𝐑𝐚𝐡𝐮𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐥*
𝐇𝐞𝐲 𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲𝐨𝐧𝐞;
𝐖𝐚𝐫𝐦 𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐦𝐲 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐞, Working as "𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫", 𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬, 𝐈𝐒𝐅 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐲, 𝐌𝐨𝐠𝐚, 𝐆𝐓 𝐑𝐨𝐚𝐝, 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟏, 𝐏𝐮𝐧𝐣𝐚𝐛, 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚. I had completed my 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐲 (𝐁. 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦) 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐬 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐲, 𝐔𝐏. 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚. and 𝐌. 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦 (𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬) 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐍𝐢𝐦𝐬 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐲, 𝐍𝐢𝐦𝐬 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐑𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧, 𝐉𝐚𝐢𝐩𝐮𝐫 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟏, 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚.
𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: "Pharmaceutics".
As a Master's, I had gain lots of knowledge about academics and learning of skills for my profession to increasing my skills. Currently, continues working on review articles, research papers and books writing work etc..
⦿ I had published 𝟑𝟏 𝐑𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 and 𝟏𝟏 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 with my acquired knowledge.
⦿ I had published and Granted 𝟎𝟑 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐂𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞 and 𝟎𝟏 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐔𝐊 Design Patent under IPR.
⦿ I had attended 𝟎𝟔 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝟎𝟓 𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐞-𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 and 𝟎𝟑 𝐚𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐝 in conference.
⦿ I had participated in 𝟏𝟎 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬, 𝟎𝟐 𝐚𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐝 and 𝟎𝟏 𝐎𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 conducted by Eudoxia Research University, New Castle, USA.
⦿ I had attended and participated in 𝟎𝟗 𝐅𝐃𝐏 𝐚𝐭 I𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥.
⦿ I had attended 𝟎𝟗 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥/𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐩 and 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝟎𝟏 as my achievement.
⦿ I had recently published 𝟎𝟕 𝐓𝗲𝘅𝘁 𝗕𝗼𝗼𝗸𝘀 at D. Pharm, B. Pharm and M. Pharm level students.
⦿ 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗚𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝘀: I got 𝟓𝟔𝟕+ 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐬, 𝟏𝟒𝟒,𝟏𝟑𝟗+ 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬, 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐂𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 (𝐡-𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱 𝟓) and 𝟓𝟒𝟏 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 on my ResearchGate profile.
⦿ 𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝘀: I had contributed with 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝐂𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐡-𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱 𝟕 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟓 𝐢𝟏𝟎-𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱 on it.
⦿ I'm 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟓 Google scholar and NLM based journals, and 𝟎𝟐 𝐖𝐞𝐛 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥.
⦿ Providing Turnitin plag. report quickly for the Review, Research, Thesis and other related documents checking.
Supervisors: Dr. Himmat Singh Chawra and Ms. Prachi Pandey
Phone: 9045263531
Address: Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh (UP), 242502, India.
𝐖𝐚𝐫𝐦 𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐦𝐲 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐞, Working as "𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐫", 𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬, 𝐈𝐒𝐅 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐲, 𝐌𝐨𝐠𝐚, 𝐆𝐓 𝐑𝐨𝐚𝐝, 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟏, 𝐏𝐮𝐧𝐣𝐚𝐛, 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚. I had completed my 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐲 (𝐁. 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦) 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐬 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐲, 𝐔𝐏. 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚. and 𝐌. 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦 (𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬) 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐍𝐢𝐦𝐬 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐲, 𝐍𝐢𝐦𝐬 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐑𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧, 𝐉𝐚𝐢𝐩𝐮𝐫 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟏, 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚.
𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: "Pharmaceutics".
As a Master's, I had gain lots of knowledge about academics and learning of skills for my profession to increasing my skills. Currently, continues working on review articles, research papers and books writing work etc..
⦿ I had published 𝟑𝟏 𝐑𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 and 𝟏𝟏 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 with my acquired knowledge.
⦿ I had published and Granted 𝟎𝟑 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐂𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞 and 𝟎𝟏 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐔𝐊 Design Patent under IPR.
