Supervisors: Prof. Paul. P. Appasamy, Vice Chancellor, Karunya University, Coimbatore Phone: +91 9868421239 Address: Sacchidananda Mukherjee
National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP)
18/2, Satsang Vihar Marg, Special Institutional Area
New Delhi – 110 067, INDIA
COVID-19 Challenges for the Indian Economy: Trade and Foreign Policy Effects, 2020
In book: COVID-19 Challenges for the Indian Economy: Trade and Foreign Policy Effects Publisher: ... more In book: COVID-19 Challenges for the Indian Economy: Trade and Foreign Policy Effects Publisher: ASEAN-India Centre (AIC) - Engineering Export Promotion Council of India (EEPC), New Delhi
The economies located in East, South and Southeast Asia have witnessed an interesting growth-sust... more The economies located in East, South and Southeast Asia have witnessed an interesting growth-sustainability trade-off over the last decades. While growth considerations have paved ways for deepened ties with growing trade-investment waves and increasing population pressure necessitated exploitation of hitherto unutilized natural resources, focus on environmental sustainability has been a recent consideration. The growth impetus still playing a key role in these economies, it becomes imperative that the countries effectively address the key sustainability concerns, e.g. air and water pollution, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, climate change issues like CO2 emissions etc. But how prepared is the governance mechanism of these countries, covering not only the legislative and administrative framework but also involvement of the judiciary, presence of spirited civil society and active engagement of stakeholders in policy-framing dialogues, to rise up to these challenges? The edited book seeks an answer to this question through the environmental governance mechanism and natural resource conservation policies in three vibrant regions within Asia. A holistic development dimension of sustainable development path emerges, through discussion of policies adopted by developed (Japan, South Korea), upper-middle (China, Malaysia), developing (India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand) and least developed countries (Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal). The analysis presented in the 12 chapters of this edited volume shows an interesting evolution in the environmental governance scenario across the East, South and Southeast Asian countries. The economic growth cycle witnessed by the Asian countries enables one to understand the environmental policymaking in a larger perspective.
India has moved along an impressive growth path over the last decade, marked with falling share o... more India has moved along an impressive growth path over the last decade, marked with falling share of agriculture, stagnating manufacturing, expanding services segment, growing trade orientation, enhanced FDI inflows etc. The consequent growth implications are obvious as far as the numbers like GDP growth rate and Per Capita GDP trend are concerned, but how sustainable the associated development is with respect to resource management and environmental governance?
This book captures the economy-wide impacts of various activities on environment in India. The environmental impacts on water, air, soil quality and human health are captured through case studies from different parts of India. Analyzing separately the concern areas within agriculture (cultivation, aquaculture), manufacturing (industrial pollution, power generation), services (waste management, bio-medical waste, e-waste recycling) and external sector (agricultural trade, FDI inflow, trade in waste products) performance of India, the book attempts to find an answer to that crucial question. The methodology adopted to capture the environmental impacts of various economic activities is derived from the relevant branches like environmental economics, agricultural economics, and water resources economics. The book, focusing on particular sectors, indicates the concern areas and possible ways for enhancing environmental governance.
This study found that the continuous disposal of industrial effluents on land, which has limited ... more This study found that the continuous disposal of industrial effluents on land, which has limited capacity to assimilate the pollution load, has led to groundwater pollution. The quality of groundwater in shallow open wells surrounding the industrial locations has deteriorated, and the application of polluted groundwater for irrigation has resulted in increased salt content of soils. ... Sacchidananda Mukherjee. "Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Industrial Effluent Irrigation in Mettupalayam Taluk, Tamil Nadu" Indian Industry and Environment: Policies and Practices. Ed. Kumar, ...
This study looks into various sources of financing infrastructure and the demands for infrastruct... more This study looks into various sources of financing infrastructure and the demands for infrastructure investments and highlights the mismatch between demand and supply of funds for infrastructure financing in India. In order to address this mismatch, and given the constraints of traditional sources of infrastructure finance in India, this paper suggests credit enhancement scheme (CES) as an alternative framework for mobilizing long-term infrastructure finance. It suggests for scaling up CES as one of the options for leveraging global finance for long-term investment in infrastructure projects. The suggested scheme of credit enhancement could be scaled up at the G-20 level for mobilizing finance from sources which were earlier shying away from investing in infrastructure projects (e.g., pension and insurance fund). This study also suggests a possible structure for operationalizing this scheme at the G-20 level. The proposed scheme is not specific to G-20 countries, but could be used b...
