Papers by Felix C Obi
With the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in developing Countries, a Project of this kind will be of p... more With the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in developing Countries, a Project of this kind will be of paramount importance. Majority of the youths in Developing Countries have little or no knowledge about their Reproductive Health, as a results they involve themselves in Sexual risk behaviours that make them Vulnerable to HIV/AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases. In this Project, we will not only look at the Sexual risk behaviours that these youths involve in but also the Non-Sexual risk behaviours that could also make them Vulnerable. We will also look at and suggest some Protective factors that will make these youth less Vulnerable.
This Project will be successfully carried out with the corporation of High School Managements that will allow us access to these Youths. We will educate these youths on theirs Adolescent Reproductive Health and other HIV/AIDs related issues. We will also collect the required data for this Project from these Students.
After this Project, we will find out how adequate knowledge of youths on their Adolescent Reproductive Health affects HIV/AIDS Prevalence in developing Countries.
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INTRODUCTION
Microfluidics is the science and technology of systems that process or manipulate sm... more INTRODUCTION
Microfluidics is the science and technology of systems that process or manipulate small (10–9 to 10–18 litres) amounts of fluids, using channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometres. Its first Application is in analysis, in which it offer a number of useful capabilities which include the ability to use very small quantities of samples and reagents, and to carry out separations and detections with high resolution and sensitivity. Using Microfluidics in this Application greatly reduced cost and time of analysis. Microfluidics is a compound word, Micro meaning small size and fluidic, gotten from fluid (Liquid or Gas) thus to a layman, Microfluidics is the playing around with small Liquids or gases. Microfluidics offers fundamentally new capabilities in the control of concentrations of molecules in space and time. As a technology, Microfluidics seems almost too good to be true: it offers so many advantages and so few disadvantages. But it has not yet become widely used.
Microfluidics systems are devices in which low volumes of fluids are processed to achieve multiplexing, automation, and high-throughput screening. Such Devices emerged in the early 80s and have been used in the development of inkjet printheads, DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip technology, micro-propulsion, and micro-thermal technologies. It deals with the behavior, precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter scale. Microfluidics systems typically comprises of active (micro) components such as micro pumps and micro valves. Micro pumps supply fluids in a continuous manner and can be used for dosing. Micro valves determine the flow direction or the mode of movement of pumped liquids. Often processes which are normally carried out in a lab are miniaturized on a single chip in order to enhance efficiency and mobility as well as reducing sample and reagent volumes.
Microfluidics Systems have a broad range of Application but in this Pepar, we will concentrate on its Applications in Biomedical Engineering.
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INTRODUCTION
The kidney is a very important organ in the body; it is the bean-shaped organ locate... more INTRODUCTION
The kidney is a very important organ in the body; it is the bean-shaped organ located at the rears of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space. The kidney performs many essential regulatory functions in vertebrates which include the removal of excess organic molecules from the blood, that is the removal of metabolic waste products from the blood. The kidney also play homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (by maintaining the salt and water balance). The kidneys can be said to be the body’s natural filter of blood, they remove water-soluble wastes from the blood and divert them to the bladder. These wastes products such as urea and ammonium are excreted through the urine. It is also the function of the kidneys to reabsorb water, glucose, and amino acids into the blood. The kidneys are also responsible for the production of hormones such as calcitriol and erythropoietin. Renin, an important enzyme which acts in giving negative feedback are also produced in the kidneys.
The kidney can loose its ability to carry out these functions, these is known as kidney failure. Kidney failure could be acute or chronic (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015). Acute kidney failure which can also be called Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is the sudden loss of kidney’s function. It is mainly caused by the insufficient flow of blood to the kidneys, damages done to the kidneys and/or the obstruction of urine from the kidneys. Some other common causes (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) of Acute Renal Failure include:
• Serious injuries that leads to excessive blood loss.
• Dehydration-excessive loss of water from the body.
• Severe infections like sepsis, especially when left untreated for a long period of time.
• Blockage of urine, such as with an enlarged prostate.
• Damage done to the kidney from certain harmful drugs or toxins.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the gradual lose of kidney function that lasts longer than 3 months. It is commonly caused by diabetes and high blood pressure. CKD is particularly dangerous, as no symptom is observed until considerable and often irreparable damage have been done to the Kidney. Somes other common causes of Chronic Kidney Diseases (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) include:
• Urinary tract infections within the kidneys, these is called pyelonephritis and can lead to scarring as it heals. Multiples of these infection can lead to kidney damage.
• Inflammations within the kidney cells; this could be caused by strep infection and some other unknown causes.