⦿ I had attended 𝟎𝟔 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝟎𝟓 𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐞-𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 and 𝟎𝟑 𝐚𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐝 in conference.
⦿ I had participated in 𝟏𝟎 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬, 𝟎𝟐 𝐚𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐝 and 𝟎𝟏 𝐎𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 conducted by Eudoxia Research University, New Castle, USA.
⦿ I had attended and participated in 𝟎𝟗 𝐅𝐃𝐏 𝐚𝐭 I𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥.
⦿ I had attended 𝟎𝟗 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥/𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐩 and 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝟎𝟏 as my achievement.
⦿ I had recently published 𝟎𝟕 𝐓𝗲𝘅𝘁 𝗕𝗼𝗼𝗸𝘀 at D. Pharm, B. Pharm and M. Pharm level students.
⦿ 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗚𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝘀: I got 𝟓𝟔𝟕+ 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐬, 𝟏𝟒𝟒,𝟏𝟑𝟗+ 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬, 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐂𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 (𝐡-𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱 𝟓) and 𝟓𝟒𝟏 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 on my ResearchGate profile.
⦿ 𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝘀: I had contributed with 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝐂𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐡-𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱 𝟕 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟓 𝐢𝟏𝟎-𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱 on it.
⦿ I'm 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟓 Google scholar and NLM based journals, and 𝟎𝟐 𝐖𝐞𝐛 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥.
⦿ Providing Turnitin plag. report quickly for the Review, Research, Thesis and other related documents checking.
Supervisors: Dr. Himmat Singh Chawra and Ms. Prachi Pandey
Phone: 9045263531
Address: Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh (UP), 242502, India.
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Review Articles (RAs) by 𝐑𝐚𝐡𝐮𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐥*
Keywords: nasal pulmonary; nasal spray; nasal mucosa; gels; drops; nasal approaches; nasal route; nasal delivery.
regular base each over the world. The cinnamon plant, found in the Lauraceae family, is known as the
"everlasting tree" of tropical medicine and can be identified as Cinnamomum zeylanicum or Cinnamon cassia.
Cinnamon is a popular condiment in both culinary and herbal treatment. It’s set up in Southern India and Sri
Lanka, as well as China and Indonesia. The two variety of cinnamon similar as Ceylon and cassia. Cinnamon's
health benefits are credited to its ingredients similar as cinnamyl alcohol, oil painting cinnamaldehyde and
cinnamic acid, coumarin. This condiment's functions include anti-allergy, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant,
and an effect when it interferes with several curatives for heart complaint and diabetes. Cinnamon, a natural
therapeutic substance, possesses a range of health benefits, including its ability to combat neurological ailments
such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. It also functions as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic,
antibacterial, antitumor, lipid-lowering, and cardiovascular-disease-reducing agent. This review provides an
illustration of cinnamon's pharmacological potential and practical application. Mainly comprises the different
applications on cinnamon in different disease diagnosis, treatment and role in inflammatory and carcinogenetic
and other disease conditions. Lastly, described the 13 various benefits using cinnamon in pharmaceutical
products and their origin to the respective disease.
Keywords: nasal pulmonary; nasal spray; nasal mucosa; gels; drops; nasal approaches; nasal route; nasal delivery.
regular base each over the world. The cinnamon plant, found in the Lauraceae family, is known as the
"everlasting tree" of tropical medicine and can be identified as Cinnamomum zeylanicum or Cinnamon cassia.
