Prof. Dr. Nabil El-Wakeil has completed his PhD at the age of 32 years from Georg August- Goettingen University in Germany and postdoctoral studies from Martin Luther University. He is Professor of biological control of insect pests in National Research centre in Cairo, Egypt since 2013. He has published more than 38 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of repute. He has contributed in 10 books in frame of integrated insect pest management that published in international publishers Address: Martin Luther University
ABSTRACT Susceptibility of spring wheat to infestation with wheat blossom midges (WBM) and thrips... more ABSTRACT Susceptibility of spring wheat to infestation with wheat blossom midges (WBM) and thrips was studied in Central Germany in the two seasons, 2008 and 2009. WBM Sitodiplosis mosellana, Contarinia tritici and the thrips species Limothrips denticornis and L. cerealium are among the major pests of wheat ears. Pheromone traps were used for surveying S. mosellana adults. Ear-infestations in the wheat varieties Triso (high quality in Germany) and Sakha 93 (resistant to drought in Egypt) were evaluated by counting insects at flowering stage (GS 65) and the milk-ripe stage (GS 73). Migrating WBM larvae were evaluated using water traps. In the pheromone traps, density of S. mosellana adults started high and then the population steadily declined until the end of the season. There was no significant difference in the total number of thrips and WBM larvae between varieties at GS 65 in either year, while differ-ences between varieties at GS 73 were significant. Thrips and WBM larvae numbers were significantly higher in Triso than Sakha 93 in 2008 and 2009. The infested ears were positively correlated with WBM counts in both varieties. Numbers of migrated yellow midge larvae were higher in 2008, but lower in 2009 than orange midge. Yield was higher in Triso than Sakha 93 in both seasons.
The efficacy of range of compounds: one botanical insecticide (NeemAzal T/S) and two pyrethroid i... more The efficacy of range of compounds: one botanical insecticide (NeemAzal T/S) and two pyrethroid insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate 9.4% S.C) and deltamethrin (Decis 2.8% E.C.) were evaluated to control Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) in laboratory; as well as to control frit fly, Oscinella frit (L.). The later insect was also controlled companying with three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora). Management of wheat midges with different botanicals was also studied; Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide) which were sprayed on wheat at heading stage (GS 55). Different concentrations were used to study efficiency of the tested compounds on both aphid species 24, 48 and 72 hours post treatment in the laboratory. While frit fly and wheat midges were managed in winter and spring wheat fields and evaluated after 3, 7 and 15 days after botanicals application. Surveying wheat insects and the associated natural enemies were inspected before and after treating of botanical insecticides. The mortality reached 100% after 24 h in M. dirhodum and after 48 h in R. padi. Most of the tested compounds caused acceptable levels of cereal aphid’s control. All treatments induced reduction in frit fly infestation and increased larval mortality as well. Populations of frit-fly larvae were lower in the treated than untreated plots. H. bacteriophora was more efficacious against O. frit in laboratory than S. carpocapsae, while the latter was more efficient in field experiments. Karate resulted in significantly lower population densities of frit fly. Insecticide applications to fields of midge-infested winter wheat significantly reduced the wheat midge damage. There were significant differences in wheat midge numbers between treated and untreated. Lacewings and dance flies were more susceptible; while spider, syrphids and parasitoid wasps were more tolerant. The results indicated that the tested compounds were effective against frit fly, aphids, thrips, leafhoppers and wheat midges; and may be used as alternative control methods in IPM programs. Compatibility between natural insecticides and natural enemies is highly required to keep the environment clean.