• Polycystic kidney disease, these leads to the formation of fliuds in the kidney and is the most common form of inherited kidney diseases.
• Congenital defects, these are commonly caused by the blockage of the urinary tract or malformation. These defects, sometimes found while a baby is still in the womb can be corrected by an urologist.
• Harmful drugs and toxins, including long-term use of some medications and chemicals like NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), ibuprofen and naproxen.
When there is a total or parmanent kidney failure, the best option is to resort to an artificial kidney. Hemodialysis, which is another option may not really be called an artificial kidney since it involves the tethering of patients to a machine. In these paper, we will discuss the implantable bioartificial kidney, the wearable artificial kidney and finally tissue engineered kidney/bioprinted kidney.
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Paper Presentation by Felix, Tate and Jacob
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VALEDICTORY SPEECH BY FELIX OBI; OUT GOING PRESIDENT, GON HOSTEL, IMO STATE UNIVERSITY, 2010/2011.
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In a Tabular Form, write down the Components in the various Biological Organs and their Correspon... more In a Tabular Form, write down the Components in the various Biological Organs and their Corresponding Components in the Artificial Organs.
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Foot disability is the physical impairment, deformation of the foot in part or in whole. This dis... more Foot disability is the physical impairment, deformation of the foot in part or in whole. This disability may be present from birth or occur during a person’s lifetime. Foot disability may also include activity limitations and participation restrictions; these are the difficulties and inability of a person to carryout simple tasks like standing, walking, running and the problems experience by an Individual in carrying out these activities (Disabilities, 2015).
Biomedical Engineering is a fairly new discipline that incorporates the principle of Medicine, Biology and Engineering to provide a range of solutions to Medical Problems. It focuses mainly on the manufacturing, surgical Implantation and maintenance of artificial body parts to augment, supplement or replace diseased or lost body parts.
Foot disabilities can involve one or more joints in the foot and/or their subordinate surrounding Tissues. Some of these disabilities are acquired but some could be congenital. This paper will discuss some common foot disabilities, some causes of foot disabilities, the various types of foot disabilities and Biomedical solutions to these foot disabilities.
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Tissue Engineering is the development and practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and suitable bi... more Tissue Engineering is the development and practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and suitable biochemical factors (regulatory factors or Signals) into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs.
Cells are the building blocks of tissue, and tissues are the basic unit of function in the body. Generally, groups of cells make and secrete their own support structures, called extracellular matrix. This matrix, or scaffold, does more than just support the cells; it also acts as a relay station for various signaling molecules. Thus, cells receive messages from many sources that become available from the local environment. Each signal can start a chain of responses that determine what happens to the cell. By understanding how individual cells respond to signals, interact with their environment, and organize into tissues and organisms, Tissue Engineers are now able to manipulate these processes to amend damaged tissues or even create new ones.
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The term artificial skin is used to describe any material used to replace (permanently or tempora... more The term artificial skin is used to describe any material used to replace (permanently or temporarily) or to mimic the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin.
The primary current application of artificial skin is for the treatment of skin loss or damage on burn patients.
Alternatively however, artificial skin is now being used in some places to treat patients with skin diseases, such as diabetic foot ulcers, and severe .
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The population of patients with end-stage heart failure has increased over the years, and the ava... more The population of patients with end-stage heart failure has increased over the years, and the availability of donor organs has not be Sufficient.
End-stage heart failure represents a highly morbid condition for the patient with limited treatment options.
The treatment options are heart transplantation, heart–lung transplantation or implantation of a Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices.
If a patient waits until an organ becomes available for transplantation, they could need to wait months for that organ and therefore their condition could get worse.
There two Types of MCS Devices
1. Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD): are use on Short terms to Complement Failing Hearts.
2. Total Artificial Heart (TAH): one available option when long-term support of both ventricles is required.
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A dental implant (also known as an endosseous implant or fixture) is a surgical component that in... more A dental implant (also known as an endosseous implant or fixture) is a surgical component that interfaces with the bone of the jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis such as a crown, bridge, denture, facial prosthesis or to act as an orthodontic anchor. The basis for modern dental implants is a biologic process called osseointegration where materials, such as titanium, form an intimate bond to bone.
We are going to discuss the four Biomaterials and their Dental Applications, the Advantages and Disadvantages of each Material.
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A chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information (composition, presence of a pa... more A chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information (composition, presence of a particular element or ion, concentration, chemical activity, partial pressure.) into an analytically useful signal. The chemical information, mentioned above, may originate from a chemical reaction of the analyte or from a physical property of the system investigated. They can have applications in different areas such as medicine, home safety, environmental pollution and many others.
