Twelve thousand fries of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromas niloticus) were stocked in 6 ponds, three pond... more Twelve thousand fries of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromas niloticus) were stocked in 6 ponds, three ponds were supplemented with chicken-manure and others with artificial diet. The Aeromonas. and Pseudomonas spps. were isolated from all ponds while the Salmonella and Enterococcus spps. were isolated from the manure supplemented ponds. As a General observation, the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated bacteria was high with oxytetracyclin, low with ciprofloxacin. The Pseudomonas spp. seemed to be the highest resistant to the used antimicrobials, while the Enterococcus spp. was the lowest. The total psychrotrophic counts /g of fish-flesh, collected from the fish of manure supplemented pond, showed significantly higher mean value than that of fish supplemented with artificial diet. The psychrotrophic strains were isolated from all ponds with varied frequency and percentage at both 0 time and after 168 h of ice storage, however, Coliform, Enterococcus spp., Flavobacterium spp., Staphylococ...
Egypt's aquaculture production (921,585 tonnes in 2010) is by far the largest of any African ... more Egypt's aquaculture production (921,585 tonnes in 2010) is by far the largest of any African country and places it 11 th in terms of global production. Despite the fact that the aquaculture sector in Egypt is now a mature one having developed over a period of more than 30 years, the economic performance of the sector is not well understood or documented. To help improve this understanding WorldFish Centre conducted a value-chain study for the sector in September 2011. The study completed individual interviews and focus group discussions with fish farmers, traders/wholesalers, and retailers in four of the most important governorates in terms of aquaculture production: Kafr el Sheikh, Behera, Sharkia, and Fayoum. The study mapped the value-chain, and generated a wide range of quantitative data for each link in the value-chain on operational and financial performance (e.g. gross output values, variable and fixed costs, operational and net profit margins, value-added generation), an...
The study was conducted over a two-month period, in order to evaluate the potential benefit of su... more The study was conducted over a two-month period, in order to evaluate the potential benefit of super biobuds as a probiotic agent in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feeds. There were three treatments, including a control (C), each consisting of four replicates of 25 fish/replicate (mean individual initial weight = 20 ± 3 g), each reared in aquarium (60X 70 X 50 cm). Fish were fed a balanced diet of 25% protein along the period of experiment. Two doses of super biobuds (1.0 and 2.0 g kg-1 diet fed) were incorporated in the feed for two months. Various parameters were recorded and challenge was done immediately after the period of application. The challenge infection was done to the experimented fish by inoculation of both Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas flourescens (0.5 ml of culture suspension of either pathogen containing 10 , 8 bacteria ml-1). Body weight gain was significantly (P< 0.001) high in all treatments than in the control group. The hematocrit values and nitr...
Twelve hundred Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), average body weight of 4.5 ± 0.2 g, were use... more Twelve hundred Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), average body weight of 4.5 ± 0.2 g, were used to investigate the effect of Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) on the growth rate and disease resistance of fish reared in earthen ponds. They were equally and randomly distributed in six circular earthen ponds (100 m2) at a stocking rate of 2 fish m-2. Three ponds were randomly assigned for as treatment replicates and the remaining 3 ponds as controls. The control group (gp.1) was given a balanced diet while the treatment group (gp. 2) was given the same diet supplemented by Echinacea at a rate of 0.25 ppt on a dry weight basis. The fish were fed twice daily at a rate of 3% body weight per day for 6 months. Growth and survival rates were recorded at the end of the experiment. The immunostimlatory effects, of Echinacea, were determined from differences between treatment and control groups in survival rate, total and differential leukocytic counts and nitroblue tetrazolium values. A challe...