Cinnamon is a popular condiment in both culinary and herbal treatment. It’s set up in Southern India and Sri
Lanka, as well as China and Indonesia. The two variety of cinnamon similar as Ceylon and cassia. Cinnamon's
health benefits are credited to its ingredients similar as cinnamyl alcohol, oil painting cinnamaldehyde and
cinnamic acid, coumarin. This condiment's functions include anti-allergy, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant,
and an effect when it interferes with several curatives for heart complaint and diabetes. Cinnamon, a natural
therapeutic substance, possesses a range of health benefits, including its ability to combat neurological ailments
such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. It also functions as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic,
antibacterial, antitumor, lipid-lowering, and cardiovascular-disease-reducing agent. This review provides an
illustration of cinnamon's pharmacological potential and practical application. Mainly comprises the different
applications on cinnamon in different disease diagnosis, treatment and role in inflammatory and carcinogenetic
and other disease conditions. Lastly, described the 13 various benefits using cinnamon in pharmaceutical
products and their origin to the respective disease.
### Characteristics of Pellets:
1. **Size and Shape**: Typically range from 0.5 mm to several millimeters in diameter and are generally spherical or near-spherical.
2. **Uniformity**: Pellets exhibit a uniform size distribution, which is crucial for consistent dosing in pharmaceuticals.
3. **Surface Properties**: They can have different surface textures, which can affect drug release rates and stability.
4. **Mechanical Properties**: Pellets must have sufficient hardness to withstand handling and processing without breaking apart.
### Production Methods:
1. **Extrusion-Spheronization**: A mixture of powders is extruded to form cylindrical shapes, which are then spheronized into pellets.
2. **Dragee Coating**: Pellets can be coated with layers of sugar or other materials to enhance their appearance, taste, or release characteristics.
3. **Spray Drying**: A liquid formulation is sprayed into a drying chamber, where the solvent evaporates, forming pellets.
4. **Agglomeration**: Fine powders are agglomerated into larger pellets through processes like granulation.
### Applications:
1. **Pharmaceuticals**: Used for controlled-release drug delivery systems, where the release rate of the drug can be tailored by modifying the pellet formulation and coating.
2. **Food Industry**: Involved in the production of food additives, flavorings, and functional ingredients, such as probiotics.
3. **Agriculture**: Fertilizer pellets allow for slow nutrient release, improving soil health and crop yield.
4. **Biotechnology**: Used in cell culture applications and for encapsulating living cells or enzymes.
### Advantages:
- **Controlled Release**: The formulation can be designed for sustained or delayed release of active ingredients.
- **Improved Stability**: Pellets can enhance the stability of sensitive compounds by providing a protective coating.
- **Ease of Handling**: Their uniform size and shape facilitate accurate dosing and processing.
Overall, pellets are a versatile and efficient means of delivering various substances in multiple industries, particularly in pharmaceuticals.
In 1909, Paul Ehrlich named niosomes as “magic bullet” as he proposed the strategies of targeted drug delivery system without damaging the surrounding cells. The vesicle is made up of a bilayer of non-ionic surfactants, thus the name niosomes. Niosomes are extremely small and microscopic (on a nanometric scale). Despite having a similar structure to liposomes, they have several advantages over them. Niosomes are biocompatible, non-immunogenic, and biodegradable in nature and exhibit flexibility in their structured characterization
The introduction of niosomes as drug carriers has revolutionized the field of drug delivery due to their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. This versatility allows for targeted and controlled release of therapeutics, enhancing their efficacy while minimizing side effects.
Moreover, the surface of niosomes can be modified to achieve specific targeting of drugs to desired sites within the body, thus enhancing therapeutic outcomes and reducing systemic toxicity.
Overall, niosomes hold great promise in the pharmaceutical industry and continue to be a subject of intense research for their potential applications in various fields including cancer therapy, gene delivery, and vaccine development.
Suppositories:
Usage: Suppositories are typically designed for rectal or vaginal administration.
Composition: They are solid, bullet-shaped or cone-shaped dosage forms that contain medication in a base that melts or dissolves at body temperature.
Rectal Suppositories: Commonly used for medications that need to bypass the digestive system or when a patient cannot take medications orally. They are inserted into the rectum.
Vaginal Suppositories: Often used for localized treatment of gynecological conditions, such as yeast infections or hormonal therapy. They are inserted into the vagina.
