The numerous temporary camps, caves with occupation debris and flint workshops revealed during the first two field seasons point out that the region was one of the preferred zones for the prehistoric communities since the Paleolithic periods. In addition to describing the archaeological sites identified, this article includes information about the ethnobotanical studies conducted as part of the project and a study of the routeways through the Bolkar Mountains in order to understand the interregional passages.
The subject of this study is a Late Bronze Age kohl box decorated with zoomorphic motifs recovere... more The subject of this study is a Late Bronze Age kohl box decorated with zoomorphic motifs recovered from Tepebağ Höyük (Cilician Plain, Turkey) and a quantity of black pigment that remained at the bottom of this box tubes. In ancient times, this kind of black pigments was used for the treatment of eye diseases and to reduce the brightness of the sun by applying it intensively around the eyes, rather than for its aesthetic and ornamental function. According to the spectroscopic results, the analyzed sample contains mostly lead-based minerals, which is mainly galena, a lead sulfide derivative known to be used as a kohl in ancient times. The chromatographic results indicated that there may be decomposed organic residues (ORs) in the sample, which may be from oil or fat. When the archaeological and archaeometric data are interpreted together, it is concluded that the powder compound within the sample, in accordance with the existing literature, is kohl and thus, the artifact may be a kohl box imported from Egypt.
“Şanlıurfa Merkez ve Çevresi Tarihöncesi Dönem Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması” (ŞAYA) “Şanlıurfa Ne... more “Şanlıurfa Merkez ve Çevresi Tarihöncesi Dönem Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması” (ŞAYA) “Şanlıurfa Neolitik Çağ Araştırmaları Projesi” kapsamında 2021 yılında başlayan bir yüzey araştırması projesidir. Araştırmanın ana amacı Şanlıurfa Bölgesinde avcı-toplayıcı toplulukların dağlık alanlarda ve yüksek platolardaki varlığını araştırmaktır. Disiplinlerarası yeni yaklaşımlarla yapılan yüzey araştırması çalışmaları Şanlıurfa Bölgesi'nin tarihöncesine dair bütünlükçü bir yaklaşım sergilemektedir.
This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia ... more This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia and one in Rough Cilicia. It is the outcome of three workshops held in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Plain Cilicia at the junction of Anatolia, Syro-Mesopotamia and Cyprus is one of the most fertile regions of the Ancient Near East. In recent years, archaeological research in the region has intensified, re-opening questions of chronology. The comparative stratigraphy discussed in the workshops is presented here in form of a gazetteer of the participating sites and a chart. This is to be understood as a first step towards a more comprehensive chronology.
The Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of T... more The Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of Türkmen-Karahöyük on the Konya plain as a previously unknown Iron Age capital city in the western region of Tabal. Surface collections and newly discovered inscriptional evidence indicate that this city is the early first-millennium royal seat of ‘Great King Hartapu’, long known from the enigmatic monuments of nearby Kizildağ and Karadağ. In addition to demonstrating this Iron Age city's existence, supported principally by (1) the site's size at the time and (2) the discovery of a royal inscription authored by Hartapu himself, TISP has documented the site's existence from the Late Chalcolithic period until the late first millennium BCE, with a maximum size reached between the Late Bronze and Iron Age periods, suggesting that the city was at its greatest extent and the regional political centre from at least the late second to the mid-first millennium BCE.
Ovalık Kilikia’nın merkezinde yer alan ve bölgenin en büyük höyüklerinden biri olan Tepebağ Höyük... more Ovalık Kilikia’nın merkezinde yer alan ve bölgenin en büyük höyüklerinden biri olan Tepebağ Höyük kazılarında saptanan Batı Anadolu kökenli seramikler bu makalenin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Batı Anadolu’da üretilen ve en karakteristik seramik üsluplarından biri olan Orientalizan seramiklerden Kuzey Ionia ve Güney Ionia üretimi günlük kullanım kapları, Ionia kyliksleri ile ticari Amphoralardan oluşan bu seramikler MÖ 7. ve 6. yüzyıllara tarihlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışma ile bu seramikler formlarına ve üretim alanlarına göre sınıflandırılmış, tarihlendirilmiş ve Tepebağ’ın Batı Anadolu ile Kilikia arasındaki ticari bağlantıdaki konumunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bilimsel olarak ilk kez değerlendirilen bu dönem seramikleri, Kilikia Bölgesi’nin denizaşırı bağlantılarına önemli ve yeni katkılar sunmaktadır.
This paper focuses on a Late Bronze Age ―kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük (Plain Cilicia, Turkey), on... more This paper focuses on a Late Bronze Age ―kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük (Plain Cilicia, Turkey), one of the few well-dateable and securely-stratified examples of peculiar cosmetic containers found generally between Egypt and the northern Levant. To date, this category of artefacts has received scant scientific attention, partly because most known specimens come from museum collections or poorly-stratified contexts. The ―kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük is notable not only because it is well-dated (15th-3th centuries BCE), but also because it is the earliest known example from Anatolia. The piece under study is a rectangular basalt object decorated with zoomorphic motifs and characterised by long narrow tubes containing residues of a black pigment. Morphological and chemical composition analyses with Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) carried out on the residues reveal high concentrations of lead sulphide. Based on textual evidence from Egypt as well as s...
