Globalization has resulted in enhanced trade in livestock and livestock products leading to incre... more Globalization has resulted in enhanced trade in livestock and livestock products leading to increased risk of diseases to livestock and human beings. The emergence of highly contagious viral diseases of livestock and poultry such as foot-and-mouth disease, peste des petits ruminants, African swine fever (ASF), Newcastle disease, avian influenza and zoonotic diseases caused by viruses like Ebola, West Nile, Nipah, Hendra and swine influenza (H1N1) have necessitated the formulation of policies and regulatory frameworks for preventing ingress of exotic diseases and controlling dissemination of endemic diseases within the country. Biosecurity measures are important to maintain and improve animal health and reduce the risks. In this review, the risks of introduction of infections through livestock and livestock products, routes of transmission and general biosecurity measures to reduce these risks have been discussed.
Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, Aug 28, 2013
Innate immunity plays a critical role in host defense against infectious diseases by discriminati... more Innate immunity plays a critical role in host defense against infectious diseases by discriminating between self and infectious non-self. The recognition of infectious non-self involves germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The PAMPs are the components of pathogenic microbes which include not only the cell wall constituents but also the unmethylated 2'-deoxy-ribo-cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs. These CpG motifs present within bacterial and viral DNA are recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and signaling by this receptor triggers a proinflammatory cytokine response which, in turn, influences both innate and adaptive immune responses. The activation of TLR9 with synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) induces powerful Th1-like immune responses. It has been shown to provide protection against infectious diseases, allergy and cancer in laboratory animal models and some domestic animal species. With better understanding of the basic biology and immune mechanisms, it would be possible to exploit the potential of CpG motifs for animal welfare. The research developments in the area of CpG and TLR9 and the potential applications in animal health have been reviewed in this article.
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) stimulate immune cells from a wide spectrum of mammalian spec... more CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) stimulate immune cells from a wide spectrum of mammalian species. Class C CpG-ODN is relatively stable and has the combined immune effects of both A and B classes of CpG-ODN. Trypanosoma evansi produces the state of immuno-suppression in the infected hosts. The current chemotherapeutic agents against this parasite are limited in number and usually associated with severe side effects. The present work aimed to determine the immunostimulatory effects of CpG-ODN class C in T. evansi infected rabbits. Rabbits inoculated with CpG C and challenged with T. evansi re-sulted in delayed onset of clinical signs with reduced severity in comparison to that of T. evansi infected rabbits. The treatment also enhanced humoral immune responses. Histo-pathological findings in liver and spleen revealed enhancement of mononuclear cell infiltra-tion and secondary B cell follicles. These results demonstrate that CpG-ODN class C, has immunostimulatory properties in rabbi...
Our results indicate that chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is characterized b... more Our results indicate that chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is characterized by the down-regulation of a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling pathway and such a deficiency within the innate immune system may contribute to the inflammatory process of CRSsNP. In contrast, the inflammatory process found in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by an excessively activated TLR-mediated signaling pathway, which may contribute to the formation of nasal polyps. This study suggests that the pathophysiologic mechanism of CRSsNP and CRSwNP is different. The nasal mucosa expresses a variety of TLRs that serve in recognizing microorganisms. We investigated the gene expression of a TLR-mediated signaling pathway within two distinctive patient subgroups: CRSwNP and CRSsNP. Nasal mucosal tissue was obtained from 78 subjects with CRS and 23 control subjects. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate tissues for the expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, their downstream signaling components, MyD88 and TRIF, and associated cytokines, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10. TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, and IL-4 were significantly increased in CRSwNP patients when compared with either CRSsNP patients or control subjects, whereas TLR4 and TLR7, and downstream MyD88 were significantly decreased in CRSsNP patients versus patients from CRSwNP and control subjects.
Metal oxide in the nanorange acquires distinctive properties that depend on size, chemical compos... more Metal oxide in the nanorange acquires distinctive properties that depend on size, chemical composition and surface chemistry. Among the metal oxide nanoparticles, the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are commonly used for their antimicrobial properties. ZnO nanomaterials are incorporated into a variety of skin coatings because of their antimicrobial and/or antifungal properties. Most of the future therapeutic applications of NPs are based on intravenous/oral administration. Experiments on their interaction with blood components especially erythrocytes are of immense importance, if the nanoparticles are to be administered intravenously. Haemolytic potential of ZnO NPs was assessed spectrophotometerically as well as by phase contrast microscopy. In our study, interaction of different concentrations of ZnO NPs with erythrocytes revealed absence of hemolysis by spectrophotometric method. On the other hand, phase contrast microscopic examination revealed concentration dependent cluster...