Pessaries:
Usage: Pessaries are specifically designed for vaginal administration.
Composition: They are solid, oval-shaped or ring-shaped devices made of various materials such as silicone, rubber, or plastic.
Indications: Pessaries are mainly used to support the uterus, bladder, or rectum in cases of pelvic organ prolapse. However, they can also be used for the controlled release of medication into the vagina for the treatment of local conditions.
Maintenance: Pessaries need to be fitted by a healthcare professional and should be cleaned and reinserted regularly.
A partition coefficient, denoted as P or log P, describes the ratio of the concentration of a compound in one phase (usually organic) to its concentration in another phase (often water) at equilibrium.
Higher values of P indicate a greater preference for the organic phase, meaning the compound is more lipophilic (fat-loving).
Lower values of P suggest a higher affinity for the aqueous phase, implying the compound is more hydrophilic (water-loving).
Surfactant are usually organic compounds that are amphipathic, as they contains both hydrophobic groups (“tails”) and hydrophilic group (“head”). Therefore, they are soluble in both organic solvents and water.
Surfactant are indicated by the presence of both polar and non-polar region.
A surfactant molecule is composed of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
Similarly, the head can be an anionic, a cationic, a zwitterion, or a non-ionic group while the tail is a non-polar hydrocarbon chain.
This technique has been a common research tool in laboratory for decades to study gene functions.
The therapeutic potential of this approach was not fully realized due to lack of reliable and practical methods to transfer and express recombinant DNA in mammalian cells.
In other term, “Pharmacy may defined as the art and science of preparing (manufacturing) and dispensing of drugs prepared by the natural and synthetic sources and using for the treatment as well as prevention of diseases”.
In general sense, it is the place where medicine or drugs are sold.
Pharmacy is a health profession that links health science with chemical science and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs.
It includes the collection, identification, synthesis, purification, isolation and quality control of medical substance or pharmaceutical products.
In IVIVC, “C” denotes “Correlation” which means “The degree of relationship” between Two variables.
Especially they provide the medication over extended time of period.
SR release follow 1st order release kinetics, means depends on concentration.
In Other words, “The slow release of drug substances from a dosage form to maintain therapeutic responses for extended period of time”.
Example: Aspirin, Dextrin SR.
In the Middle Ages, medical research was largely stagnant due to the influence of the Catholic Church. However, there were some notable exceptions, such as the work of Arab physicians such as Avicenna and Averroes.
The Renaissance saw a revival of interest in medical research. This was due in part to the invention of the printing press, which made it possible to disseminate scientific knowledge more widely. Some of the most important medical advances of this period include the discovery of the circulation of the blood by William Harvey and the development of the first microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
The 19th and 20th centuries saw an explosion of medical research. This was due to a number of factors, including the development of new technologies such as X-rays and anesthesia, the rise of universities, and the increasing importance of government funding for scientific research.
Some of the most significant medical advances of this period include the development of vaccines for polio, smallpox, and other diseases, the development of antibiotics, and the development of new surgical techniques.
Medical research continues to be vitally important to our health and well-being. Today, researchers are working on a wide range of medical challenges, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and HIV/AIDS.
Euthanasia is the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering. It is a controversial topic, with strong arguments both for and against it.
Proponents of euthanasia argue that it is a compassionate and humane way to end the suffering of terminally ill patients. They also argue that it is a matter of personal autonomy, and that individuals should have the right to choose how and when they die.
Opponents of euthanasia argue that it is morally wrong to intentionally kill another human being. They also argue that it is a slippery slope, and that once euthanasia is legalized, it will be used more and more widely, even for people who are not terminally ill.
Informed consent is the process of providing potential participants in medical research with all the information they need to make an informed decision about whether or not to participate. This information includes the risks and benefits of the study, the procedures that will be involved, and the alternative treatments that are available.
Informed consent is essential to ethical medical research. It ensures that participants are not coerced into participating in research and that they understand the potential risks and benefits of the study.