Bu çalışma Keşbükü yerleşmesinin Demir Çağı öncesi dönemlerine açıklık getirmektedir. M.Ö. 2. Bin... more Bu çalışma Keşbükü yerleşmesinin Demir Çağı öncesi dönemlerine açıklık getirmektedir. M.Ö. 2. Binde Hitit yazılı kaynaklarında Ellibra-Allapratu ve M.Ö. 1. bin yılda Geç Asur kaynaklarında İllubru olarak geçen Çamlıyayla ve Tarsus gibi önemi tartışmasız iki yerleşmenin tam ortasında yüksek bir tepelik üzerinde yer alan Keşbükü stratejik olarak güvenlik- savunma- ticari bağlantılar anlamında önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Seramik buluntular yanı sıra çekirdek tablası ve dilgi gibi obsidiyen buluntular yerleşmenin Neolitik/Kalkolitik Çağ’dan Demir Çağı sonuna kadar iskan edildiğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışma ile yerleşmede ele geçen Demir Çağı öncesi çanak çömlekleri incelenmiştir. Bu çanak çömlekler Erken Tunç Çağı ve çoğunlukla da Geç Tunç Çağı karakterindedir. Erken Tunç Çağı örnekleri daha çok yerel özellikler gösterirken Geç Tunç Çağı örnekleri genel hatları ile İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Hitit etkisi altındaki yerleşimlerden çok iyi bilinen çanak çömlek ile benzerlik göstermektedir. Özellikle “Drab Ware” mal grubu ile şekillendirilmiş tabak, kase, dar boyunlu çömlekler tipik Hitit İmparatorluk Dönemi ya da “North-Central Anatolian-Style” seramiği karakterindedir. Bu durum Keşbükü’nün aynı zamanda Hitit etkisinde bir yerleşme olduğuna işaret etmektedir.
Excavations at Küllüoba, located in far west central Anatolia near Eskişehir - Seyitgazi, have be... more Excavations at Küllüoba, located in far west central Anatolia near Eskişehir - Seyitgazi, have been ongoing since 1996. The mound is situated on an important natural route between central Anatolia and the Marmara Basin. Results obtained from the excavation so far have shown that the mound was continuously occupied from the 4th millennium BC to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The yielded data has provided a better understanding of the stages of cultural development in the region. Here, the architecture of the Early Bronze Age II period has been unearthed in a large area. On the other hand, thanks to the excavation, significant evidence has been uncovered that helps shed light on the development of the relationship between this region and distant regions at the end of the Early Bronze Age. The most recent excavation seasons aimed to determine the cemetery area, understand the function of the buildings in the lower town, and reveal the Early Bronze Age I period in more detail. In this context, a brief evaluation of the settlement and preliminary report of the 2020 excavation season is presented in this work.
Abstract
Tepebağ Höyük, located in Cilicia Pedias, has revealed different types of bowl forms cla... more Abstract Tepebağ Höyük, located in Cilicia Pedias, has revealed different types of bowl forms classified as “Banded Bowls” in the literature of ancient pottery. In this article, banded bowls from the mound are categorized, according to their rims, into five groups: “simple”, “inverted”, “high”, “flat” and “everted-rounded”. High-rim bowls are further divided into two subgroups: “angular rim” and “rounded rim”. In the region, the earliest examples of these banded bowls are dated to the 7th century BC while the latest examples to the 4th century BC. The Tepebağ banded-bowl examples are known from many centers in the Eastern Mediterranean region, but this constitutes the first study on this subject for the Adana region. The banded bowls from Tepebağ have been dated between the 6th and 4th century BC based on the stratigraphic layers of the site.
In this article, the authors present a first edition of the recently found inscription TÜRKMEN-KA... more In this article, the authors present a first edition of the recently found inscription TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1, propose an eighth-century dating and explore some of the consequences of this date for the group of inscriptions mentioning Hartapu, son of Mursili
This paper focuses on a Late Bronze Age-kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük (Plain Cilicia, Turkey), one... more This paper focuses on a Late Bronze Age-kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük (Plain Cilicia, Turkey), one of the few well-dateable and securely-stratified examples of peculiar cosmetic containers found generally between Egypt and the northern Levant. To date, this category of artefacts has received scant scientific attention, partly because most known specimens come from museum collections or poorly-stratified contexts. The-kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük is notable not only because it is well-dated (15 th-3th centuries BCE), but also because it is the earliest known example from Anatolia. The piece under study is a rectangular basalt object decorated with zoomorphic motifs and characterised by long narrow tubes containing residues of a black pigment. Morphological and chemical composition analyses with Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) carried out on the residues reveal high concentrations of lead sulphide. Based on textual evidence from Egypt as well as similar chemical composition studies conducted on other similar finds, we can with confidence indicate that the Tepebağ Höyük example contained kohl. An ethno-archaeological study of modern kohl manufacture in southeastern Turkey further corroborates this hypothesis and provides interesting details regarding the possible secondary ingredients in kohl recipes. In addition, it confirms ancient sources that mention kohl also being an effective treatment against ophthal-mic ailments.
The Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of T... more The Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of Türkmen-Karahöyük on the Konya plain as a previously unknown Iron Age capital city in the western region of Tabal. Surface collections and newly discovered inscriptional evidence indicate that this city is the early first-millennium royal seat of ‘Great King Hartapu’, long known from the enigmatic monuments of nearby Kızıldağ and Karadağ. In addition to demonstrating this Iron Age city’s existence, supported principally by (1) the site’s size at the time and (2) the discovery of a royal inscription authored by Hartapu himself, TISP has documented the site’s existence from the Late Chalcolithic period until the late first millennium BCE, with a maximum size reached between the Late Bronze and Iron Age periods, suggesting that the city was at its greatest extent and the regional political centre from at least the late second to the mid-first millennium BCE.