Sixteen hundred Oreochromis niloticus were divided equally among five groups, each comprising fou... more Sixteen hundred Oreochromis niloticus were divided equally among five groups, each comprising four equal sized replicates, to evaluate the efficiency of a garlic-supplemented diet (10 and 20 g kg-1 diet fed) in the performance of O. niloticus. Group (1) was the control (fed on base diet). Groups (2 & 3) were fed on garlic- supplemented diet (10 and 20 g kg-1 diet fed) for one month, respectively, and groups (4 & 5) were fed on same doses of garlic- supplemented diet for two month, respectively. All groups were fed on the base diet after the periods of garlic-supplementation until Month 8. Body weight and blood parameters were recorded. Challenge infection with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila, was carried out immediately after feeding the test diets as well as Month 8. Survival and individual body weights were recorded at the end of the trial. Studies on fish quality and shelf-life were also carried out. A non-significant increase was seen in the hematocrit values among all treatment...
ABSTRACT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Egypt’s aquaculture production (705,490 tonnes in 2009) is by far the ... more ABSTRACT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Egypt’s aquaculture production (705,490 tonnes in 2009) is by far the largest of any African country and places it 11th in terms of global production. The aquaculture sector makes a significant contribution to income, employment creation and food security in the country, all of which are national priority areas given low per capita income levels, rising population, worsening food security indicators, and official unemployment levels which have remained at around 10% for the last ten years. Despite the fact that the aquaculture sector in Egypt is now a mature one, having developed over a period of more than 30 years, the economic performance of the sector is not well understood or documented. To help improve this understanding, this report presents the outputs of a value-chain study for the sector. The study focused on four of the most important governorates in terms of aquaculture production: Kafr el Sheikh, Behera, Sharkia, and Fayoum. Individual interviews and focus group discussions with fish farmers, traders/wholesalers, and retailers, were used to collect quantitative and qualitative information about financial performance, employment creation, and the critical factors impacting on the performance of each sub-sector of the value-chain. The farmed fish value-chain in Egypt is strongly based on the production of tilapia, with mullet a key second species, and with small quantities of carp and catfish also contributing to farm production. Some key features of the value-chain are that: • There are virtually no exports of farmed fish, and so the value-chain is a short and simple one compared to aquaculture value-chains in some other countries; • There is no processing at all of farmed fish i.e. all fish is sold in whole form, with no value-addition either through primary processing into fillets or into other secondary processed products (e.g. ready meals, etc); • Most fish are sold either fresh on ice (in summer months or if sales are made far from farms) or fresh with no ice (in winter months and/or if sales are made close to farms). There is a growing trend however for the sale of live tilapia, motivated by the fact that fish prices have fallen in real terms over the last ten years and higher prices can be achieved for live product; • There is a very short time-period from harvest to final consumption by the consumer (due to the live/fresh nature of all sales), and very low rates (&lt;1%) of post-harvest losses (which is in contrast to many wild fisheries value-chains in developing countries); and • Direct employment creation throughout the value-chain is significant, at around 14 full-time equivalents for every 100 tonnes of fish produced and sold. This employment is fairly evenly divided between those over and under 30 years of age, and is mostly accounted for by men, although some female employment is created in the retail sub-sector. Considerable additional indirect employment creation results from sector activity through jobs created through the production of inputs used by the value-chain i.e. jobs in feed mills, hatcheries, ice plants, suppliers of vehicles, water pumps and generators, building contractors, and manufacturers of boxes used during transport. Constructing costs and earnings models for each link in the value chain, allows for a comparison across the various sub-sectors, and for performance to be assessed both individually in each governorate and across all governorates. Some key findings from the data analysis made possible by the fieldwork completed during the study are: • Fish farmers obtain a high percentage (72%) of the final consumer price, due to the lack of any exports, the short-supply chain, and the lack of value-addition in the value-chain; The average total production cost across all fish-farms is LE 7,769/tonne. This represents the breakeven weighted sales