Conflict of interest is a situation in which a person's personal interests could influence their professional judgment. Conflicts of interest can occur in man
Methodology: Basically two methods involved in the formulation using direct compression; a simple and efficient method where all dry ingredients are blended and directly compressed into tablets. Results: The obtained outcomes closely matched the anticipated values derived from the experimental setup. The enhanced PCM matrix tablets demonstrated a prolonged and uniform discharge of PCM over a span of 6 hours. Conclusion: This study Based on a 2 3 FD, response surface methodology was used to successfully develop the current research of PCM matrix tablets for sustained release application. The corresponding contour plots and 3D response methodology represent the important variables for the optimisation process.
Methodology: In this research Chitosan used as a natural polymer and Poly (Ethylene glycol) [PEG] as a penetration or permeation enhancer. The different nanogel of LNH were synthesized using the Nanoprecipitation and Dispersion method, with variations in the drug-polymer ratio (1/0.03, 1/0.08, 1/0.12). The process parameters were carefully optimizing for enhance the efficiency of the synthesis. To achieve this, optimization studies were conducted using 3² FFD, employing the Design Expert Software Trial version 10.0.7. The total of 13 runs were generated to ensure comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the procedure. The selected independent variables included the concentration of Chitosan (R1) and Carbopol 934 (R2). The dependent variables, on the other hand, were particle size (P1), Polydispersity Index (P2), and % Drug release (P3), chosen in that order. By employing this optimization technique, one can acquire valuable information in a manner that is both efficient and cost-effective. This approach facilitates a deeper comprehension of the relationship between controllable independent variables and the performance and quality of the Nanogels being produced.
Conclusion: The nanogels containing drugs were tested for drug release, PDI, and particle size. The standardized formulation, ER12, was achieved successfully. Consequently, it was determined that LNH can be formulated as nanogels that can maintain drug release for 24 hours. This shows potential for improved drug delivery in topical treatments, surpassing the effectiveness of traditional therapy formulations.
Methodology: The dried extract of Senegalia catechu was collected and identified at the botanical herbarium garden. Subsequently, it underwent a drying process and was ground into a powder. This powder was then subjected to extraction using the digestion method, utilizing water as the solvent at a temperature of 70 °C. The resulting extract underwent phytochemical screening. Following this, the extract was utilized in the pharmaceutical development process. The optimization of the formulation for the dried extract of Senegalia catechu began with the establishment of the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPPs) for the final product. The desired outcome was an oral dispersible tablet (ODTs) that would enhance patient compliance and ensure rapid disintegration. These QTPPs served as the foundation for identifying the Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), which included hardness, disintegration time, and mass uniformity. These attributes were utilized in all subsequent experiments. The experimental phase was divided into two main manufacturing processes is first one is direct compression and another one is wet granulation techniques. Each process was thoroughly investigated to optimize the drug product. To assess the potential risks and their impact on product quality, a comprehensive risk assessment was conducted. For the direct compression technique, a 3 2 full factorial Design (FFD) of DoE was employed to analyze the influence of the super disintegrant (26%) and lubricant range (ranging from 0.32% to 6%) on the characteristics of powder flow. On the other hand, the wet granulation technique utilized a 3 2 FFD, DoE to investigate the effects of the superdisintegrant (Ranging from 1.5% to 4.8%) and binder (ranging from 4% to 9%) on both flow properties and tablet properties. Results: The successful optimization of an Enhanced Traditional Medicine (ETM) was achieved through the design and evaluation of formulations in this study. The utilization of DoE proved to be an exceptional approach in optimizing ETM formulations, offering a range of tools that enhance comprehension of the formulation and manufacturing process. Additional research on this DoE methodology is necessary to assess the impact of additional process variables, including compression force and speed, as well as formulation variables such as palatability. Conclusion: The influence of formulation variables on disintegration time, wetting time, and hardness was demonstrated through the development of optimization models. Consequently, employing DoE for the formulation optimization of a category for ETM containing dried extract of Senegalia catechu is a viable strategy to enhance drug product understanding while saving both time and money.
using OpenBabel. Finally Docking was performed by using AUTO Dock Tool software. Result and
Discussion the binding energy of final 9 ligands were found to be Pub001, Pub002, Pub003, Pub004,
Pub005, Pub006, Pub007, Pub008, Pub009 were found to be; -5.1, -4.8, -4.8, -4.7, -4.6, -4.6, -4.5, -
4.5, -4.5 kcal/mol respectively.