ANADOLU PREHİSTORYASINA ADANMIŞ BİR YAŞAM: JAK YAKAR'A ARMAĞAN A LIFE DEDICATED TO ANATOLIAN PREHISTORY: FESTSCHRIFT FOR JAK YAKAR, 2020
Fatma ŞAHİN. GEÇ TUNÇ ÇAĞI KİLİKYA-KIBRIS İLİŞKİLERİNE YENİ BİR KATKI:
TEPEBAĞ HÖYÜK “WHITE SLIP ... more Fatma ŞAHİN. GEÇ TUNÇ ÇAĞI KİLİKYA-KIBRIS İLİŞKİLERİNE YENİ BİR KATKI: TEPEBAĞ HÖYÜK “WHITE SLIP II” SERAMİĞİ A New Contribution to Cilicia-Cyprus Relations in the Late Bronze Age: Tepebağ Höyük “White Slip II” Pottery
ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ DERGİSİ Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences Cilt/ Vol:, 2015
“Erken Tunç Çağı’nda Doğudan Batıya Köprü: Çukurova” konulu bu çalışmada, Batı Anadolu’da son yıl... more “Erken Tunç Çağı’nda Doğudan Batıya Köprü: Çukurova” konulu bu çalışmada, Batı Anadolu’da son yıllarda yapılan kazılar sonucunda ortaya konan yeni bilgiler ışığında bu dönem ilişkileri yeniden değerlendirilmiştir. ETÇ I’de, Bölge daha çok Kuzey Suriye-Mezopotamya ve İç Anadolu ile ilişkili olup, bu dönemde benzer birkaç örnek dışında Batı Anadolu ile ilişkiler net değildir. ETÇ II’de, Batı Anadolu, iç Anadolu, Amanoslar’ın doğusu, Amuk, Fırat, Kuzey Suriye, Mezopotamya, Levant, Kıbrıs ve Girit ile ilişkilerinin olduğu, bölgenin öneminin daha da arttığı ve Tarsus’un bu dönemde ticarette söz sahibi bir merkez halini aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. ETÇ III’te ise kültürel anlamda çok büyük değişimler olmuştur. Batı Anadolu’ya özgü çark yapımı tabak, depas, tankard, çift kulplu fincan ve gaga ağızlı testi gibi çanakçömlek malzemeleri yanı sıra mimaride de megaron tipi yapılar ortaya çıkmıştır. Çukurova Bölgesi’nin Batı Anadolu ile ilişkilerinin sadece Troya ile sınırlı olmadığı, sahil kesimde yer alan Liman Tepe, Bakla Tepe ve iç batı Anadolu’da Küllüoba ve Seyitömer gibi yerleşimler ile de ilişki olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Başta Küllüoba olmak üzere bazı yerleşimlerde de Çukurova ve Kuzey Suriye’ye özgü malzemenin ele geçmesi bu ilişkinin sadece tek yönlü olmayıp, her iki yönden olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Tüm bu ilişkiler, her iki bölge arasındaki kronoloji sorunlarının çözümüne de yardım edecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Erken Tunç Çağı, Çukurova, Batı Anadolu, Ege.
Adana/Tepebağ Höyük’te 2015-2016 kazı sezonunda bir adet Knidos ve on bir adet Rhodos olmak üzere... more Adana/Tepebağ Höyük’te 2015-2016 kazı sezonunda bir adet Knidos ve on bir adet Rhodos olmak üzere on iki adet amphora mührü ele geçmiştir. MÖ geç 4. yüzyıl – erken 3. yüzyıla tarihlenen Knidos buluntusu, höyükteki amphora mühürleri arasında en erkene ait örnektir. Bu mühürde Knidos sikkelerinde de görülen pruva sembolü yer almaktadır. Rhodos amphora mühürleri, MÖ 3. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreği ile MÖ 2. yüzyılın ortaları arasına tarihlenmektedir. Rhodos mühürleri üzerinde eponym (yönetici) ve üretici isimleri ile birlikte ay adları da görülmektedir. Höyükteki mühürler birkaç yönden önem taşımaktadırlar. Mühürler, Tepebağ yerleşiminin Hellenistik Dönem kanıtlarıdır. Höyüğün Hellenistik Dönem tabakalarının tarihlendirilmesi yanı sıra aynı zamanda yerleşimin ticari ilişkilerini de göstermektedir.
Twelve amphora stamps were found at Adana/Tepebağ Höyük during the 2015-2016 excavation season, one of them was Knidian type and eleven of them were Rhodian type. The Knidian one dating to the late 4th century - early 3rd century BC is the earliest one of the amphora stamps at the site. This stamp contains a ship’s prow emblem, which is also seen on the Knidian coins. Rhodian amphora stamps are dated between the second quarter of the 3rd century BC and the middle of the 2nd century BC. The name of the months are seen with the eponym’s and producer’s names on the Rhodian stamps. The amphora stamps found at Tepebağ Höyük are quite important in terms of revealing the presence of the Hellenistic period and dating its layers, as well as exhibiting the trade relationships of the site.
Field work was carried out in 2019 and 2020 by the Central Taurus Prehistoric Research Project in... more Field work was carried out in 2019 and 2020 by the Central Taurus Prehistoric Research Project in the districts of Erdemli, Tarsus and Çamlıyayla of Mersin. The project aimed to fill the chronological gaps in the prehistoric chronology of the region, as well as to understand the role of Central Taurus and Cilicia in interregional cultural relations. The numerous temporary camps, caves with occupation debris and flint workshops revealed during the first two field seasons point out that the region was one of the preferred zones for the prehistoric communities since the Paleolithic periods. In addition to describing the archaeological sites identified, this article includes information about the ethnobotanical studies conducted as part of the project and a study of the routeways through the Bolkar Mountains in order to understand the interregional passages.
The subject of this study is a Late Bronze Age kohl box decorated with zoomorphic motifs recovere... more The subject of this study is a Late Bronze Age kohl box decorated with zoomorphic motifs recovered from Tepebağ Höyük (Cilician Plain, Turkey) and a quantity of black pigment that remained at the bottom of this box tubes. In ancient times, this kind of black pigments was used for the treatment of eye diseases and to reduce the brightness of the sun by applying it intensively around the eyes, rather than for its aesthetic and ornamental function. According to the spectroscopic results, the analyzed sample contains mostly lead-based minerals, which is mainly galena, a lead sulfide derivative known to be used as a kohl in ancient times. The chromatographic results indicated that there may be decomposed organic residues (ORs) in the sample, which may be from oil or fat. When the archaeological and archaeometric data are interpreted together, it is concluded that the powder compound within the sample, in accordance with the existing literature, is kohl and thus, the artifact may be a kohl box imported from Egypt.