Ökologische Studien zum Auftreten und zur Bekämpfung der Fritfliege (Oscinella frit (L.) in Somme... more Ökologische Studien zum Auftreten und zur Bekämpfung der Fritfliege (Oscinella frit (L.) in Sommerweizen in Mitteldeutschland Die Fritfliege (Oscinella frit (L.) kann im Sommerweizen beträchtliche Schäden an den Jung pflanzen verursachen Zur Überwachung des Auftretens kamen Farbschalen zum Einsatz. Das Schadauftreten der Halmfliege wurde am Versuchsstandort Kühn-Feld (Universtät Halle) an den zwei Sommerweizensorten Triso (deutsche Sorte) und Sagha 93 (ägyptische Sorte) untersucht. Als Testsubstanzen kamen NeemAzal T/S, Trifolio S- forte, Karate und Decis zum Einsatz. Das Auftreten der Fritfliege war gut mit Blau- und Weißchalen erkennbar, Gelbschalen zeigten geringere Fangzahlen. Von den eingesetzten Testsubstanzen reduzierten Karate, NeemAzal und Decis deutlich das Schadauftreten der Larven von O. frit. Die Ertragsanalyse zeigte signifikante Unterschiede zwischen behandelten und unbehandelten Parzellen. Die Spritzung mit dem Präparat Karate reduzierte signifikant die Popualtionsdichte der Larven in den Halmen und führte zu signifikanten Ertragunterschieden.
The efficiency of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and chemical insecticides against melon fruit ... more The efficiency of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and chemical insecticides against melon fruit flies Dacus ciliatus (Loew) infecting cucurbits in Egypt was evaluated. Five specie of EPN (2 species of Steinernema and 3 of Heterorhabditis) and two insecticides were screened. In general,the data indicated that Steinernema feltiae (NC) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (BA1) were the most effective species against larvae and pupae compared with S. abbasi, H. bacteriophora (HB) and H. indica (SAA2), either on filter paper or in sandy soil. One day after treatment, S. feltiae caused 50% mortality of 2 nd instar larvae of D. ciliatus and 20 to 40% mortality to other tested EPN species. Mortality percentages reached 100% for all species 3 days after application with 1000 IJs/ml, while the mortality recorded 90% for S. feltiae at rate 500 IJs/ml and 70% to 80% for the other species. At the 7 th day prior to application of EPN's, mortality reached 100% for all species at the two concent...
In Europe, sustainable land use management is a primary environmental protection goal. Compared t... more In Europe, sustainable land use management is a primary environmental protection goal. Compared to conventional crop production aided by chemical insecticides, insect-resistant transgenic crop production can enhance animal and plant biodiversity and thus ecological services such as biological control of pests and diseases, as well as reducing the need for chemical inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of insect-resistant transgenic maize hybrids on the abundance of key non-target arthropods. During the 2010 and 2011 seasons, three treatments were compared, one Bt-transgenic maize hybrid targeting Ostrinia nubilalis, the corresponding non-Bt control (negative control), and the non-Bt control treated with insecticide (positive control), each with four replications. Two monitoring methods, pitfall and sticky traps, were used to collect non-target arthropods. Arthropods caught in pitfall traps differed significantly between years. Carabids and collembolans were ...
Die Getreideviren Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Wheat dwarf vrius (WDV) und Barley dwarf viru... more Die Getreideviren Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Wheat dwarf vrius (WDV) und Barley dwarf virus (BDV) profitieren von erhöhten Temperaturen im Herbst und Winter, da sich deren Vektoren dann in tensiver vermehren können. Daher werden durch den Klimawandel Vektoren inse ktenübertragbarer Viren eine größere Bedeutung erlangen. Die zur Gattung Mastrevirus gehörenden WDV, BDV und ODV werden in Mitteldeutschland von der Vektorart Psammotettix alienus persistent übertragen, Die Adulten von P. alienus treten in einem Zeitraum von April bis November im Freiland an Winterweizen und Wintergerste auf. Zur Frage der Diversität von Zikadenpopul ationen im Getreide und deren Vektorfunktion für Getreideverzwergungsviren (CDV) gibt es wenig aktuelle Daten, deshalb wurden 2012 Untersuchungen in Sachsen durchgeführt. Di e Studie erstreckt sich über drei Phasen, so wurde Winterweizen vom Schossen bis zur Reife und Wintergerste Neuansaat in der Zeit von Ende September bis Mitte N ovember 2012 untersu...