price i.e. the average price of all fish sold by a farm must be more than LE 7,769/tonne if the farm is to make a profit; • Feed costs represent a very high percentage in all governorates of operational costs for the farming sub-sector (67% of operational costs); • Operational costs represent a very high percentage of total costs for all sub-sectors in the value-chain i.e. fixed are relatively small; • In the farming sub-sector operational profits are 29% of sales and net profits 22% of sales. Corresponding figures for the trader/wholesaler sub-sector are 4.1% and 3.9%, and for the retail sub-sector are 7.1% and 6.8%; and • Operational profits generated throughout the value-chain are LE 4,460/tonne of fish produced/sold, net profits are LE 3,736/tonne, and value-added (net profits plus wage earnings) is LE 4,619/tonne, with the farming sub-sector contributing more than 60% of total profits/value-added for all of these indicators. While the above figures confirm that the industry is sustainable and generates considerable profits and employment, this study suggests that the sector as a whole is…
The in vivo activities of inulin and ascorbic acid were evaluated experimentally via using 450 Ni... more The in vivo activities of inulin and ascorbic acid were evaluated experimentally via using 450 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) that were distributed into 3 equal groups (each of three replicates). Fish of the first group served as a control and received a balanced diet free from inulin and vitamin C. The second fed on balanced diet supplemented with inulin (5 g kg(-1)), whereas, the third one received a balanced diet supplemented with vitamin C (500 mg kg(-1)). The survival and growth performances were evaluated. Blood samples were collected from the experimented tilapia, one and two months from the onset of the experiment to measure the hematocrit (HCT) values, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), and lysozyme activity. The protective effect of the two compounds was evaluated via challenge infection using pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. The body weight gain (g); specific growth rate (%), and survival (%) were significantly increased (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in group supplemented with inulin and vitamin C after one and two months of exposures vs. the control. The HCT values showed non-significant changes in both supplemented groups after one and two months. The NBT was significantly increased (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in the 3rd and 2nd group after one and two months, respectively. On the other hand, a significant increase (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in the lysozyme activity has been observed in the 3rd group and in both supplemented groups at 1 and 2 months; respectively. The challenge infection showed an improved relative level of protection (RLP) in the 2 supplemented groups vs. the control. These results suggest that vitamin C at dose rate of 500 mg for one month could be a potential, less expensive, and promising dietary supplementation than inulin that would positively affect growth, hematology, innate immunity, and resistance of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) in aquaculture.
ABSTRACT our plant based immunostimulants (Echinacea purpurea 0.25 and 1.0 ppt, Allium sativum 3 ... more ABSTRACT our plant based immunostimulants (Echinacea purpurea 0.25 and 1.0 ppt, Allium sativum 3 %, Nigella sativa 3% and Origanum marjorana 2 and 3% and mixture of Allium sativum , Nigella sativa 3:1, 1:3 and 3:3%, respectively) were tested as feed additives for their effect on the survival and growth of 1600 Oreochromis niloticus. The mean weights of fish used in the various treatments was 1.11± 0.01. Four ponds were used in this experiment, each contained 10 hapas represented 10 treatments including the control that randomly distributed and each hapa contained 40 fish. The experiment was conducted in two phases ie; the summer (3 months) where tilapia fed basal diet mixed with feed additives and the winter (6 months) where tilapia feed on basal diet only. By end of first phase (summer), weight gain in fish treated with 1 ppt echinacea (E2) was significantly higher than that in the control. The observed values of the biomass in all the treatment groups were higher than that in the control group. Hematocrit values showed significant changes in all treatments except marjoram. By end of second phase (winter) phase, the observed mean final weights in all treatments were higher than the control. The mean weight gains were significantly higher than that in the control in most treated groups. Overall survival during rearing and survival in response to challenge infection were significantly higher in the groups that received immunostimulants in comparison to the control group, however it was type and dose dependant. The results suggest that immunostimulants can enhance survival especially during winter stress. Significant increase in body weight and total biomass production were seen with Echinacea (1.00 ppt). The results have applied value in aquaculture.