“Şanlıurfa Merkez ve Çevresi Tarihöncesi Dönem Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması” (ŞAYA) “Şanlıurfa Ne... more “Şanlıurfa Merkez ve Çevresi Tarihöncesi Dönem Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması” (ŞAYA) “Şanlıurfa Neolitik Çağ Araştırmaları Projesi” kapsamında 2021 yılında başlayan bir yüzey araştırması projesidir. Araştırmanın ana amacı Şanlıurfa Bölgesinde avcı-toplayıcı toplulukların dağlık alanlarda ve yüksek platolardaki varlığını araştırmaktır. Disiplinlerarası yeni yaklaşımlarla yapılan yüzey araştırması çalışmaları Şanlıurfa Bölgesi'nin tarihöncesine dair bütünlükçü bir yaklaşım sergilemektedir.
This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia ... more This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia and one in Rough Cilicia. It is the outcome of three workshops held in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Plain Cilicia at the junction of Anatolia, Syro-Mesopotamia and Cyprus is one of the most fertile regions of the Ancient Near East. In recent years, archaeological research in the region has intensified, re-opening questions of chronology. The comparative stratigraphy discussed in the workshops is presented here in form of a gazetteer of the participating sites and a chart. This is to be understood as a first step towards a more comprehensive chronology.
The Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of T... more The Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of Türkmen-Karahöyük on the Konya plain as a previously unknown Iron Age capital city in the western region of Tabal. Surface collections and newly discovered inscriptional evidence indicate that this city is the early first-millennium royal seat of ‘Great King Hartapu’, long known from the enigmatic monuments of nearby Kizildağ and Karadağ. In addition to demonstrating this Iron Age city's existence, supported principally by (1) the site's size at the time and (2) the discovery of a royal inscription authored by Hartapu himself, TISP has documented the site's existence from the Late Chalcolithic period until the late first millennium BCE, with a maximum size reached between the Late Bronze and Iron Age periods, suggesting that the city was at its greatest extent and the regional political centre from at least the late second to the mid-first millennium BCE.
Ovalık Kilikia’nın merkezinde yer alan ve bölgenin en büyük höyüklerinden biri olan Tepebağ Höyük... more Ovalık Kilikia’nın merkezinde yer alan ve bölgenin en büyük höyüklerinden biri olan Tepebağ Höyük kazılarında saptanan Batı Anadolu kökenli seramikler bu makalenin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Batı Anadolu’da üretilen ve en karakteristik seramik üsluplarından biri olan Orientalizan seramiklerden Kuzey Ionia ve Güney Ionia üretimi günlük kullanım kapları, Ionia kyliksleri ile ticari Amphoralardan oluşan bu seramikler MÖ 7. ve 6. yüzyıllara tarihlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışma ile bu seramikler formlarına ve üretim alanlarına göre sınıflandırılmış, tarihlendirilmiş ve Tepebağ’ın Batı Anadolu ile Kilikia arasındaki ticari bağlantıdaki konumunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bilimsel olarak ilk kez değerlendirilen bu dönem seramikleri, Kilikia Bölgesi’nin denizaşırı bağlantılarına önemli ve yeni katkılar sunmaktadır.
This paper focuses on a Late Bronze Age ―kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük (Plain Cilicia, Turkey), on... more This paper focuses on a Late Bronze Age ―kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük (Plain Cilicia, Turkey), one of the few well-dateable and securely-stratified examples of peculiar cosmetic containers found generally between Egypt and the northern Levant. To date, this category of artefacts has received scant scientific attention, partly because most known specimens come from museum collections or poorly-stratified contexts. The ―kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük is notable not only because it is well-dated (15th-3th centuries BCE), but also because it is the earliest known example from Anatolia. The piece under study is a rectangular basalt object decorated with zoomorphic motifs and characterised by long narrow tubes containing residues of a black pigment. Morphological and chemical composition analyses with Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) carried out on the residues reveal high concentrations of lead sulphide. Based on textual evidence from Egypt as well as s...
Bu çalışma Keşbükü yerleşmesinin Demir Çağı öncesi dönemlerine açıklık getirmektedir. M.Ö. 2. Bin... more Bu çalışma Keşbükü yerleşmesinin Demir Çağı öncesi dönemlerine açıklık getirmektedir. M.Ö. 2. Binde Hitit yazılı kaynaklarında Ellibra-Allapratu ve M.Ö. 1. bin yılda Geç Asur kaynaklarında İllubru olarak geçen Çamlıyayla ve Tarsus gibi önemi tartışmasız iki yerleşmenin tam ortasında yüksek bir tepelik üzerinde yer alan Keşbükü stratejik olarak güvenlik- savunma- ticari bağlantılar anlamında önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Seramik buluntular yanı sıra çekirdek tablası ve dilgi gibi obsidiyen buluntular yerleşmenin Neolitik/Kalkolitik Çağ’dan Demir Çağı sonuna kadar iskan edildiğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışma ile yerleşmede ele geçen Demir Çağı öncesi çanak çömlekleri incelenmiştir. Bu çanak çömlekler Erken Tunç Çağı ve çoğunlukla da Geç Tunç Çağı karakterindedir. Erken Tunç Çağı örnekleri daha çok yerel özellikler gösterirken Geç Tunç Çağı örnekleri genel hatları ile İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Hitit etkisi altındaki yerleşimlerden çok iyi bilinen çanak çömlek ile benzerlik göstermektedir. Özellikle “Drab Ware” mal grubu ile şekillendirilmiş tabak, kase, dar boyunlu çömlekler tipik Hitit İmparatorluk Dönemi ya da “North-Central Anatolian-Style” seramiği karakterindedir. Bu durum Keşbükü’nün aynı zamanda Hitit etkisinde bir yerleşme olduğuna işaret etmektedir.