ABSTRACT Orange wheat blossom midge damage can impart serious loss of quantity and quality of win... more ABSTRACT Orange wheat blossom midge damage can impart serious loss of quantity and quality of winter wheat. Wheat midges were evaluated in large scale field in winter wheat in Bad Lausick (Leipzig, Saxsony) central Germany. The present study aimed at studying the activity of wheat blossom midges WBM, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) and Contarinia tritici (Kirby) using pheromone, sticky traps and two types of water traps. Management of midges with different treatments was studied; Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide) were sprayed on wheat at heading stage (GS 55). Monitoring was conducted before the treatment and continued for 4 weeks after the treatment. Pheromone traps were used for forecasting midge adult population and determine the control date. Water traps were used to assess midge larvae, while midge adults were surveyed using sticky traps. A strong correlation between midge catches and weather conditions was obtained; as well a coincidence between pheromone catches and wheat midge infestation in the susceptible growth stages (GS 47-65) was recorded. Insecticide applications to fields of midge-infested winter wheat significantly reduced the wheat midge damage. There were significant differences in wheat midge numbers between treated and untreated; wheat midge numbers were lower in the treated than in control. The results proved that both Karate and Biscaya caused more mortality to wheat midges than NeemAzal T/S.
ZusammenfassungIm Sommer 2012 wurde das Auftreten von Weizenschädlingen und ihrer natürlichen Geg... more ZusammenfassungIm Sommer 2012 wurde das Auftreten von Weizenschädlingen und ihrer natürlichen Gegenspielern mit der Methode des Kescherfangs auf einem Winterweizenfeld in der Feldflur Bad Lausick im Freistaat Sachen untersucht. Das Auftreten wurde durch den Einsatz der Insektizide Karate (Pyrethroid), Biscaya (Neonicotinoid) und NeemAzal T/S reguliert. Die Insektizide kamen zum Schossen (BBCH 32) und zum Ährenschieben (BBCH 55) zum Einsatz. Die Wirkungsgrade der Präparate (Abbott %) auf Schädlinge und Nichtzielorganismen wurden über einen Zeitraum von vier und acht Wochen erfasst. Aussagen zu den direkten Wirkungen auf Blattläuse, Zikaden, Thripse und Getreidehähnchen wurden getroffen. Für die Gruppe der Nichtzielorganismen können Aussagen zu Marienkäfern, Schwebfliegen, Florfliegen, Tanzfliegen, Spinnen und parasitische Wespen gemacht werden. Die Resultate zeigen, dass Karate über alle Schädlinge gemittelt einen Wirkungsgrad von knapp 80 % erreichte. Die Nichtzielorganismen wurden im Bereich von 30–60 % reduziert. Die Präparate Biscaya und NeemAzal T/S zeigten Wirkungsgrade im Bereich 50–65 % und die Gegenspielerpopulation wurden um Werte zwischen 10–40 % reduziert.AbstractWheat insect pests and the beneficial arthropod populations were assessed using sweep net across a large scale winter wheat field in Bad Lausick (Free State of Saxony, Germany) before and after insecticide applications. The insecticides used were Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide). The tested compounds were sprayed twice during the early season growth stage (Elongation- GS 32) and at the heading stage (GS 55), and their effects were evaluated on wheat insect pests. The side effects of these insecticides on associated natural enemies were also studied. Monitoring was conducted for 4 weeks after each treatment. Cereal aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, cereal leaf beetles, cereal bugs and also many natural enemies such as predators (lady beetles, lacewings, syrphids, dance flies and spiders) and parasitoids (parasitic wasps) were surveyed. The dose of these insecticides resulted in reductions of wheat insect and natural enemy populations and this reduction was corrected based on Abbott equation. The results showed that Karate is correlated with the highest percentage reduction (79.5 %) to wheat insect pests. Karate use also resulted in a percentage reduction to natural enemies (30–60 %). Biscaya and NeemAzal T/S is correlated with an equivalent mortality percents (50–65 %) to wheat insect pests and resulted in a smaller percentage reduction of natural enemies (10–40 %) compared to Karate. Thrips and cereal bugs were more affected than leafhoppers. Lacewings and dance flies were more susceptible; while spider, syrphids and parasitoid wasps were more tolerant. Compatibility between natural insecticides and natural enemies is highly required to keep the environment clean.