Twelve thousand fries of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromas niloticus) were stocked in 6 ponds, three pond... more Twelve thousand fries of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromas niloticus) were stocked in 6 ponds, three ponds were supplemented with chicken-manure and others with artificial diet. The Aeromonas. and Pseudomonas spps. were isolated from all ponds while the Salmonella and Enterococcus spps. were isolated from the manure supplemented ponds. As a General observation, the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated bacteria was high with oxytetracyclin, low with ciprofloxacin. The Pseudomonas spp. seemed to be the highest resistant to the used antimicrobials, while the Enterococcus spp. was the lowest. The total psychrotrophic counts /g of fish-flesh, collected from the fish of manure supplemented pond, showed significantly higher mean value than that of fish supplemented with artificial diet. The psychrotrophic strains were isolated from all ponds with varied frequency and percentage at both 0 time and after 168 h of ice storage, however, Coliform, Enterococcus spp., Flavobacterium spp., Staphylococ...
Egypt's aquaculture production (921,585 tonnes in 2010) is by far the largest of any African ... more Egypt's aquaculture production (921,585 tonnes in 2010) is by far the largest of any African country and places it 11 th in terms of global production. Despite the fact that the aquaculture sector in Egypt is now a mature one having developed over a period of more than 30 years, the economic performance of the sector is not well understood or documented. To help improve this understanding WorldFish Centre conducted a value-chain study for the sector in September 2011. The study completed individual interviews and focus group discussions with fish farmers, traders/wholesalers, and retailers in four of the most important governorates in terms of aquaculture production: Kafr el Sheikh, Behera, Sharkia, and Fayoum. The study mapped the value-chain, and generated a wide range of quantitative data for each link in the value-chain on operational and financial performance (e.g. gross output values, variable and fixed costs, operational and net profit margins, value-added generation), an...
The study was conducted over a two-month period, in order to evaluate the potential benefit of su... more The study was conducted over a two-month period, in order to evaluate the potential benefit of super biobuds as a probiotic agent in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feeds. There were three treatments, including a control (C), each consisting of four replicates of 25 fish/replicate (mean individual initial weight = 20 ± 3 g), each reared in aquarium (60X 70 X 50 cm). Fish were fed a balanced diet of 25% protein along the period of experiment. Two doses of super biobuds (1.0 and 2.0 g kg-1 diet fed) were incorporated in the feed for two months. Various parameters were recorded and challenge was done immediately after the period of application. The challenge infection was done to the experimented fish by inoculation of both Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas flourescens (0.5 ml of culture suspension of either pathogen containing 10 , 8 bacteria ml-1). Body weight gain was significantly (P< 0.001) high in all treatments than in the control group. The hematocrit values and nitr...
Twelve hundred Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), average body weight of 4.5 ± 0.2 g, were use... more Twelve hundred Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), average body weight of 4.5 ± 0.2 g, were used to investigate the effect of Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) on the growth rate and disease resistance of fish reared in earthen ponds. They were equally and randomly distributed in six circular earthen ponds (100 m2) at a stocking rate of 2 fish m-2. Three ponds were randomly assigned for as treatment replicates and the remaining 3 ponds as controls. The control group (gp.1) was given a balanced diet while the treatment group (gp. 2) was given the same diet supplemented by Echinacea at a rate of 0.25 ppt on a dry weight basis. The fish were fed twice daily at a rate of 3% body weight per day for 6 months. Growth and survival rates were recorded at the end of the experiment. The immunostimlatory effects, of Echinacea, were determined from differences between treatment and control groups in survival rate, total and differential leukocytic counts and nitroblue tetrazolium values. A challe...
