Law of the European Union

This paper deals with the current state of human rights in Ukraine in the context of European integration. Some historical aspects that influenced the formation of a common system of human and citizen rights are considered mostly through the scope of the constitutional process in Ukraine. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights concerning Ukraine has been analyzed as well as the newest set of constitutional amendments draft aimed at the expansion and specification of human rights in the Constitution of Ukraine. Based on this information, conclusions were drawn on the justification for the existence of a significant number of applications against Ukraine and the low level of payments in accordance with the decisions of the ECHR. A number of issues have been identified in need to be resolved in the process of future accession to the European Union. A line was drawn between the constitutional recognition of human rights and freedoms and the functioning of actual mechanisms for the protection of such rights in our country. It is also noted that the difference in the understanding of human rights by different generations of Ukrainians often negatively affects the overall state of things in this area, mostly because the Soviet legacy reflected in " the man for the state " ideology still prevails over " the state for the man " doctrine in modern world.

The European Union (EU) is implementing the concept of the circular economy (hereafter-CE) system, the main idea of which is to maintain the added value in products for as long as possible both to improve the quality of the environment and eliminate waste. These provisions presuppose the improvement of EU waste management systems and legal regulation. The European Commission proposed a legislative package for amending the main Directives related to waste management. The European Parliament and the Council adopted this document in 2018. The legislative package amends six Directives, which are the main components of the legal framework for waste management in the EU. These are systematic changes in EU waste law regulation and include: the modification of the waste management system; the alignment of definitions; and the formulation of new legal definitions (for example municipal waste, backfilling) or establishment of qualitative and quantitative indicators which cover the meaning of waste hierarchy. The aim of this article is to divulge the main legal changes, and to evaluate their content in the context of the concept of the CE.

The paper deals with the experience of reforms of local self-government and administrative and territorial structure in Latvia after its independence was restored. The following components and directions of reform are systematically and elementally studied: organizational and structural aspect; functional transformations; restructuring of the framework of interaction with the central government; problems of financing of powers and formation of local budgets; administrative and territorial division reform; regional development programs; accountability and state supervision. Conclusions have been drawn regarding the feasibility and expediency of using the experience of Latvian local self-government reforms in the context of finalization of the decentralization reform in Ukraine and further reforms in this sector. Keywords: local government, local democracy, public involvement, reform of administrative and territorial division, regional development, Ukraine, Latvia.

The article is aimed at studying the process of local self-government development in the Republic of Lithuania: its catalysts, both positive and negative; external and internal factors; key events and periods; fundamental concepts. In order to be more representative, the paper focuses on the problematic aspects that are relevant for today's Ukraine in the context of the decentralization reform: 1) administrative and territorial structure reform ( the analysis of key acts, existing models of administrative and territorial structure and system of organization of local self-government bodies of the Republic of Lithuania); 2) the problem of balance and funding of own and delegated powers (the relevant legislation has been reviewed, the role of the Association of Lithuanian Local Self-Government Bodies in the process of negotiations with the state in terms of delegation and funding has been disclosed); 3) financial autonomy (Lithuanian practices, risk factors and impact of global crisis phenomena were investigated and real statistics on the results of Ukraine's financial decentralization were presented); 4) state administrative supervision (attention was focused on the mechanisms of interaction of state officials involved in supervision with local self-government bodies, representatives and associations demonstrating a deep crisis and lack of dialogue between the state and local self-government in Ukraine’s today).
The study resulted in a number of conclusions regarding the existing reform potential of the Ukrainian local self-government system and recommendations on the first-priority measures to be taken in this sector: 1) the necessity of completing the final stage of the decentralization reform and introduction of the necessary amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine no later than 2021 was highlighted; 2) The importance of developing a minimum of conceptual provisions for the adaptation of mechanisms for conducting local elections at the end of 2020 has been established, as the unfinished reform will catalyze problems in this process; 3) several threats to Ukraine's adherence to the Euro-integration course in the conditions of the global pandemic, domestic and global economic crisis in the process of completing the decentralization reform, which is carried out without ensuring a dialogue between the stakeholders and constructed based on merely political decisions, are justified.