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An Artificial organ may be defined as a human made device designed to replace, duplicate or augu... more An Artificial organ may be defined as a human made device designed to replace, duplicate or augument, functionally or cosmetically a missing, diseased or otherwise incompetent part of the body, either temporarily or permanently and which requires a non-biologic material interface with the living tissue. (Galleti, 1995)
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Teaching Documents by Felix C Obi
Electrical mapping of the heart is a medical procedure that is use to diagnose Arrhythmias in pat... more Electrical mapping of the heart is a medical procedure that is use to diagnose Arrhythmias in patients. This is done by using sensitive catheter to map the electrical activity in the chambers of the heart.
To begin an electrical mapping procedure, a thin tube called a catheter sheath is inserted into a small incision in the arm or upper thigh. This process is usually visualized using x-rays and a special dye that helps reveal the arteries (called angiography). This catheter is carefully guided through the blood vessels until it is inside the heart.
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INTRODUCTION
Microfluidics is the science and technology of systems that process or manipulate sm... more INTRODUCTION
Microfluidics is the science and technology of systems that process or manipulate small (10–9 to 10–18 litres) amounts of fluids, using channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometres. Its first Application is in analysis, in which it offer a number of useful capabilities which include the ability to use very small quantities of samples and reagents, and to carry out separations and detections with high resolution and sensitivity. Using Microfluidics in this Application greatly reduced cost and time of analysis. Microfluidics is a compound word, Micro meaning small size and fluidic, gotten from fluid (Liquid or Gas) thus to a layman, Microfluidics is the playing around with small Liquids or gases. Microfluidics offers fundamentally new capabilities in the control of concentrations of molecules in space and time. As a technology, Microfluidics seems almost too good to be true: it offers so many advantages and so few disadvantages. But it has not yet become widely used.
Microfluidics systems are devices in which low volumes of fluids are processed to achieve multiplexing, automation, and high-throughput screening. Such Devices emerged in the early 80s and have been used in the development of inkjet printheads, DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip technology, micro-propulsion, and micro-thermal technologies. It deals with the behavior, precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter scale. Microfluidics systems typically comprises of active (micro) components such as micro pumps and micro valves. Micro pumps supply fluids in a continuous manner and can be used for dosing. Micro valves determine the flow direction or the mode of movement of pumped liquids. Often processes which are normally carried out in a lab are miniaturized on a single chip in order to enhance efficiency and mobility as well as reducing sample and reagent volumes.
Microfluidics Systems have a broad range of Application but in this Pepar, we will concentrate on its Applications in Biomedical Engineering.
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INTRODUCTION
The kidney is a very important organ in the body; it is the bean-shaped organ locate... more INTRODUCTION
The kidney is a very important organ in the body; it is the bean-shaped organ located at the rears of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space. The kidney performs many essential regulatory functions in vertebrates which include the removal of excess organic molecules from the blood, that is the removal of metabolic waste products from the blood. The kidney also play homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (by maintaining the salt and water balance). The kidneys can be said to be the body’s natural filter of blood, they remove water-soluble wastes from the blood and divert them to the bladder. These wastes products such as urea and ammonium are excreted through the urine. It is also the function of the kidneys to reabsorb water, glucose, and amino acids into the blood. The kidneys are also responsible for the production of hormones such as calcitriol and erythropoietin. Renin, an important enzyme which acts in giving negative feedback are also produced in the kidneys.
The kidney can loose its ability to carry out these functions, these is known as kidney failure. Kidney failure could be acute or chronic (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015). Acute kidney failure which can also be called Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is the sudden loss of kidney’s function. It is mainly caused by the insufficient flow of blood to the kidneys, damages done to the kidneys and/or the obstruction of urine from the kidneys. Some other common causes (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) of Acute Renal Failure include:
• Serious injuries that leads to excessive blood loss.
• Dehydration-excessive loss of water from the body.
• Severe infections like sepsis, especially when left untreated for a long period of time.
• Blockage of urine, such as with an enlarged prostate.
• Damage done to the kidney from certain harmful drugs or toxins.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the gradual lose of kidney function that lasts longer than 3 months. It is commonly caused by diabetes and high blood pressure. CKD is particularly dangerous, as no symptom is observed until considerable and often irreparable damage have been done to the Kidney. Somes other common causes of Chronic Kidney Diseases (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) include:
• Urinary tract infections within the kidneys, these is called pyelonephritis and can lead to scarring as it heals. Multiples of these infection can lead to kidney damage.
• Inflammations within the kidney cells; this could be caused by strep infection and some other unknown causes.
• Polycystic kidney disease, these leads to the formation of fliuds in the kidney and is the most common form of inherited kidney diseases.