Opium cultivation, an ancient practice rooted in regions like the Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent, involves a meticulous process blending nature and human intervention. Picture a serene landscape with gently rolling hills blanketed in lush greenery. Amidst this verdant tapestry stand tall, slender opium poppy plants, their delicate petals shimmering in hues of pink and white. These plants exude an air of mystique, their bulbous seed pods containing the coveted opium latex. Skilled farmers nurture these plants with utmost care, tending to their needs for water, nutrients, and protection from pests. The cultivation cycle begins with sowing the poppy seeds during specific seasons conducive to their growth. As the plants mature, they blossom into exquisite flowers, each harboring the potential for opium production. The farmers deftly slit the seed pods at just the right moment, allowing the milky sap to seep out and gradually solidify into opium. This labor-intensive process demands precision and patience, as any misstep can impact the potency and quality of the opium yield. Despite its allure, opium cultivation is not without controversy and challenges. Legal restrictions, environmental concerns, and the socioeconomic impacts on communities underscore the complex nature of this age-old practice. However, for those entrenched in the art of opium cultivation, it remains a delicate dance between tradition, livelihood, and the ever-evolving dynamics of global demand and supply.
These 3 methods can be used to prepare any markered tablet :
➢ Direct Compression Method: In this method, the API and excipients are blended, and the mixture is directly
compressed into tablets without any preliminary treatment.
➢ Dry Granulation Method: In this method, the API and excipients are compacted to form slugs or ribbons,
which are then milled into granules. These granules are compressed into tablets.
➢ Wet Granulation Method: In this method, the API and excipients are mixed, and a liquid binder is added
to form a wet mass. The wet mass is then granulated, dried, and compressed into tablets.
including bone health, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Calcium gluconate injection is used to treat
calcium deficiencies, such as hypocalcemia, and to provide support in critical care situations like tetany or
cardiac arrest. When administered intravenously, calcium gluconate bypasses the limitations of oral absorption,
leading to higher plasma concentrations.
Calcium gluconate injection is a sterile solution of calcium salt used to treat or prevent calcium deficiencies in
the body. It is often administered intravenously to quickly restore calcium levels in cases of hypocalcemia (low
blood calcium), which can occur due to conditions such as parathyroid gland dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency,
or certain medications. Additionally, calcium gluconate is used in emergency treatment of hyperkalemia
(elevated potassium levels) to protect the heart from arrhythmias and in cases of calcium channel blocker
overdose. It is also a treatment for magnesium toxicity and can neutralize hydrofluoric acid exposure.
REQUIREMENT
Chemical: Saturated solution of benzoic acid in benzene, Benzene, 0.01N NaOH, O.1N NaOH, Distilled water and Unknown drug sample.
Glassware's/Apparatus: Separating funnel (250 ml), conical flask, pipette, burette, stoppered bottles etc.
Partition coefficient, often denoted as P or P_oct, is a measure of how a solute distributes between two immiscible (unmixable) solvents. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology to understand the distribution of a compound between different phases, such as between a hydrophobic organic solvent and water. In experimental settings, the partition coefficient is determined by measuring the concentrations of the solute in each phase. The values obtained provide insights into the solute's behavior and can guide decisions in various scientific and industrial processes.
Formulation Ingredients
A typical vanishing cream consists of the following components:
Stearic Acid (Primary Base) – Provides the emollient effect and helps form the cream structure.