Excavations at Küllüoba, located in far west central Anatolia near Eskişehir - Seyitgazi, have be... more Excavations at Küllüoba, located in far west central Anatolia near Eskişehir - Seyitgazi, have been ongoing since 1996. The mound is situated on an important natural route between central Anatolia and the Marmara Basin. Results obtained from the excavation so far have shown that the mound was continuously occupied from the 4th millennium BC to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The yielded data has provided a better understanding of the stages of cultural development in the region. Here, the architecture of the Early Bronze Age II period has been unearthed in a large area. On the other hand, thanks to the excavation, significant evidence has been uncovered that helps shed light on the development of the relationship between this region and distant regions at the end of the Early Bronze Age. The most recent excavation seasons aimed to determine the cemetery area, understand the function of the buildings in the lower town, and reveal the Early Bronze Age I period in more detail. In this context, a brief evaluation of the settlement and preliminary report of the 2020 excavation season is presented in this work.
Abstract
Tepebağ Höyük, located in Cilicia Pedias, has revealed different types of bowl forms cla... more Abstract Tepebağ Höyük, located in Cilicia Pedias, has revealed different types of bowl forms classified as “Banded Bowls” in the literature of ancient pottery. In this article, banded bowls from the mound are categorized, according to their rims, into five groups: “simple”, “inverted”, “high”, “flat” and “everted-rounded”. High-rim bowls are further divided into two subgroups: “angular rim” and “rounded rim”. In the region, the earliest examples of these banded bowls are dated to the 7th century BC while the latest examples to the 4th century BC. The Tepebağ banded-bowl examples are known from many centers in the Eastern Mediterranean region, but this constitutes the first study on this subject for the Adana region. The banded bowls from Tepebağ have been dated between the 6th and 4th century BC based on the stratigraphic layers of the site.
In this article, the authors present a first edition of the recently found inscription TÜRKMEN-KA... more In this article, the authors present a first edition of the recently found inscription TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1, propose an eighth-century dating and explore some of the consequences of this date for the group of inscriptions mentioning Hartapu, son of Mursili
This paper focuses on a Late Bronze Age-kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük (Plain Cilicia, Turkey), one... more This paper focuses on a Late Bronze Age-kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük (Plain Cilicia, Turkey), one of the few well-dateable and securely-stratified examples of peculiar cosmetic containers found generally between Egypt and the northern Levant. To date, this category of artefacts has received scant scientific attention, partly because most known specimens come from museum collections or poorly-stratified contexts. The-kohl box‖ from Tepebağ Höyük is notable not only because it is well-dated (15 th-3th centuries BCE), but also because it is the earliest known example from Anatolia. The piece under study is a rectangular basalt object decorated with zoomorphic motifs and characterised by long narrow tubes containing residues of a black pigment. Morphological and chemical composition analyses with Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) carried out on the residues reveal high concentrations of lead sulphide. Based on textual evidence from Egypt as well as similar chemical composition studies conducted on other similar finds, we can with confidence indicate that the Tepebağ Höyük example contained kohl. An ethno-archaeological study of modern kohl manufacture in southeastern Turkey further corroborates this hypothesis and provides interesting details regarding the possible secondary ingredients in kohl recipes. In addition, it confirms ancient sources that mention kohl also being an effective treatment against ophthal-mic ailments.
The Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of T... more The Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of Türkmen-Karahöyük on the Konya plain as a previously unknown Iron Age capital city in the western region of Tabal. Surface collections and newly discovered inscriptional evidence indicate that this city is the early first-millennium royal seat of ‘Great King Hartapu’, long known from the enigmatic monuments of nearby Kızıldağ and Karadağ. In addition to demonstrating this Iron Age city’s existence, supported principally by (1) the site’s size at the time and (2) the discovery of a royal inscription authored by Hartapu himself, TISP has documented the site’s existence from the Late Chalcolithic period until the late first millennium BCE, with a maximum size reached between the Late Bronze and Iron Age periods, suggesting that the city was at its greatest extent and the regional political centre from at least the late second to the mid-first millennium BCE.
ANADOLU PREHİSTORYASINA ADANMIŞ BİR YAŞAM: JAK YAKAR'A ARMAĞAN A LIFE DEDICATED TO ANATOLIAN PREHISTORY: FESTSCHRIFT FOR JAK YAKAR, 2020
Fatma ŞAHİN. GEÇ TUNÇ ÇAĞI KİLİKYA-KIBRIS İLİŞKİLERİNE YENİ BİR KATKI:
TEPEBAĞ HÖYÜK “WHITE SLIP ... more Fatma ŞAHİN. GEÇ TUNÇ ÇAĞI KİLİKYA-KIBRIS İLİŞKİLERİNE YENİ BİR KATKI: TEPEBAĞ HÖYÜK “WHITE SLIP II” SERAMİĞİ A New Contribution to Cilicia-Cyprus Relations in the Late Bronze Age: Tepebağ Höyük “White Slip II” Pottery
ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ DERGİSİ Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences Cilt/ Vol:, 2015
“Erken Tunç Çağı’nda Doğudan Batıya Köprü: Çukurova” konulu bu çalışmada, Batı Anadolu’da son yıl... more “Erken Tunç Çağı’nda Doğudan Batıya Köprü: Çukurova” konulu bu çalışmada, Batı Anadolu’da son yıllarda yapılan kazılar sonucunda ortaya konan yeni bilgiler ışığında bu dönem ilişkileri yeniden değerlendirilmiştir. ETÇ I’de, Bölge daha çok Kuzey Suriye-Mezopotamya ve İç Anadolu ile ilişkili olup, bu dönemde benzer birkaç örnek dışında Batı Anadolu ile ilişkiler net değildir. ETÇ II’de, Batı Anadolu, iç Anadolu, Amanoslar’ın doğusu, Amuk, Fırat, Kuzey Suriye, Mezopotamya, Levant, Kıbrıs ve Girit ile ilişkilerinin olduğu, bölgenin öneminin daha da arttığı ve Tarsus’un bu dönemde ticarette söz sahibi bir merkez halini aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. ETÇ III’te ise kültürel anlamda çok büyük değişimler olmuştur. Batı Anadolu’ya özgü çark yapımı tabak, depas, tankard, çift kulplu fincan ve gaga ağızlı testi gibi çanakçömlek malzemeleri yanı sıra mimaride de megaron tipi yapılar ortaya çıkmıştır. Çukurova Bölgesi’nin Batı Anadolu ile ilişkilerinin sadece Troya ile sınırlı olmadığı, sahil kesimde yer alan Liman Tepe, Bakla Tepe ve iç batı Anadolu’da Küllüoba ve Seyitömer gibi yerleşimler ile de ilişki olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Başta Küllüoba olmak üzere bazı yerleşimlerde de Çukurova ve Kuzey Suriye’ye özgü malzemenin ele geçmesi bu ilişkinin sadece tek yönlü olmayıp, her iki yönden olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Tüm bu ilişkiler, her iki bölge arasındaki kronoloji sorunlarının çözümüne de yardım edecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Erken Tunç Çağı, Çukurova, Batı Anadolu, Ege.