• Congenital defects, these are commonly caused by the blockage of the urinary tract or malformation. These defects, sometimes found while a baby is still in the womb can be corrected by an urologist.
• Harmful drugs and toxins, including long-term use of some medications and chemicals like NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), ibuprofen and naproxen.
When there is a total or parmanent kidney failure, the best option is to resort to an artificial kidney. Hemodialysis, which is another option may not really be called an artificial kidney since it involves the tethering of patients to a machine. In these paper, we will discuss the implantable bioartificial kidney, the wearable artificial kidney and finally tissue engineered kidney/bioprinted kidney.
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Conference Presentations by Felix C Obi
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) are collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that ... more Extracellular Matrix (ECM) are collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. They are substances containing Collagen, Elastin, Proteoglycans, Glycosaminoglycans and fluid produced by the cells they are embedded. They fill the spaces between the cells in a tissue protecting them and holding them together. They are the natural support Structures of the cells. The extracellular matrix may be semifluid or rigidly solid and hard as in bone. Each type of connective tissue in animals has a type of ECM: collagen fibers and bone mineral comprise the ECM of bone tissue; reticular fibers and ground substance comprise the ECM of loose connective tissue; and blood plasma is the ECM of blood. Some common function of the Extracellular Matrix includes cell adhesion; cell-to-cell communication and cell differentiation.
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Papers by Felix C Obi
This Project will be successfully carried out with the corporation of High School Managements that will allow us access to these Youths. We will educate these youths on theirs Adolescent Reproductive Health and other HIV/AIDs related issues. We will also collect the required data for this Project from these Students.
After this Project, we will find out how adequate knowledge of youths on their Adolescent Reproductive Health affects HIV/AIDS Prevalence in developing Countries.
Microfluidics is the science and technology of systems that process or manipulate small (10–9 to 10–18 litres) amounts of fluids, using channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometres. Its first Application is in analysis, in which it offer a number of useful capabilities which include the ability to use very small quantities of samples and reagents, and to carry out separations and detections with high resolution and sensitivity. Using Microfluidics in this Application greatly reduced cost and time of analysis. Microfluidics is a compound word, Micro meaning small size and fluidic, gotten from fluid (Liquid or Gas) thus to a layman, Microfluidics is the playing around with small Liquids or gases. Microfluidics offers fundamentally new capabilities in the control of concentrations of molecules in space and time. As a technology, Microfluidics seems almost too good to be true: it offers so many advantages and so few disadvantages. But it has not yet become widely used.
Microfluidics systems are devices in which low volumes of fluids are processed to achieve multiplexing, automation, and high-throughput screening. Such Devices emerged in the early 80s and have been used in the development of inkjet printheads, DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip technology, micro-propulsion, and micro-thermal technologies. It deals with the behavior, precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter scale. Microfluidics systems typically comprises of active (micro) components such as micro pumps and micro valves. Micro pumps supply fluids in a continuous manner and can be used for dosing. Micro valves determine the flow direction or the mode of movement of pumped liquids. Often processes which are normally carried out in a lab are miniaturized on a single chip in order to enhance efficiency and mobility as well as reducing sample and reagent volumes.
Microfluidics Systems have a broad range of Application but in this Pepar, we will concentrate on its Applications in Biomedical Engineering.
The kidney is a very important organ in the body; it is the bean-shaped organ located at the rears of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space. The kidney performs many essential regulatory functions in vertebrates which include the removal of excess organic molecules from the blood, that is the removal of metabolic waste products from the blood. The kidney also play homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (by maintaining the salt and water balance). The kidneys can be said to be the body’s natural filter of blood, they remove water-soluble wastes from the blood and divert them to the bladder. These wastes products such as urea and ammonium are excreted through the urine. It is also the function of the kidneys to reabsorb water, glucose, and amino acids into the blood. The kidneys are also responsible for the production of hormones such as calcitriol and erythropoietin. Renin, an important enzyme which acts in giving negative feedback are also produced in the kidneys.
The kidney can loose its ability to carry out these functions, these is known as kidney failure. Kidney failure could be acute or chronic (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015). Acute kidney failure which can also be called Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is the sudden loss of kidney’s function. It is mainly caused by the insufficient flow of blood to the kidneys, damages done to the kidneys and/or the obstruction of urine from the kidneys. Some other common causes (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) of Acute Renal Failure include:
• Serious injuries that leads to excessive blood loss.
• Dehydration-excessive loss of water from the body.
• Severe infections like sepsis, especially when left untreated for a long period of time.
• Blockage of urine, such as with an enlarged prostate.