Sixteen hundred Oreochromis niloticus were divided equally among five groups, each comprising fou... more Sixteen hundred Oreochromis niloticus were divided equally among five groups, each comprising four equal sized replicates, to evaluate the efficiency of a garlic-supplemented diet (10 and 20 g kg-1 diet fed) in the performance of O. niloticus. Group (1) was the control (fed on base diet). Groups (2 & 3) were fed on garlic- supplemented diet (10 and 20 g kg-1 diet fed) for one month, respectively, and groups (4 & 5) were fed on same doses of garlic- supplemented diet for two month, respectively. All groups were fed on the base diet after the periods of garlic-supplementation until Month 8. Body weight and blood parameters were recorded. Challenge infection with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila, was carried out immediately after feeding the test diets as well as Month 8. Survival and individual body weights were recorded at the end of the trial. Studies on fish quality and shelf-life were also carried out. A non-significant increase was seen in the hematocrit values among all treatment...
ABSTRACT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Egypt’s aquaculture production (705,490 tonnes in 2009) is by far the ... more ABSTRACT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Egypt’s aquaculture production (705,490 tonnes in 2009) is by far the largest of any African country and places it 11th in terms of global production. The aquaculture sector makes a significant contribution to income, employment creation and food security in the country, all of which are national priority areas given low per capita income levels, rising population, worsening food security indicators, and official unemployment levels which have remained at around 10% for the last ten years. Despite the fact that the aquaculture sector in Egypt is now a mature one, having developed over a period of more than 30 years, the economic performance of the sector is not well understood or documented. To help improve this understanding, this report presents the outputs of a value-chain study for the sector. The study focused on four of the most important governorates in terms of aquaculture production: Kafr el Sheikh, Behera, Sharkia, and Fayoum. Individual interviews and focus group discussions with fish farmers, traders/wholesalers, and retailers, were used to collect quantitative and qualitative information about financial performance, employment creation, and the critical factors impacting on the performance of each sub-sector of the value-chain. The farmed fish value-chain in Egypt is strongly based on the production of tilapia, with mullet a key second species, and with small quantities of carp and catfish also contributing to farm production. Some key features of the value-chain are that: • There are virtually no exports of farmed fish, and so the value-chain is a short and simple one compared to aquaculture value-chains in some other countries; • There is no processing at all of farmed fish i.e. all fish is sold in whole form, with no value-addition either through primary processing into fillets or into other secondary processed products (e.g. ready meals, etc); • Most fish are sold either fresh on ice (in summer months or if sales are made far from farms) or fresh with no ice (in winter months and/or if sales are made close to farms). There is a growing trend however for the sale of live tilapia, motivated by the fact that fish prices have fallen in real terms over the last ten years and higher prices can be achieved for live product; • There is a very short time-period from harvest to final consumption by the consumer (due to the live/fresh nature of all sales), and very low rates (&lt;1%) of post-harvest losses (which is in contrast to many wild fisheries value-chains in developing countries); and • Direct employment creation throughout the value-chain is significant, at around 14 full-time equivalents for every 100 tonnes of fish produced and sold. This employment is fairly evenly divided between those over and under 30 years of age, and is mostly accounted for by men, although some female employment is created in the retail sub-sector. Considerable additional indirect employment creation results from sector activity through jobs created through the production of inputs used by the value-chain i.e. jobs in feed mills, hatcheries, ice plants, suppliers of vehicles, water pumps and generators, building contractors, and manufacturers of boxes used during transport. Constructing costs and earnings models for each link in the value chain, allows for a comparison across the various sub-sectors, and for performance to be assessed both individually in each governorate and across all governorates. Some key findings from the data analysis made possible by the fieldwork completed during the study are: • Fish farmers obtain a high percentage (72%) of the final consumer price, due to the lack of any exports, the short-supply chain, and the lack of value-addition in the value-chain; The average total production cost across all fish-farms is LE 7,769/tonne. This represents the breakeven weighted sales price i.e. the average