Adana/Tepebağ Höyük’te 2015-2016 kazı sezonunda bir adet Knidos ve on bir adet Rhodos olmak üzere... more Adana/Tepebağ Höyük’te 2015-2016 kazı sezonunda bir adet Knidos ve on bir adet Rhodos olmak üzere on iki adet amphora mührü ele geçmiştir. MÖ geç 4. yüzyıl – erken 3. yüzyıla tarihlenen Knidos buluntusu, höyükteki amphora mühürleri arasında en erkene ait örnektir. Bu mühürde Knidos sikkelerinde de görülen pruva sembolü yer almaktadır. Rhodos amphora mühürleri, MÖ 3. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreği ile MÖ 2. yüzyılın ortaları arasına tarihlenmektedir. Rhodos mühürleri üzerinde eponym (yönetici) ve üretici isimleri ile birlikte ay adları da görülmektedir. Höyükteki mühürler birkaç yönden önem taşımaktadırlar. Mühürler, Tepebağ yerleşiminin Hellenistik Dönem kanıtlarıdır. Höyüğün Hellenistik Dönem tabakalarının tarihlendirilmesi yanı sıra aynı zamanda yerleşimin ticari ilişkilerini de göstermektedir.
Twelve amphora stamps were found at Adana/Tepebağ Höyük during the 2015-2016 excavation season, one of them was Knidian type and eleven of them were Rhodian type. The Knidian one dating to the late 4th century - early 3rd century BC is the earliest one of the amphora stamps at the site. This stamp contains a ship’s prow emblem, which is also seen on the Knidian coins. Rhodian amphora stamps are dated between the second quarter of the 3rd century BC and the middle of the 2nd century BC. The name of the months are seen with the eponym’s and producer’s names on the Rhodian stamps. The amphora stamps found at Tepebağ Höyük are quite important in terms of revealing the presence of the Hellenistic period and dating its layers, as well as exhibiting the trade relationships of the site.
The article presents the results of the Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project (KRASP) 2019... more The article presents the results of the Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project (KRASP) 2019 and 2020 fieldwork, including the analysis of all major Bronze and Iron Age sites within the survey area as well as the largest fortified hilltop sites. These data are analysed to discuss the processes of urbanisation and state formation in the Konya Plain between the Early Bronze and the Iron Ages.
The Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project (KRASP) is an interdisciplinary, multi-scale res... more The Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project (KRASP) is an interdisciplinary, multi-scale research programme in south-central Turkey. KRASP aims at integrating new fieldwork with the substantial research corpus already available for the region, in order to provide a synthetic understanding of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental dynamics in the plain and surrounding highlands. This includes a diachronic assessment of human-environment interactions in different ecological niches, of sedentism, urbanism and political consolidation, and of related phenomena such as modifications to landscapes, farming production, and pastoral mobility. KRASP's fieldwork focuses on three discrete ecological zones: the cultivated alluvium, the steppe margin, and the highland margin. This paper presents the methodologies, aims and preliminary results of KRASP's 2017 and 2018 fieldwork seasons in the eastern section of the Konya Plain. Among the most significant results, our team uncovered evidence in the steppe for numerous temporary sites contemporary with Boncuklu Höyük and Çatalhöyük pre-XII, which provide a broader context to understand the process of Neolithisation of the region. It also dated the appearance of the first large centres (ca. 20 ha) in the region at the Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age transition, and revealed the existence of a territorial defence system around the plain already in the early 2 nd millennium BCE. Lastly, KRASP has identified a horizon of expanding sedentary sites (höyük) into the steppe during the late 2 nd and early 1 st millennia BCE, probably associated with a substantial irrigation project and possibly prompted by the rise of a large urban centre in the Çarşamba delta.
TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, 2022
Bu çalışma ile İç Anadolu'nun güneyinde Konya Havzası olarak tanımlanan coğrafi bölge içinde kala... more Bu çalışma ile İç Anadolu'nun güneyinde Konya Havzası olarak tanımlanan coğrafi bölge içinde kalan yerleşimlerden ele geçen ve Erken Tunç Çağı'na tarihlendirilen, aynı teknikte üretilmiş özel bir çanak çömlek grubu olan "Metalik Çanak Çömlek" bütünlükçü bir yaklaşım ile ele alınmaktadır. Bu çanak çömlek grubu üzerine daha önce araştırmalar ve yayınlar yapılmış olmakla birlikte, bu çalışma detaylı bir kronolojik tipoloji, işlev tipolojisi ve yayılım alanı gibi hususların ilk defa ele alınması bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Makalede, yayınlanmış ve yayınlanmamış toplam 340 çanak çömlek örneği değerlendirilmiştir. Bu örnekler tipolojik, teknolojik ve kronolojik yönden kapsamlı olarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda bu çanak çömlek grubu için bir tipoloji oluşturulmuş, yayılım alanı ve kronolojik problemleri aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca söz konusu bu çanak çömlek grubu için "Konya Havzası Metalik Çanak Çömleği (KHMÇÇ)" olarak yeni bir isim önerisi sunulmuştur.