ABSTRACT Susceptibility of spring wheat to infestation with wheat blossom midges (WBM) and thrips... more ABSTRACT Susceptibility of spring wheat to infestation with wheat blossom midges (WBM) and thrips was studied in Central Germany in the two seasons, 2008 and 2009. WBM Sitodiplosis mosellana, Contarinia tritici and the thrips species Limothrips denticornis and L. cerealium are among the major pests of wheat ears. Pheromone traps were used for surveying S. mosellana adults. Ear-infestations in the wheat varieties Triso (high quality in Germany) and Sakha 93 (resistant to drought in Egypt) were evaluated by counting insects at flowering stage (GS 65) and the milk-ripe stage (GS 73). Migrating WBM larvae were evaluated using water traps. In the pheromone traps, density of S. mosellana adults started high and then the population steadily declined until the end of the season. There was no significant difference in the total number of thrips and WBM larvae between varieties at GS 65 in either year, while differ-ences between varieties at GS 73 were significant. Thrips and WBM larvae numbers were significantly higher in Triso than Sakha 93 in 2008 and 2009. The infested ears were positively correlated with WBM counts in both varieties. Numbers of migrated yellow midge larvae were higher in 2008, but lower in 2009 than orange midge. Yield was higher in Triso than Sakha 93 in both seasons.
The efficacy of range of compounds: one botanical insecticide (NeemAzal T/S) and two pyrethroid i... more The efficacy of range of compounds: one botanical insecticide (NeemAzal T/S) and two pyrethroid insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate 9.4% S.C) and deltamethrin (Decis 2.8% E.C.) were evaluated to control Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) in laboratory; as well as to control frit fly, Oscinella frit (L.). The later insect was also controlled companying with three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora). Management of wheat midges with different botanicals was also studied; Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide) which were sprayed on wheat at heading stage (GS 55). Different concentrations were used to study efficiency of the tested compounds on both aphid species 24, 48 and 72 hours post treatment in the laboratory. While frit fly and wheat midges were managed in winter and spring wheat fields and evaluated after 3, 7 and 15 days after botanicals application. Surveying wheat insects and the associated natural enemies were inspected before and after treating of botanical insecticides. The mortality reached 100% after 24 h in M. dirhodum and after 48 h in R. padi. Most of the tested compounds caused acceptable levels of cereal aphid’s control. All treatments induced reduction in frit fly infestation and increased larval mortality as well. Populations of frit-fly larvae were lower in the treated than untreated plots. H. bacteriophora was more efficacious against O. frit in laboratory than S. carpocapsae, while the latter was more efficient in field experiments. Karate resulted in significantly lower population densities of frit fly. Insecticide applications to fields of midge-infested winter wheat significantly reduced the wheat midge damage. There were significant differences in wheat midge numbers between treated and untreated. Lacewings and dance flies were more susceptible; while spider, syrphids and parasitoid wasps were more tolerant. The results indicated that the tested compounds were effective against frit fly, aphids, thrips, leafhoppers and wheat midges; and may be used as alternative control methods in IPM programs. Compatibility between natural insecticides and natural enemies is highly required to keep the environment clean.
Ökologische Studien zum Auftreten und zur Bekämpfung der Fritfliege (Oscinella frit (L.) in Somme... more Ökologische Studien zum Auftreten und zur Bekämpfung der Fritfliege (Oscinella frit (L.) in Sommerweizen in Mitteldeutschland Die Fritfliege (Oscinella frit (L.) kann im Sommerweizen beträchtliche Schäden an den Jung pflanzen verursachen Zur Überwachung des Auftretens kamen Farbschalen zum Einsatz. Das Schadauftreten der Halmfliege wurde am Versuchsstandort Kühn-Feld (Universtät Halle) an den zwei Sommerweizensorten Triso (deutsche Sorte) und Sagha 93 (ägyptische Sorte) untersucht. Als Testsubstanzen kamen NeemAzal T/S, Trifolio S- forte, Karate und Decis zum Einsatz. Das Auftreten der Fritfliege war gut mit Blau- und Weißchalen erkennbar, Gelbschalen zeigten geringere Fangzahlen. Von den eingesetzten Testsubstanzen reduzierten Karate, NeemAzal und Decis deutlich das Schadauftreten der Larven von O. frit. Die Ertragsanalyse zeigte signifikante Unterschiede zwischen behandelten und unbehandelten Parzellen. Die Spritzung mit dem Präparat Karate reduzierte signifikant die Popualtionsdichte der Larven in den Halmen und führte zu signifikanten Ertragunterschieden.