The article investigates the problem of providing state administrative supervision over the activity of local self-government bodies and officials in Ukraine in the context of the ongoing decentralization reform. The fundamental concepts and model mechanisms proposed for consolidation through amendments to the Constitution and laws of Ukraine are analyzed. The problems of determining the terms of the conceptual framework in amending the Constitution and the law are outlined: 1) the need for careful anchoring of the categories through a logical and semantic method (and the possible negative consequences of ill-considered and hasty changes) is justified; 2) the relevant provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government are highlighted and a certain level of discretion in the implementation of its provisions in the legislation of different states is emphasized; 3) it is specified that the definition of terms of the conceptual apparatus should be carried out following the objective setting. The universal models similar to those of Ukraine, which demonstrated their effectiveness and were built based on the European Charter of Local Self-Government, have been studied based on the European experience: 1) taking into account similarities (cultural-ethnic, state-systemic, historical) and differences (quantitative territorial and demographic indicators), the relevant models of Lithuania and Latvia were disclosed; 2) the French model was analyzed as such, which was used as a basis for the preparation of conceptual provisions for the formation of a new system of administrative supervision over the activities of local self-government bodies in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the issues of the level, scope, and method of securing the position of the state supervisor, his/her powers, matters of appointment and dismissal, competence, principles of conducting the activities, resource and material base, accountability, and responsibility. Several recommendations and conclusions have been made regarding 1) conceptual and terminological basis; 2) effective models of supervision and/or control; 3) level and scope of consolidation of status and powers; 4) interaction of state agents with local authorities; 5) the increasing role of local self-government associations and possible risks of politicization of the process; 6) problems of reaching consensus and involvement of the stakeholders in the process of making decisions affecting them.

The article focuses on current problems of human rights constitutional provision, protection and implementation in Ukraine in the context of the reforms aimed at Eurointegration. The aim is to brief in the historical aspects of the development of ideas and concepts of human rights in Ukraine, focus on the human rights provision of the active Constitution projected through the ongoing reforms and to expose the correlation between the rights enshrined and their actual implementation. The existing and possible future problems related to the regulation and realization of human rights in Ukraine's reform process are considered. The article reflects the problem of the value approach to human rights, which is directly related to the low level of legal culture and the insufficient level of development of civil society Ukraine. The work also analyses the amendments that have been made to the Constitution since the independence. While presenting the latest developments and drafts regarding the addressed issues, we try to look deeper into the problem, far beyond the formal and procedural concerns, addressing social and cultural barriers in understanding the importance and necessity of the problems under consideration not only by the leadership of the state but also by ordinary Ukrainians.

The study investigates the main approaches to understanding such legal categories as “legal regimes” and “special legal regime”, and provides their classification. Special legal regimes serve as the legal basis for restricting human and civil rights and freedoms; therefore, the relevance of the study of the concept, types, and main features of special legal regimes is beyond doubt. The authors of the study consider the relationship between the categories of the special legal regime of a state of emergency and martial law and describe the main grounds for their imposition. The authors noted a need for a clear, consistent legal regulation of the model of behavior aimed at overcoming and eliminating negative consequences of an emergency and military nature. Attention is focused on the fact that in Ukraine, the regulation of public relations arising in connection with emergencies and military situations has become particularly important after the emergence of a military conflict on the territory of Ukraine and the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The study provides the author’s vision of the categories “legal regimes” and “special legal regimes”. it is proposed to interpret the legal regimes as the regulatory procedure, which is expressed in a set of legal means that describe a special combination of interacting permits, prohibitions, and obligations while implementing a special focus of regulation. The latter should be interpreted as a form of public administration that makes provision for the restriction of the legal personality of individuals and legal entities, introduced as a temporary measure provided by means of administrative and legal nature, and aimed at ensuring the security of the individual, society, and the state. The study provides the classification of special legal regimes and contains proposals to distinguish them according to the content and basis of occurrence as follows: state of emergency, martial law, state of siege, state of war, state of public danger, state of tension, state of defense, state of threat, state of readiness, state of vigilance.