FULL TEXT. This paper synthesises the data and results of the Konya Regional Archaeological Surve... more FULL TEXT. This paper synthesises the data and results of the Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project (2016–2020) in order to address the earliest evidence for cities and states on the Konya and Karaman plains, central Turkey. A nested and integrative approach is developed that draws on a wide range of spatially extensive datasets to outline meaningful trends in settlement, water management and regional defensive systems during the Bronze and Iron Ages. The significance of the regional centre of Türkmen-Karahöyük for a reconstruction of early state polities between the 13th and eighth centuries BCE is addressed. In light of this regional analysis, it is tentatively suggested that, during the Late Bronze Age, Türkmen-Karahöyük was the location of the city of Tarḫuntašša, briefly the Hittite capital during the reign of Muwatalli II. More assuredly, based on the analysis of the newly discovered Middle Iron Age TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1 inscription, it is proposed that Türkmen-Karahöyük was the seat of a kingdom during the eighth century BCE that likely encompassed the Konya and Karaman plains.
Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and chemometrics were used to characterize the mine... more Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and chemometrics were used to characterize the mineralogical composition and firing conditions of 59 Early Bronze Age ceramic sherds from the Konya Plain (Turkey). These include the Konya Basin Metallic Ware (KBMW) and a control group of contemporary local products. The analysis indicates significant differences in mineral inclusions and firing temperatures, with KBMW generally being fired above 800 C and characterized by standardized fabric recipes. Assessed together with other published evidence, these results indicate a high degree of specialization in the production of KBMW ceramic assemblages in central Anatolia during the third millennium BCE.
Savaş ve Şiddet Near Eastern Archaeology Meetings 1, 2024
ŞAYA Projesi kapsamında Şanlıurfa'da gerçekleştirilen Yüzey Araştırmaları sırasında Harran Ovası ... more ŞAYA Projesi kapsamında Şanlıurfa'da gerçekleştirilen Yüzey Araştırmaları sırasında Harran Ovası çevresinde yer alan tepeler üzerinde Hayvan Tuzak Alanları/Avlaklar ve bunlarla ilgili Geçici Kamp Yerleşimleri/Kesim alanları tespit edilmiştir.
War an Violence Near Eastern Archaeology Meetings 1, 2024
This paper includes an examination of the fortified sites located on the hills around the Konya P... more This paper includes an examination of the fortified sites located on the hills around the Konya Plain, one of the regions with the longest tradition of systematic research in Turkey.
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Here, the architecture of the Early Bronze Age II period has been unearthed in a large area. On the other hand, thanks to the excavation, significant evidence has been uncovered that helps shed light on the development of the relationship between this region and distant regions at the end of the Early Bronze Age. The most recent excavation seasons aimed to determine the cemetery area, understand the function
of the buildings in the lower town, and reveal the Early Bronze Age I period in more detail. In this context, a brief evaluation of the settlement and preliminary report of the 2020 excavation season is presented in this work.
Tepebağ Höyük, located in Cilicia Pedias, has revealed different types of bowl forms classified as “Banded Bowls” in the literature of ancient pottery. In this article, banded bowls from the mound are categorized, according to their rims, into five groups: “simple”, “inverted”, “high”, “flat” and “everted-rounded”.
High-rim bowls are further divided into two subgroups: “angular rim” and “rounded rim”. In the region, the earliest examples of these
banded bowls are dated to the 7th century BC while the latest examples to the 4th century BC. The Tepebağ banded-bowl examples are known from many centers in the Eastern Mediterranean region, but this constitutes the first study on this subject for the Adana region. The banded bowls from Tepebağ have been dated between the 6th and 4th century BC based on the stratigraphic layers of the site.
until the late first millennium BCE, with a maximum size reached between the Late Bronze and Iron Age periods, suggesting that the city was at its greatest extent and the regional political centre from at least the late second to the mid-first millennium BCE.
TEPEBAĞ HÖYÜK “WHITE SLIP II” SERAMİĞİ
A New Contribution to Cilicia-Cyprus Relations in the Late Bronze Age:
Tepebağ Höyük “White Slip II” Pottery
ETÇ I’de, Bölge daha çok Kuzey Suriye-Mezopotamya ve İç Anadolu ile ilişkili olup, bu dönemde benzer birkaç örnek dışında Batı Anadolu ile ilişkiler net değildir. ETÇ II’de, Batı Anadolu, iç Anadolu, Amanoslar’ın doğusu, Amuk, Fırat, Kuzey Suriye, Mezopotamya, Levant, Kıbrıs ve Girit ile ilişkilerinin olduğu, bölgenin öneminin daha da arttığı ve Tarsus’un bu dönemde ticarette söz sahibi bir merkez halini aldığı anlaşılmaktadır.
ETÇ III’te ise kültürel anlamda çok büyük değişimler olmuştur. Batı Anadolu’ya özgü çark yapımı tabak, depas, tankard, çift kulplu fincan ve gaga ağızlı testi gibi çanakçömlek malzemeleri yanı sıra mimaride de megaron tipi yapılar ortaya çıkmıştır.