Role of public financing of human development (HD) is inevitable, especially for developing count... more Role of public financing of human development (HD) is inevitable, especially for developing countries like India where access to resources and economic opportunities are not equitably distributed among people. Governments aim to achieve equity in distribution of resources through allocative and redistributive policies whereas macroeconomic stabilisation policies aim to achieve higher economic growth and stability in the price level. Expenditure policies of the governments envisage in delivering larger public goods and services to enable people to take part in economic activities by investing in human capital and infrastructure developments. Progressivity of the tax system helps in achieving equity by redistribution of resources among people. Being merit goods, expenditures on education, health, and poverty eradication make it a case for public investment which empowers people to improve human capital. The benefit of universal economic participation is expected to contribute in larger mobilisation of public resources over time. Lack of economic opportunities and earning a respectable income may increase dependence on public transfers which may reduce fiscal space of the governments to finance programmes to promote overall economic growth. The objective of this article is to review existing studies on public financing of HD in India and highlight emerging challenges.
Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) has resulted in harmonisation of tax compliance syst... more Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) has resulted in harmonisation of tax compliance system in India. In the new tax regime, tax compliance system has completely moved to online (digital) platforms. Given the inequality in access to digital platform or adoption of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) among marginal, small and medium enterprises in India, tax compliance may not improve in the GST regime. In a developing country like India where majority of unincorporated enterprises are in the informal sector, staying outside the formal network may restrict their economic prospects. It is worthwhile to study the relationship between access to ICT and tax (VAT) registration among unincorporated enterprises in India. Based on unit-level data of the 73rd round NSS survey, this study explores factors influencing the decision of unincorporated enterprises to take VAT/Sales Tax registration across the Indian states. The results show that adoption of ICT in terms of using...
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, public finance management (PFM) in the FY 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 h... more Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, public finance management (PFM) in the FY 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 have become extremely challenging. The economic contraction has created pressures on PFM in India in terms of lower revenue mobilisation and higher expenditure needs. Both the union and state governments are facing dual problem of arresting economic contraction and managing public finance with limited resources. The present article analyses public finance management of the union as well as 16 major Indian states during the time of COVID-19 pandemic. For comparison, we have also analysed pre-COVID public finance monthly data of state governments. The shock to PFM came from both the revenue as well as expenditure side. Apart from aggregate analysis of state finances of 16 major states, we present state-wise analysis to highlight measures adopted by states to deal with the unprecedented fiscal crisis. JEL Codes: H20, H61, H62, H63
Government of India proposes to reduce the number of tax incentives built into the corporate tax ... more Government of India proposes to reduce the number of tax incentives built into the corporate tax regime and alongside reduce the statutory tax rate on corporate tax to 25 percent. Beneficiaries of the incentive regime tend to argue that these regimes provide tangible benefits which induce higher level of activity within the economy and hence, phasing these out can be detrimental for the Indian economy. An attempt is made in this paper to briefly assess what can be inferred from available evidence on the effectiveness of the incentive regimes. The focus is on three such schemes, incentives provided for investment in backward areas, incentives for special economic zones and incentives provided for expenditure on research and development.
COVID-19 Challenges for the Indian Economy: Trade and Foreign Policy Effects, 2020
In book: COVID-19 Challenges for the Indian Economy: Trade and Foreign Policy Effects Publisher: ... more In book: COVID-19 Challenges for the Indian Economy: Trade and Foreign Policy Effects Publisher: ASEAN-India Centre (AIC) - Engineering Export Promotion Council of India (EEPC), New Delhi
The economies located in East, South and Southeast Asia have witnessed an interesting growth-sust... more The economies located in East, South and Southeast Asia have witnessed an interesting growth-sustainability trade-off over the last decades. While growth considerations have paved ways for deepened ties with growing trade-investment waves and increasing population pressure necessitated exploitation of hitherto unutilized natural resources, focus on environmental sustainability has been a recent consideration. The growth impetus still playing a key role in these economies, it becomes imperative that the countries effectively address the key sustainability concerns, e.g. air and water pollution, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, climate change issues like CO2 emissions etc. But how prepared is the governance mechanism of these countries, covering not only the legislative and administrative framework but also involvement of the judiciary, presence of spirited civil society and active engagement of stakeholders in policy-framing dialogues, to rise up to these challenges? The edited book seeks an answer to this question through the environmental governance mechanism and natural resource conservation policies in three vibrant regions within Asia. A holistic development dimension of sustainable development path emerges, through discussion of policies adopted by developed (Japan, South Korea), upper-middle (China, Malaysia), developing (India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand) and least developed countries (Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal). The analysis presented in the 12 chapters of this edited volume shows an interesting evolution in the environmental governance scenario across the East, South and Southeast Asian countries. The economic growth cycle witnessed by the Asian countries enables one to understand the environmental policymaking in a larger perspective.