Glycerin (Humectant) – Acts as a moisturizing agent, drawing water into the skin.
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) or Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) (Alkali) – Used for neutralizing the stearic acid and forming the cream structure.
Water – The continuous phase in the emulsion.
Emulsifier – Such as triethanolamine or cetyl alcohol to stabilize the O/W emulsion.
Preservative – To prevent microbial growth.
Fragrance and Color – As desired, to improve sensory appeal.
Active Ingredients – Optional, depending on the purpose (e.g., skin lightening, anti-aging, sunscreen).
Procedure
Stearic Acid Mixture Preparation:
Melt stearic acid in a water bath at approximately 70°C.
Aqueous Phase Preparation:
In a separate beaker, dissolve glycerin and KOH/NaOH in water. Heat this solution to around 70°C.
Emulsification:
Gradually add the heated aqueous phase into the melted stearic acid with constant stirring. Continue mixing until the emulsion is formed.
Cooling and Addition of Active Ingredients:
Allow the mixture to cool while stirring continuously. Add any heat-sensitive ingredients (preservatives, fragrance, and color) at this stage.
Filling:
Once the cream has cooled to room temperature and achieves the desired consistency, transfer it into suitable containers for storage.
Evaluation Parameters
pH: Measure using a digital pH meter. The pH should be compatible with skin (4.5–6.5).
Spreadability: Spread 1g of cream between two glass slides and measure the spread diameter under a specified load.
Viscosity: Measure using a Brookfield viscometer to ensure proper consistency.
Homogeneity: Visually inspect the cream for uniformity, smoothness, and absence of phase separation.
Irritancy Test: Apply a small quantity of cream to the forearm to check for any irritation.
Stability Studies: Conduct studies under varying conditions (e.g., 25°C, 40°C, and 75% RH) for a period of 1–3 months to check for phase separation, color change, or odor alteration.
Skin Absorption and Sensory Evaluation: Evaluate the cream’s feel on the skin, absorption rate, and overall sensory attributes.
Conclusion
Vanishing creams offer a non-greasy, elegant topical formulation for moisturizing and skin care. A successful formulation should be aesthetically pleasing, stable, and offer good spreadability and sensory appeal while also being compatible with the skin.
Cold cream is a classic water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion known for its soothing and moisturizing properties. Here’s a brief overview of its preparation and evaluation: Preparation of Cold Cream Ingredients: Oil Phase: Beeswax, mineral oil, almond oil Aqueous Phase: Borax, rose water Procedure: Melt the Oil Phase: Heat the beeswax and almond oil together at 75-80°C until fully melted. Prepare the Aqueous Phase: Dissolve borax in rose water and heat to the same temperature (75-80°C). Combine Phases: Slowly add the aqueous phase to the oil phase with constant stirring until a uniform mixture is obtained. Cool Down: Continue stirring the mixture while it cools to room temperature to ensure proper emulsification.
The emitted radiation (fluorescence intensity) is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance present which can be measured by fluorimeter. Molecules such as quinine sulphate having conjugated double bonds especially pi bonds are particularly suitable for fluorescence. Quinine sulphate in 0.1 N sulphuric acid gives blue fluorescence and the fluorescence intensity can be measured by fluorimeter with the excitation wave length of 360 nm using primary filter and with the emission wave length of 485 nm using secondary filter.
The Cold cream is a moisturizing cream that is typically used to soothe and hydrate dry or irritated skin. It is made by combining a mixture of oils and waxes with water to creates table emulsion. Cold cream is water in oil emulsion. Cold cream gives the prolonged contact time in the site of application as compared to the other semi-solid dosage form or formulation. It gives elegancy to the skin and it is not that much greasy, due to the oil phase, it gives an emollience to the skin. It is easily watered washable and easy to wash away. They are non-irritating when applied to on the skin. The water phase gives extra conservation to the skin.