The efficiency of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and chemical insecticides against melon fruit ... more The efficiency of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and chemical insecticides against melon fruit flies Dacus ciliatus (Loew) infecting cucurbits in Egypt was evaluated. Five specie of EPN (2 species of Steinernema and 3 of Heterorhabditis) and two insecticides were screened. In general,the data indicated that Steinernema feltiae (NC) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (BA1) were the most effective species against larvae and pupae compared with S. abbasi, H. bacteriophora (HB) and H. indica (SAA2), either on filter paper or in sandy soil. One day after treatment, S. feltiae caused 50% mortality of 2 nd instar larvae of D. ciliatus and 20 to 40% mortality to other tested EPN species. Mortality percentages reached 100% for all species 3 days after application with 1000 IJs/ml, while the mortality recorded 90% for S. feltiae at rate 500 IJs/ml and 70% to 80% for the other species. At the 7 th day prior to application of EPN's, mortality reached 100% for all species at the two concent...
In Europe, sustainable land use management is a primary environmental protection goal. Compared t... more In Europe, sustainable land use management is a primary environmental protection goal. Compared to conventional crop production aided by chemical insecticides, insect-resistant transgenic crop production can enhance animal and plant biodiversity and thus ecological services such as biological control of pests and diseases, as well as reducing the need for chemical inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of insect-resistant transgenic maize hybrids on the abundance of key non-target arthropods. During the 2010 and 2011 seasons, three treatments were compared, one Bt-transgenic maize hybrid targeting Ostrinia nubilalis, the corresponding non-Bt control (negative control), and the non-Bt control treated with insecticide (positive control), each with four replications. Two monitoring methods, pitfall and sticky traps, were used to collect non-target arthropods. Arthropods caught in pitfall traps differed significantly between years. Carabids and collembolans were ...
Die Getreideviren Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Wheat dwarf vrius (WDV) und Barley dwarf viru... more Die Getreideviren Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Wheat dwarf vrius (WDV) und Barley dwarf virus (BDV) profitieren von erhöhten Temperaturen im Herbst und Winter, da sich deren Vektoren dann in tensiver vermehren können. Daher werden durch den Klimawandel Vektoren inse ktenübertragbarer Viren eine größere Bedeutung erlangen. Die zur Gattung Mastrevirus gehörenden WDV, BDV und ODV werden in Mitteldeutschland von der Vektorart Psammotettix alienus persistent übertragen, Die Adulten von P. alienus treten in einem Zeitraum von April bis November im Freiland an Winterweizen und Wintergerste auf. Zur Frage der Diversität von Zikadenpopul ationen im Getreide und deren Vektorfunktion für Getreideverzwergungsviren (CDV) gibt es wenig aktuelle Daten, deshalb wurden 2012 Untersuchungen in Sachsen durchgeführt. Di e Studie erstreckt sich über drei Phasen, so wurde Winterweizen vom Schossen bis zur Reife und Wintergerste Neuansaat in der Zeit von Ende September bis Mitte N ovember 2012 untersu...