The article focuses on current problems of human rights constitutional provision, protection and implementation in Ukraine in the context of the reforms aimed at Eurointegration. The aim is to brief in the historical aspects of the development of ideas and concepts of human rights in Ukraine, focus on the human rights provision of the active Constitution projected through the ongoing reforms and to expose the correlation between the rights enshrined and their actual implementation. The existing and possible future problems related to the regulation and realization of human rights in Ukraine’s reform process are considered. The article reflects the problem of the value approach to human rights, which is directly related to the low level of legal culture and the insufficient level of development of civil society Ukraine. The work also analyses the amendments that have been made to the Constitution since the independence. While presenting the latest developments and drafts regarding th...

Стаття присвячена дослідженню процесу розвитку місцевого самоврядування в Литовській Республіці: його каталізаторам, позитивним та негативним; зовнішнім та внутрішнім факторам; ключовим подіям та періодам; фундаментальним концепціям. Для кращої репрезентативності в роботі сконцентровано увагу саме на проблемних аспектах, які є актуальними для України сьогодні в контексті реформи децентралізації: 1) реформа адміністративно-територіального устрою (проаналізовано ключові акти, чинні моделі адміністративно-територіального устрою та системи організації органів місцевого самоврядування Литовської Республіки); 2) проблема балансу та фінансування власних і делегованих повноважень (опрацьовано відповідне законодавство, розкрито роль Асоціації органів місцевого самоврядування Литви у процесі переговорів із державою в частині делегування та фінансування); 3) фінансова автономія (досліджено литовські практики, фактори ризику та вплив глобальних кризових явищ, а також представлено реальну статис...

У тезах висвітлено важливість міжнародного права та значущість його як ролі соціального регулятора в умовах постглобального світу. Проаналізовано термін "постглобальний" та характеристики постглобального світу та ймовірних у такому суспільстві змін у колі суб'єктів суспільних відносин.

The article deals with the coverage of events related to the wave of anti-Jewish pogroms that took place in
Germany on November 9-10, 1938 in the leading American newspaper "The New York Times". Pogroms were
motivated by the murder of Ernst von Rath, the employee of the German embassy in Paris, performed on the 7th of
November of the same year by the Polish Jew Herschel Grünschpan, and the consequences followed for German Jews.
A particular attention is paid to the reaction to these events by American politicians, such as the former US President
Herbert Hoover, and the representatives of various social circles, primarily Jewish ones, and more broadly, the
influence of the materials published in "The New York Times" on the situation of Jews in Germany with the
development of public opinion in the United States of America concerning this issue. The author comes to the
conclusion that before the Second World War, the National Socialists did not have the opportunity to ignore the world
public opinion completely, and in this regard, they did not dare to turn to the "final solution of the Jewish issue", which
turned out in the Holocaust.

Посібник присвячено висвітленню змісту концепції верховенства
права та специфіки сучасних відносин в контексті толерантності у
суспільстві.
Розглядається історія розвитку ідей верховенства права, причини
їх виникнення, засоби їх регламентації в законодавстві та мета
забезпечення таких ідей. Зазначено статистичні дані щодо рівня
верховенства права в Україні відповідно до результатів аналізу
міжнародних та вітчизняних досліджень.
Наведено аналіз як міжнародного, так і національного
законодавства, що регламентує питання толерантності, зокрема, і як
способу захисту прав людини. Детальну увагу присвячено
толерантності по відношенню до осіб, що можуть бути дискриміновані
за різними ознаками (стать, колір шкіри, національна чи етнічна
приналежність, сексуальна орієнтація, гендерна самоідентифікація,
мова, релігія тощо).
Проаналізовано актуальну судову практику (насамперед рішення
ЄСПЛ) у контексті питань толерантності.
Охарактеризовано специфіку сучасних відносин всередині
суспільства, надано статистичні показники рівня толерантності в
Україні.
Призначено для студентів, аспірантів, викладачів, практикуючих
юристів та всіх, хто цікавиться ідеями верховенства права і
толерантності.