Çukurova Bölgesi’nin Batı Anadolu ile ilişkilerinin sadece Troya ile sınırlı olmadığı, sahil kesimde yer alan Liman Tepe, Bakla Tepe ve iç batı Anadolu’da Küllüoba ve Seyitömer gibi yerleşimler ile de ilişki olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Başta Küllüoba olmak üzere bazı yerleşimlerde de Çukurova ve Kuzey Suriye’ye özgü malzemenin ele geçmesi bu ilişkinin sadece tek yönlü olmayıp, her iki yönden olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Tüm bu ilişkiler, her iki bölge arasındaki kronoloji sorunlarının çözümüne
de yardım edecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Erken Tunç Çağı, Çukurova, Batı Anadolu, Ege.
Twelve amphora stamps were found at Adana/Tepebağ Höyük during the 2015-2016 excavation season, one of them was Knidian type and eleven of them were Rhodian type. The Knidian one dating to the late 4th century - early 3rd century BC is the earliest one of the amphora stamps at the site. This stamp contains a ship’s prow emblem, which is also seen on the Knidian coins. Rhodian amphora stamps are dated between the second quarter of the 3rd century BC and the middle of the 2nd century BC. The name of the months are seen with the eponym’s and producer’s names on the Rhodian stamps. The amphora stamps found at Tepebağ Höyük are quite important in terms of revealing the presence of the Hellenistic period and dating its layers, as well as exhibiting the trade relationships of the site.
Here, the architecture of the Early Bronze Age II period has been unearthed in a large area. On the other hand, thanks to the excavation, significant evidence has been uncovered that helps shed light on the development of the relationship between this region and distant regions at the end of the Early Bronze Age. The most recent excavation seasons aimed to determine the cemetery area, understand the function
of the buildings in the lower town, and reveal the Early Bronze Age I period in more detail. In this context, a brief evaluation of the settlement and preliminary report of the 2020 excavation season is presented in this work.
Tepebağ Höyük, located in Cilicia Pedias, has revealed different types of bowl forms classified as “Banded Bowls” in the literature of ancient pottery. In this article, banded bowls from the mound are categorized, according to their rims, into five groups: “simple”, “inverted”, “high”, “flat” and “everted-rounded”.
High-rim bowls are further divided into two subgroups: “angular rim” and “rounded rim”. In the region, the earliest examples of these
banded bowls are dated to the 7th century BC while the latest examples to the 4th century BC. The Tepebağ banded-bowl examples are known from many centers in the Eastern Mediterranean region, but this constitutes the first study on this subject for the Adana region. The banded bowls from Tepebağ have been dated between the 6th and 4th century BC based on the stratigraphic layers of the site.
until the late first millennium BCE, with a maximum size reached between the Late Bronze and Iron Age periods, suggesting that the city was at its greatest extent and the regional political centre from at least the late second to the mid-first millennium BCE.
TEPEBAĞ HÖYÜK “WHITE SLIP II” SERAMİĞİ
A New Contribution to Cilicia-Cyprus Relations in the Late Bronze Age:
Tepebağ Höyük “White Slip II” Pottery
ETÇ I’de, Bölge daha çok Kuzey Suriye-Mezopotamya ve İç Anadolu ile ilişkili olup, bu dönemde benzer birkaç örnek dışında Batı Anadolu ile ilişkiler net değildir. ETÇ II’de, Batı Anadolu, iç Anadolu, Amanoslar’ın doğusu, Amuk, Fırat, Kuzey Suriye, Mezopotamya, Levant, Kıbrıs ve Girit ile ilişkilerinin olduğu, bölgenin öneminin daha da arttığı ve Tarsus’un bu dönemde ticarette söz sahibi bir merkez halini aldığı anlaşılmaktadır.
ETÇ III’te ise kültürel anlamda çok büyük değişimler olmuştur. Batı Anadolu’ya özgü çark yapımı tabak, depas, tankard, çift kulplu fincan ve gaga ağızlı testi gibi çanakçömlek malzemeleri yanı sıra mimaride de megaron tipi yapılar ortaya çıkmıştır.
Çukurova Bölgesi’nin Batı Anadolu ile ilişkilerinin sadece Troya ile sınırlı olmadığı, sahil kesimde yer alan Liman Tepe, Bakla Tepe ve iç batı Anadolu’da Küllüoba ve Seyitömer gibi yerleşimler ile de ilişki olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Başta Küllüoba olmak üzere bazı yerleşimlerde de Çukurova ve Kuzey Suriye’ye özgü malzemenin ele geçmesi bu ilişkinin sadece tek yönlü olmayıp, her iki yönden olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Tüm bu ilişkiler, her iki bölge arasındaki kronoloji sorunlarının çözümüne
de yardım edecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Erken Tunç Çağı, Çukurova, Batı Anadolu, Ege.
Twelve amphora stamps were found at Adana/Tepebağ Höyük during the 2015-2016 excavation season, one of them was Knidian type and eleven of them were Rhodian type. The Knidian one dating to the late 4th century - early 3rd century BC is the earliest one of the amphora stamps at the site. This stamp contains a ship’s prow emblem, which is also seen on the Knidian coins. Rhodian amphora stamps are dated between the second quarter of the 3rd century BC and the middle of the 2nd century BC. The name of the months are seen with the eponym’s and producer’s names on the Rhodian stamps. The amphora stamps found at Tepebağ Höyük are quite important in terms of revealing the presence of the Hellenistic period and dating its layers, as well as exhibiting the trade relationships of the site.
the regional centre of Türkmen-Karahöyük for a reconstruction of early state polities between the 13th and eighth centuries BCE is addressed. In light of this regional analysis, it is tentatively suggested that, during the Late Bronze Age, Türkmen-Karahöyük was the location of the city of Tarḫuntašša, briefly the Hittite capital during the reign of Muwatalli II. More assuredly, based on the analysis of the newly discovered Middle Iron Age TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1 inscription, it is proposed that Türkmen-Karahöyük was the seat of a kingdom during the eighth
century BCE that likely encompassed the Konya and Karaman plains.