India has moved along an impressive growth path over the last decade, marked with falling share o... more India has moved along an impressive growth path over the last decade, marked with falling share of agriculture, stagnating manufacturing, expanding services segment, growing trade orientation, enhanced FDI inflows etc. The consequent growth implications are obvious as far as the numbers like GDP growth rate and Per Capita GDP trend are concerned, but how sustainable the associated development is with respect to resource management and environmental governance?
This book captures the economy-wide impacts of various activities on environment in India. The environmental impacts on water, air, soil quality and human health are captured through case studies from different parts of India. Analyzing separately the concern areas within agriculture (cultivation, aquaculture), manufacturing (industrial pollution, power generation), services (waste management, bio-medical waste, e-waste recycling) and external sector (agricultural trade, FDI inflow, trade in waste products) performance of India, the book attempts to find an answer to that crucial question. The methodology adopted to capture the environmental impacts of various economic activities is derived from the relevant branches like environmental economics, agricultural economics, and water resources economics. The book, focusing on particular sectors, indicates the concern areas and possible ways for enhancing environmental governance.
This study found that the continuous disposal of industrial effluents on land, which has limited ... more This study found that the continuous disposal of industrial effluents on land, which has limited capacity to assimilate the pollution load, has led to groundwater pollution. The quality of groundwater in shallow open wells surrounding the industrial locations has deteriorated, and the application of polluted groundwater for irrigation has resulted in increased salt content of soils. ... Sacchidananda Mukherjee. "Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Industrial Effluent Irrigation in Mettupalayam Taluk, Tamil Nadu" Indian Industry and Environment: Policies and Practices. Ed. Kumar, ...
This study looks into various sources of financing infrastructure and the demands for infrastruct... more This study looks into various sources of financing infrastructure and the demands for infrastructure investments and highlights the mismatch between demand and supply of funds for infrastructure financing in India. In order to address this mismatch, and given the constraints of traditional sources of infrastructure finance in India, this paper suggests credit enhancement scheme (CES) as an alternative framework for mobilizing long-term infrastructure finance. It suggests for scaling up CES as one of the options for leveraging global finance for long-term investment in infrastructure projects. The suggested scheme of credit enhancement could be scaled up at the G-20 level for mobilizing finance from sources which were earlier shying away from investing in infrastructure projects (e.g., pension and insurance fund). This study also suggests a possible structure for operationalizing this scheme at the G-20 level. The proposed scheme is not specific to G-20 countries, but could be used b...
Role of public financing of human development (HD) is inevitable, especially for developing count... more Role of public financing of human development (HD) is inevitable, especially for developing countries like India where access to resources and economic opportunities are not equitably distributed among people. Governments aim to achieve equity in distribution of resources through allocative and redistributive policies whereas macroeconomic stabilisation policies aim to achieve higher economic growth and stability in the price level. Expenditure policies of the governments envisage in delivering larger public goods and services to enable people to take part in economic activities by investing in human capital and infrastructure developments. Progressivity of the tax system helps in achieving equity by redistribution of resources among people. Being merit goods, expenditures on education, health, and poverty eradication make it a case for public investment which empowers people to improve human capital. The benefit of universal economic participation is expected to contribute in larger mobilisation of public resources over time. Lack of economic opportunities and earning a respectable income may increase dependence on public transfers which may reduce fiscal space of the governments to finance programmes to promote overall economic growth. The objective of this article is to review existing studies on public financing of HD in India and highlight emerging challenges.
Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) has resulted in harmonisation of tax compliance syst... more Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) has resulted in harmonisation of tax compliance system in India. In the new tax regime, tax compliance system has completely moved to online (digital) platforms. Given the inequality in access to digital platform or adoption of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) among marginal, small and medium enterprises in India, tax compliance may not improve in the GST regime. In a developing country like India where majority of unincorporated enterprises are in the informal sector, staying outside the formal network may restrict their economic prospects. It is worthwhile to study the relationship between access to ICT and tax (VAT) registration among unincorporated enterprises in India. Based on unit-level data of the 73rd round NSS survey, this study explores factors influencing the decision of unincorporated enterprises to take VAT/Sales Tax registration across the Indian states. The results show that adoption of ICT in terms of using...
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, public finance management (PFM) in the FY 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 h... more Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, public finance management (PFM) in the FY 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 have become extremely challenging. The economic contraction has created pressures on PFM in India in terms of lower revenue mobilisation and higher expenditure needs. Both the union and state governments are facing dual problem of arresting economic contraction and managing public finance with limited resources. The present article analyses public finance management of the union as well as 16 major Indian states during the time of COVID-19 pandemic. For comparison, we have also analysed pre-COVID public finance monthly data of state governments. The shock to PFM came from both the revenue as well as expenditure side. Apart from aggregate analysis of state finances of 16 major states, we present state-wise analysis to highlight measures adopted by states to deal with the unprecedented fiscal crisis. JEL Codes: H20, H61, H62, H63
Government of India proposes to reduce the number of tax incentives built into the corporate tax ... more Government of India proposes to reduce the number of tax incentives built into the corporate tax regime and alongside reduce the statutory tax rate on corporate tax to 25 percent. Beneficiaries of the incentive regime tend to argue that these regimes provide tangible benefits which induce higher level of activity within the economy and hence, phasing these out can be detrimental for the Indian economy. An attempt is made in this paper to briefly assess what can be inferred from available evidence on the effectiveness of the incentive regimes. The focus is on three such schemes, incentives provided for investment in backward areas, incentives for special economic zones and incentives provided for expenditure on research and development.