price of all fish sold by a farm must be more than LE 7,769/tonne if the farm is to make a profit; • Feed costs represent a very high percentage in all governorates of operational costs for the farming sub-sector (67% of operational costs); • Operational costs represent a very high percentage of total costs for all sub-sectors in the value-chain i.e. fixed are relatively small; • In the farming sub-sector operational profits are 29% of sales and net profits 22% of sales. Corresponding figures for the trader/wholesaler sub-sector are 4.1% and 3.9%, and for the retail sub-sector are 7.1% and 6.8%; and • Operational profits generated throughout the value-chain are LE 4,460/tonne of fish produced/sold, net profits are LE 3,736/tonne, and value-added (net profits plus wage earnings) is LE 4,619/tonne, with the farming sub-sector contributing more than 60% of total profits/value-added for all of these indicators. While the above figures confirm that the industry is sustainable and generates considerable profits and employment, this study suggests that the sector as a whole is…
The in vivo activities of inulin and ascorbic acid were evaluated experimentally via using 450 Ni... more The in vivo activities of inulin and ascorbic acid were evaluated experimentally via using 450 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) that were distributed into 3 equal groups (each of three replicates). Fish of the first group served as a control and received a balanced diet free from inulin and vitamin C. The second fed on balanced diet supplemented with inulin (5 g kg(-1)), whereas, the third one received a balanced diet supplemented with vitamin C (500 mg kg(-1)). The survival and growth performances were evaluated. Blood samples were collected from the experimented tilapia, one and two months from the onset of the experiment to measure the hematocrit (HCT) values, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), and lysozyme activity. The protective effect of the two compounds was evaluated via challenge infection using pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. The body weight gain (g); specific growth rate (%), and survival (%) were significantly increased (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in group supplemented with inulin and vitamin C after one and two months of exposures vs. the control. The HCT values showed non-significant changes in both supplemented groups after one and two months. The NBT was significantly increased (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in the 3rd and 2nd group after one and two months, respectively. On the other hand, a significant increase (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in the lysozyme activity has been observed in the 3rd group and in both supplemented groups at 1 and 2 months; respectively. The challenge infection showed an improved relative level of protection (RLP) in the 2 supplemented groups vs. the control. These results suggest that vitamin C at dose rate of 500 mg for one month could be a potential, less expensive, and promising dietary supplementation than inulin that would positively affect growth, hematology, innate immunity, and resistance of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) in aquaculture.
ABSTRACT our plant based immunostimulants (Echinacea purpurea 0.25 and 1.0 ppt, Allium sativum 3 ... more ABSTRACT our plant based immunostimulants (Echinacea purpurea 0.25 and 1.0 ppt, Allium sativum 3 %, Nigella sativa 3% and Origanum marjorana 2 and 3% and mixture of Allium sativum , Nigella sativa 3:1, 1:3 and 3:3%, respectively) were tested as feed additives for their effect on the survival and growth of 1600 Oreochromis niloticus. The mean weights of fish used in the various treatments was 1.11± 0.01. Four ponds were used in this experiment, each contained 10 hapas represented 10 treatments including the control that randomly distributed and each hapa contained 40 fish. The experiment was conducted in two phases ie; the summer (3 months) where tilapia fed basal diet mixed with feed additives and the winter (6 months) where tilapia feed on basal diet only. By end of first phase (summer), weight gain in fish treated with 1 ppt echinacea (E2) was significantly higher than that in the control. The observed values of the biomass in all the treatment groups were higher than that in the control group. Hematocrit values showed significant changes in all treatments except marjoram. By end of second phase (winter) phase, the observed mean final weights in all treatments were higher than the control. The mean weight gains were significantly higher than that in the control in most treated groups. Overall survival during rearing and survival in response to challenge infection were significantly higher in the groups that received immunostimulants in comparison to the control group, however it was type and dose dependant. The results suggest that immunostimulants can enhance survival especially during winter stress. Significant increase in body weight and total biomass production were seen with Echinacea (1.00 ppt). The results have applied value in aquaculture.
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