ABSTRACT Orange wheat blossom midge damage can impart serious loss of quantity and quality of win... more ABSTRACT Orange wheat blossom midge damage can impart serious loss of quantity and quality of winter wheat. Wheat midges were evaluated in large scale field in winter wheat in Bad Lausick (Leipzig, Saxsony) central Germany. The present study aimed at studying the activity of wheat blossom midges WBM, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) and Contarinia tritici (Kirby) using pheromone, sticky traps and two types of water traps. Management of midges with different treatments was studied; Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide) were sprayed on wheat at heading stage (GS 55). Monitoring was conducted before the treatment and continued for 4 weeks after the treatment. Pheromone traps were used for forecasting midge adult population and determine the control date. Water traps were used to assess midge larvae, while midge adults were surveyed using sticky traps. A strong correlation between midge catches and weather conditions was obtained; as well a coincidence between pheromone catches and wheat midge infestation in the susceptible growth stages (GS 47-65) was recorded. Insecticide applications to fields of midge-infested winter wheat significantly reduced the wheat midge damage. There were significant differences in wheat midge numbers between treated and untreated; wheat midge numbers were lower in the treated than in control. The results proved that both Karate and Biscaya caused more mortality to wheat midges than NeemAzal T/S.
ZusammenfassungIm Sommer 2012 wurde das Auftreten von Weizenschädlingen und ihrer natürlichen Geg... more ZusammenfassungIm Sommer 2012 wurde das Auftreten von Weizenschädlingen und ihrer natürlichen Gegenspielern mit der Methode des Kescherfangs auf einem Winterweizenfeld in der Feldflur Bad Lausick im Freistaat Sachen untersucht. Das Auftreten wurde durch den Einsatz der Insektizide Karate (Pyrethroid), Biscaya (Neonicotinoid) und NeemAzal T/S reguliert. Die Insektizide kamen zum Schossen (BBCH 32) und zum Ährenschieben (BBCH 55) zum Einsatz. Die Wirkungsgrade der Präparate (Abbott %) auf Schädlinge und Nichtzielorganismen wurden über einen Zeitraum von vier und acht Wochen erfasst. Aussagen zu den direkten Wirkungen auf Blattläuse, Zikaden, Thripse und Getreidehähnchen wurden getroffen. Für die Gruppe der Nichtzielorganismen können Aussagen zu Marienkäfern, Schwebfliegen, Florfliegen, Tanzfliegen, Spinnen und parasitische Wespen gemacht werden. Die Resultate zeigen, dass Karate über alle Schädlinge gemittelt einen Wirkungsgrad von knapp 80 % erreichte. Die Nichtzielorganismen wurden im Bereich von 30–60 % reduziert. Die Präparate Biscaya und NeemAzal T/S zeigten Wirkungsgrade im Bereich 50–65 % und die Gegenspielerpopulation wurden um Werte zwischen 10–40 % reduziert.AbstractWheat insect pests and the beneficial arthropod populations were assessed using sweep net across a large scale winter wheat field in Bad Lausick (Free State of Saxony, Germany) before and after insecticide applications. The insecticides used were Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide). The tested compounds were sprayed twice during the early season growth stage (Elongation- GS 32) and at the heading stage (GS 55), and their effects were evaluated on wheat insect pests. The side effects of these insecticides on associated natural enemies were also studied. Monitoring was conducted for 4 weeks after each treatment. Cereal aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, cereal leaf beetles, cereal bugs and also many natural enemies such as predators (lady beetles, lacewings, syrphids, dance flies and spiders) and parasitoids (parasitic wasps) were surveyed. The dose of these insecticides resulted in reductions of wheat insect and natural enemy populations and this reduction was corrected based on Abbott equation. The results showed that Karate is correlated with the highest percentage reduction (79.5 %) to wheat insect pests. Karate use also resulted in a percentage reduction to natural enemies (30–60 %). Biscaya and NeemAzal T/S is correlated with an equivalent mortality percents (50–65 %) to wheat insect pests and resulted in a smaller percentage reduction of natural enemies (10–40 %) compared to Karate. Thrips and cereal bugs were more affected than leafhoppers. Lacewings and dance flies were more susceptible; while spider, syrphids and parasitoid wasps were more tolerant. Compatibility between natural insecticides and natural enemies is highly required to keep the environment clean.
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Papers by Prof. Dr. Nabil Elwakeil