Achieving harmonisation in design, structure and administration of taxes on goods and services wa... more Achieving harmonisation in design, structure and administration of taxes on goods and services was the major driving force behind the introduction of goods and services tax (GST) in India. Goods and services tax subsumes many taxes from both union and state tax bases. Achieving tax harmonisation in a federal system curtails fiscal autonomy of both the union and sub-national governments and therefore faces steep resistance. Revenue uncertainty associated with any tax reform is a major cause for concern for all governments and therefore the assurance of revenue protection given by the union government to states helped to achieve broad consensus in favour of GST. On average, state taxes subsumed under the GST used to contribute two-third of own tax revenue and finance one-third of total expenditure for general category states. Unlike the union government, states have limited taxation power (tax handles) to generate additional revenue to cope up with any major revenue shortfall on accou...
In the Gangetic floodplain of West Bengal, multiple use wetlands (MUW) play a significant role in... more In the Gangetic floodplain of West Bengal, multiple use wetlands (MUW) play a significant role in the livelihoods of the local people. Over the years, these multiple use systems are being converted into single use systems for commercial gain by economically, socially and politically dominant groups. Compared to single use water systems, MUW benefit a larger number of people belonging to different socio-economic strata. Also, the economic and ecological functions of MUW change over time and space. These dynamic aspects of wetlands are often not fully recognised. Attempts to classify wetlands according to their uses across ecological zones and to carry out their economic valuation are limited. A wetland was selected in the Barddhaman district of West Bengal to evaluate the economic benefits of various direct uses. The study shows that the major economic benefits that people living in the surrounding area of the wetland derive are from wetland cultivation, direct irrigation, jute retti...
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The edited book seeks an answer to this question through the environmental governance mechanism and natural resource conservation policies in three vibrant regions within Asia. A holistic development dimension of sustainable development path emerges, through discussion of policies adopted by developed (Japan, South Korea), upper-middle (China, Malaysia), developing (India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand) and least developed countries (Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal). The analysis presented in the 12 chapters of this edited volume shows an interesting evolution in the environmental governance scenario across the East, South and Southeast Asian countries. The economic growth cycle witnessed by the Asian countries enables one to understand the environmental policymaking in a larger perspective.
This book captures the economy-wide impacts of various activities on environment in India. The environmental impacts on water, air, soil quality and human health are captured through case studies from different parts of India. Analyzing separately the concern areas within agriculture (cultivation, aquaculture), manufacturing (industrial pollution, power generation), services (waste management, bio-medical waste, e-waste recycling) and external sector (agricultural trade, FDI inflow, trade in waste products) performance of India, the book attempts to find an answer to that crucial question. The methodology adopted to capture the environmental impacts of various economic activities is derived from the relevant branches like environmental economics, agricultural economics, and water resources economics. The book, focusing on particular sectors, indicates the concern areas and possible ways for enhancing environmental governance.
The edited book seeks an answer to this question through the environmental governance mechanism and natural resource conservation policies in three vibrant regions within Asia. A holistic development dimension of sustainable development path emerges, through discussion of policies adopted by developed (Japan, South Korea), upper-middle (China, Malaysia), developing (India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand) and least developed countries (Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal). The analysis presented in the 12 chapters of this edited volume shows an interesting evolution in the environmental governance scenario across the East, South and Southeast Asian countries. The economic growth cycle witnessed by the Asian countries enables one to understand the environmental policymaking in a larger perspective.
This book captures the economy-wide impacts of various activities on environment in India. The environmental impacts on water, air, soil quality and human health are captured through case studies from different parts of India. Analyzing separately the concern areas within agriculture (cultivation, aquaculture), manufacturing (industrial pollution, power generation), services (waste management, bio-medical waste, e-waste recycling) and external sector (agricultural trade, FDI inflow, trade in waste products) performance of India, the book attempts to find an answer to that crucial question. The methodology adopted to capture the environmental impacts of various economic activities is derived from the relevant branches like environmental economics, agricultural economics, and water resources economics. The book, focusing on particular sectors, indicates the concern areas and possible ways for enhancing environmental governance.