• Damage done to the kidney from certain harmful drugs or toxins.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the gradual lose of kidney function that lasts longer than 3 months. It is commonly caused by diabetes and high blood pressure. CKD is particularly dangerous, as no symptom is observed until considerable and often irreparable damage have been done to the Kidney. Somes other common causes of Chronic Kidney Diseases (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) include:
• Urinary tract infections within the kidneys, these is called pyelonephritis and can lead to scarring as it heals. Multiples of these infection can lead to kidney damage.
• Inflammations within the kidney cells; this could be caused by strep infection and some other unknown causes.
• Polycystic kidney disease, these leads to the formation of fliuds in the kidney and is the most common form of inherited kidney diseases.
• Congenital defects, these are commonly caused by the blockage of the urinary tract or malformation. These defects, sometimes found while a baby is still in the womb can be corrected by an urologist.
• Harmful drugs and toxins, including long-term use of some medications and chemicals like NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), ibuprofen and naproxen.
When there is a total or parmanent kidney failure, the best option is to resort to an artificial kidney. Hemodialysis, which is another option may not really be called an artificial kidney since it involves the tethering of patients to a machine. In these paper, we will discuss the implantable bioartificial kidney, the wearable artificial kidney and finally tissue engineered kidney/bioprinted kidney.
Biomedical Engineering is a fairly new discipline that incorporates the principle of Medicine, Biology and Engineering to provide a range of solutions to Medical Problems. It focuses mainly on the manufacturing, surgical Implantation and maintenance of artificial body parts to augment, supplement or replace diseased or lost body parts.
Foot disabilities can involve one or more joints in the foot and/or their subordinate surrounding Tissues. Some of these disabilities are acquired but some could be congenital. This paper will discuss some common foot disabilities, some causes of foot disabilities, the various types of foot disabilities and Biomedical solutions to these foot disabilities.
Cells are the building blocks of tissue, and tissues are the basic unit of function in the body. Generally, groups of cells make and secrete their own support structures, called extracellular matrix. This matrix, or scaffold, does more than just support the cells; it also acts as a relay station for various signaling molecules. Thus, cells receive messages from many sources that become available from the local environment. Each signal can start a chain of responses that determine what happens to the cell. By understanding how individual cells respond to signals, interact with their environment, and organize into tissues and organisms, Tissue Engineers are now able to manipulate these processes to amend damaged tissues or even create new ones.
The primary current application of artificial skin is for the treatment of skin loss or damage on burn patients.
Alternatively however, artificial skin is now being used in some places to treat patients with skin diseases, such as diabetic foot ulcers, and severe .
End-stage heart failure represents a highly morbid condition for the patient with limited treatment options.
The treatment options are heart transplantation, heart–lung transplantation or implantation of a Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices.
If a patient waits until an organ becomes available for transplantation, they could need to wait months for that organ and therefore their condition could get worse.
There two Types of MCS Devices
1. Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD): are use on Short terms to Complement Failing Hearts.
2. Total Artificial Heart (TAH): one available option when long-term support of both ventricles is required.
We are going to discuss the four Biomaterials and their Dental Applications, the Advantages and Disadvantages of each Material.
Teaching Documents by Felix C Obi
To begin an electrical mapping procedure, a thin tube called a catheter sheath is inserted into a small incision in the arm or upper thigh. This process is usually visualized using x-rays and a special dye that helps reveal the arteries (called angiography). This catheter is carefully guided through the blood vessels until it is inside the heart.
Microfluidics is the science and technology of systems that process or manipulate small (10–9 to 10–18 litres) amounts of fluids, using channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometres. Its first Application is in analysis, in which it offer a number of useful capabilities which include the ability to use very small quantities of samples and reagents, and to carry out separations and detections with high resolution and sensitivity. Using Microfluidics in this Application greatly reduced cost and time of analysis. Microfluidics is a compound word, Micro meaning small size and fluidic, gotten from fluid (Liquid or Gas) thus to a layman, Microfluidics is the playing around with small Liquids or gases. Microfluidics offers fundamentally new capabilities in the control of concentrations of molecules in space and time. As a technology, Microfluidics seems almost too good to be true: it offers so many advantages and so few disadvantages. But it has not yet become widely used.
Microfluidics systems are devices in which low volumes of fluids are processed to achieve multiplexing, automation, and high-throughput screening. Such Devices emerged in the early 80s and have been used in the development of inkjet printheads, DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip technology, micro-propulsion, and micro-thermal technologies. It deals with the behavior, precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter scale. Microfluidics systems typically comprises of active (micro) components such as micro pumps and micro valves. Micro pumps supply fluids in a continuous manner and can be used for dosing. Micro valves determine the flow direction or the mode of movement of pumped liquids. Often processes which are normally carried out in a lab are miniaturized on a single chip in order to enhance efficiency and mobility as well as reducing sample and reagent volumes.
Microfluidics Systems have a broad range of Application but in this Pepar, we will concentrate on its Applications in Biomedical Engineering.
The kidney is a very important organ in the body; it is the bean-shaped organ located at the rears of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space. The kidney performs many essential regulatory functions in vertebrates which include the removal of excess organic molecules from the blood, that is the removal of metabolic waste products from the blood. The kidney also play homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (by maintaining the salt and water balance). The kidneys can be said to be the body’s natural filter of blood, they remove water-soluble wastes from the blood and divert them to the bladder. These wastes products such as urea and ammonium are excreted through the urine. It is also the function of the kidneys to reabsorb water, glucose, and amino acids into the blood. The kidneys are also responsible for the production of hormones such as calcitriol and erythropoietin. Renin, an important enzyme which acts in giving negative feedback are also produced in the kidneys.
The kidney can loose its ability to carry out these functions, these is known as kidney failure. Kidney failure could be acute or chronic (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015). Acute kidney failure which can also be called Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is the sudden loss of kidney’s function. It is mainly caused by the insufficient flow of blood to the kidneys, damages done to the kidneys and/or the obstruction of urine from the kidneys. Some other common causes (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) of Acute Renal Failure include:
• Serious injuries that leads to excessive blood loss.
• Dehydration-excessive loss of water from the body.
• Severe infections like sepsis, especially when left untreated for a long period of time.
• Blockage of urine, such as with an enlarged prostate.
• Damage done to the kidney from certain harmful drugs or toxins.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the gradual lose of kidney function that lasts longer than 3 months. It is commonly caused by diabetes and high blood pressure. CKD is particularly dangerous, as no symptom is observed until considerable and often irreparable damage have been done to the Kidney. Somes other common causes of Chronic Kidney Diseases (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) include:
• Urinary tract infections within the kidneys, these is called pyelonephritis and can lead to scarring as it heals. Multiples of these infection can lead to kidney damage.
• Inflammations within the kidney cells; this could be caused by strep infection and some other unknown causes.
• Polycystic kidney disease, these leads to the formation of fliuds in the kidney and is the most common form of inherited kidney diseases.
• Congenital defects, these are commonly caused by the blockage of the urinary tract or malformation. These defects, sometimes found while a baby is still in the womb can be corrected by an urologist.
• Harmful drugs and toxins, including long-term use of some medications and chemicals like NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), ibuprofen and naproxen.
When there is a total or parmanent kidney failure, the best option is to resort to an artificial kidney. Hemodialysis, which is another option may not really be called an artificial kidney since it involves the tethering of patients to a machine. In these paper, we will discuss the implantable bioartificial kidney, the wearable artificial kidney and finally tissue engineered kidney/bioprinted kidney.
Conference Presentations by Felix C Obi
This Project will be successfully carried out with the corporation of High School Managements that will allow us access to these Youths. We will educate these youths on theirs Adolescent Reproductive Health and other HIV/AIDs related issues. We will also collect the required data for this Project from these Students.
After this Project, we will find out how adequate knowledge of youths on their Adolescent Reproductive Health affects HIV/AIDS Prevalence in developing Countries.
Microfluidics is the science and technology of systems that process or manipulate small (10–9 to 10–18 litres) amounts of fluids, using channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometres. Its first Application is in analysis, in which it offer a number of useful capabilities which include the ability to use very small quantities of samples and reagents, and to carry out separations and detections with high resolution and sensitivity. Using Microfluidics in this Application greatly reduced cost and time of analysis. Microfluidics is a compound word, Micro meaning small size and fluidic, gotten from fluid (Liquid or Gas) thus to a layman, Microfluidics is the playing around with small Liquids or gases. Microfluidics offers fundamentally new capabilities in the control of concentrations of molecules in space and time. As a technology, Microfluidics seems almost too good to be true: it offers so many advantages and so few disadvantages. But it has not yet become widely used.
Microfluidics systems are devices in which low volumes of fluids are processed to achieve multiplexing, automation, and high-throughput screening. Such Devices emerged in the early 80s and have been used in the development of inkjet printheads, DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip technology, micro-propulsion, and micro-thermal technologies. It deals with the behavior, precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter scale. Microfluidics systems typically comprises of active (micro) components such as micro pumps and micro valves. Micro pumps supply fluids in a continuous manner and can be used for dosing. Micro valves determine the flow direction or the mode of movement of pumped liquids. Often processes which are normally carried out in a lab are miniaturized on a single chip in order to enhance efficiency and mobility as well as reducing sample and reagent volumes.
Microfluidics Systems have a broad range of Application but in this Pepar, we will concentrate on its Applications in Biomedical Engineering.
The kidney is a very important organ in the body; it is the bean-shaped organ located at the rears of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space. The kidney performs many essential regulatory functions in vertebrates which include the removal of excess organic molecules from the blood, that is the removal of metabolic waste products from the blood. The kidney also play homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (by maintaining the salt and water balance). The kidneys can be said to be the body’s natural filter of blood, they remove water-soluble wastes from the blood and divert them to the bladder. These wastes products such as urea and ammonium are excreted through the urine. It is also the function of the kidneys to reabsorb water, glucose, and amino acids into the blood. The kidneys are also responsible for the production of hormones such as calcitriol and erythropoietin. Renin, an important enzyme which acts in giving negative feedback are also produced in the kidneys.
The kidney can loose its ability to carry out these functions, these is known as kidney failure. Kidney failure could be acute or chronic (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015). Acute kidney failure which can also be called Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is the sudden loss of kidney’s function. It is mainly caused by the insufficient flow of blood to the kidneys, damages done to the kidneys and/or the obstruction of urine from the kidneys. Some other common causes (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) of Acute Renal Failure include:
• Serious injuries that leads to excessive blood loss.
• Dehydration-excessive loss of water from the body.
• Severe infections like sepsis, especially when left untreated for a long period of time.
• Blockage of urine, such as with an enlarged prostate.
• Damage done to the kidney from certain harmful drugs or toxins.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the gradual lose of kidney function that lasts longer than 3 months. It is commonly caused by diabetes and high blood pressure. CKD is particularly dangerous, as no symptom is observed until considerable and often irreparable damage have been done to the Kidney. Somes other common causes of Chronic Kidney Diseases (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) include:
• Urinary tract infections within the kidneys, these is called pyelonephritis and can lead to scarring as it heals. Multiples of these infection can lead to kidney damage.
• Inflammations within the kidney cells; this could be caused by strep infection and some other unknown causes.
• Polycystic kidney disease, these leads to the formation of fliuds in the kidney and is the most common form of inherited kidney diseases.
• Congenital defects, these are commonly caused by the blockage of the urinary tract or malformation. These defects, sometimes found while a baby is still in the womb can be corrected by an urologist.
• Harmful drugs and toxins, including long-term use of some medications and chemicals like NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), ibuprofen and naproxen.
When there is a total or parmanent kidney failure, the best option is to resort to an artificial kidney. Hemodialysis, which is another option may not really be called an artificial kidney since it involves the tethering of patients to a machine. In these paper, we will discuss the implantable bioartificial kidney, the wearable artificial kidney and finally tissue engineered kidney/bioprinted kidney.
Biomedical Engineering is a fairly new discipline that incorporates the principle of Medicine, Biology and Engineering to provide a range of solutions to Medical Problems. It focuses mainly on the manufacturing, surgical Implantation and maintenance of artificial body parts to augment, supplement or replace diseased or lost body parts.
Foot disabilities can involve one or more joints in the foot and/or their subordinate surrounding Tissues. Some of these disabilities are acquired but some could be congenital. This paper will discuss some common foot disabilities, some causes of foot disabilities, the various types of foot disabilities and Biomedical solutions to these foot disabilities.
Cells are the building blocks of tissue, and tissues are the basic unit of function in the body. Generally, groups of cells make and secrete their own support structures, called extracellular matrix. This matrix, or scaffold, does more than just support the cells; it also acts as a relay station for various signaling molecules. Thus, cells receive messages from many sources that become available from the local environment. Each signal can start a chain of responses that determine what happens to the cell. By understanding how individual cells respond to signals, interact with their environment, and organize into tissues and organisms, Tissue Engineers are now able to manipulate these processes to amend damaged tissues or even create new ones.
The primary current application of artificial skin is for the treatment of skin loss or damage on burn patients.
Alternatively however, artificial skin is now being used in some places to treat patients with skin diseases, such as diabetic foot ulcers, and severe .
End-stage heart failure represents a highly morbid condition for the patient with limited treatment options.
The treatment options are heart transplantation, heart–lung transplantation or implantation of a Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices.
If a patient waits until an organ becomes available for transplantation, they could need to wait months for that organ and therefore their condition could get worse.
There two Types of MCS Devices
1. Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD): are use on Short terms to Complement Failing Hearts.
2. Total Artificial Heart (TAH): one available option when long-term support of both ventricles is required.
We are going to discuss the four Biomaterials and their Dental Applications, the Advantages and Disadvantages of each Material.
To begin an electrical mapping procedure, a thin tube called a catheter sheath is inserted into a small incision in the arm or upper thigh. This process is usually visualized using x-rays and a special dye that helps reveal the arteries (called angiography). This catheter is carefully guided through the blood vessels until it is inside the heart.
Microfluidics is the science and technology of systems that process or manipulate small (10–9 to 10–18 litres) amounts of fluids, using channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometres. Its first Application is in analysis, in which it offer a number of useful capabilities which include the ability to use very small quantities of samples and reagents, and to carry out separations and detections with high resolution and sensitivity. Using Microfluidics in this Application greatly reduced cost and time of analysis. Microfluidics is a compound word, Micro meaning small size and fluidic, gotten from fluid (Liquid or Gas) thus to a layman, Microfluidics is the playing around with small Liquids or gases. Microfluidics offers fundamentally new capabilities in the control of concentrations of molecules in space and time. As a technology, Microfluidics seems almost too good to be true: it offers so many advantages and so few disadvantages. But it has not yet become widely used.
Microfluidics systems are devices in which low volumes of fluids are processed to achieve multiplexing, automation, and high-throughput screening. Such Devices emerged in the early 80s and have been used in the development of inkjet printheads, DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip technology, micro-propulsion, and micro-thermal technologies. It deals with the behavior, precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter scale. Microfluidics systems typically comprises of active (micro) components such as micro pumps and micro valves. Micro pumps supply fluids in a continuous manner and can be used for dosing. Micro valves determine the flow direction or the mode of movement of pumped liquids. Often processes which are normally carried out in a lab are miniaturized on a single chip in order to enhance efficiency and mobility as well as reducing sample and reagent volumes.
Microfluidics Systems have a broad range of Application but in this Pepar, we will concentrate on its Applications in Biomedical Engineering.
The kidney is a very important organ in the body; it is the bean-shaped organ located at the rears of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal space. The kidney performs many essential regulatory functions in vertebrates which include the removal of excess organic molecules from the blood, that is the removal of metabolic waste products from the blood. The kidney also play homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (by maintaining the salt and water balance). The kidneys can be said to be the body’s natural filter of blood, they remove water-soluble wastes from the blood and divert them to the bladder. These wastes products such as urea and ammonium are excreted through the urine. It is also the function of the kidneys to reabsorb water, glucose, and amino acids into the blood. The kidneys are also responsible for the production of hormones such as calcitriol and erythropoietin. Renin, an important enzyme which acts in giving negative feedback are also produced in the kidneys.
The kidney can loose its ability to carry out these functions, these is known as kidney failure. Kidney failure could be acute or chronic (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015). Acute kidney failure which can also be called Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is the sudden loss of kidney’s function. It is mainly caused by the insufficient flow of blood to the kidneys, damages done to the kidneys and/or the obstruction of urine from the kidneys. Some other common causes (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) of Acute Renal Failure include:
• Serious injuries that leads to excessive blood loss.
• Dehydration-excessive loss of water from the body.
• Severe infections like sepsis, especially when left untreated for a long period of time.
• Blockage of urine, such as with an enlarged prostate.
• Damage done to the kidney from certain harmful drugs or toxins.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the gradual lose of kidney function that lasts longer than 3 months. It is commonly caused by diabetes and high blood pressure. CKD is particularly dangerous, as no symptom is observed until considerable and often irreparable damage have been done to the Kidney. Somes other common causes of Chronic Kidney Diseases (Lisa B. Bernstein, MD 2015) include:
• Urinary tract infections within the kidneys, these is called pyelonephritis and can lead to scarring as it heals. Multiples of these infection can lead to kidney damage.
• Inflammations within the kidney cells; this could be caused by strep infection and some other unknown causes.
• Polycystic kidney disease, these leads to the formation of fliuds in the kidney and is the most common form of inherited kidney diseases.
• Congenital defects, these are commonly caused by the blockage of the urinary tract or malformation. These defects, sometimes found while a baby is still in the womb can be corrected by an urologist.
• Harmful drugs and toxins, including long-term use of some medications and chemicals like NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), ibuprofen and naproxen.
When there is a total or parmanent kidney failure, the best option is to resort to an artificial kidney. Hemodialysis, which is another option may not really be called an artificial kidney since it involves the tethering of patients to a machine. In these paper, we will discuss the implantable bioartificial kidney, the wearable artificial kidney and finally tissue engineered kidney/bioprinted kidney.