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been characterized as a receptor that recognizes unmethylated CpG... more Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been characterized as a receptor that recognizes unmethylated CpG motif and triggers a pro-inflammatory cytokine response that influences both innate and adaptive immunity. Buffalo is an economically important livestock species in many Asian and Mediterranean countries, but there is little information available on its TLR9 structure and response to stimulation with its agonist CpG-ODNs. Hence in this study, we report the analysis of newly sequenced buffalo TLR9 gene fragment. In this study, buffalo TLR9 amino acid sequence revealed close association of TLR9 proteins within other bovines and small ruminants; but high divergence from other species. Multiple alignment of deduced amino acid sequence of Bubalus bubalis TLR9 with other species showed that 156/201 (74.28%) amino acids were conserved in all species. Leucine rich repeat (LRR) motifs in the ectodomain of TLR9 are responsible for molecular recognition of its agonist. The LRR pattern of Bubalus bubalis TLR9 protein was predicted towards N-terminal sequence and was found to be conserved among all species except Rattus norvegicus and Equus caballus. Blast analysis of buffalo TLR9 sequence with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) database revealed 13 SNPs out of which 7 were cds-synonymous and 6 were of the functional significance. Furthermore, kinetics of TLR9 and proinflammatory IL-1β and TNF-α cytokine expression by buffalo PBMCs influenced by CpG-ODN is also discussed.
The efficacy and suitability of cellular schizont, soluble schizont and soluble piroplasm antigen... more The efficacy and suitability of cellular schizont, soluble schizont and soluble piroplasm antigens was compared for detecting antibodies against Theileria annulata. Fifty bovine sera of known identity were evaluated in ELISA using the above mentioned antigens. Antibody titres of 1:100 to 1:51,200 were detected while using soluble piroplasm and cellular schizont antigen in ELISA. The titres ranged between 1:100 to 1:25,600 with the soluble schizont antigen. Soluble piroplasm antigen exhibited the highest antibody titres followed by cellular schizont and soluble schizont antigens. Cellular schizont antigen proved to be better than soluble schizont antigen for detecting anti-schizontal antibodies. Antibody titres obtained by the three antigens exhibited a good linear correlation amongst each other. The study showed that soluble piroplasm and cellular schizont antigens can be used successfully for detecting antibodies against piroplasm and schizont stages of T. annulata, respectively in bovine sera.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2017
Zinc oxide nanoparticles are important nanomaterials currently under research due to their applic... more Zinc oxide nanoparticles are important nanomaterials currently under research due to their applicability in nanomedicine. Toxicity of ZnO NPs has been extensively studied and has been shown to affect various cell types and animal systems. In this study, we investigated hemolytic potential and oxidative stress inflicted by ZnO NPs and ZnO NPs-loaded-sodium alginate-gum acacia hydrogels on horse erythrocytes and African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells. Our study provides a better understanding of the hemolytic and oxidative effects of interaction of ZnO NPs and ZnO NPs released from polymeric hydrogels with the biological system. Remarkable aggregation of erythrocytes was noted in the higher concentration of ZnO NPs treated erythrocytes as compared to erythrocytes treated with ZnO NPs-loaded hydrogels. ZnO NPs-loaded hydrogels treated Vero cells significantly reduced oxidative stress as evidenced by less malondialdehyde production as compared to that of ZnO NPs treated cells. Normal horse erythrocytes when treated with ZnO NPs in in vitro condition undergo oxidative damage, and contribute in augmenting the toxicity. We demonstrated that polymeric ZnO NPs reduced the undesirable effects provoked by ZnO NPs on mammalian cells.
International journal of biological macromolecules, 2017
An ideal biomaterial for wound dressing applications should possess antibacterial and anti-inflam... more An ideal biomaterial for wound dressing applications should possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties without any toxicity to the host cells while providing the maximum healing activity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) possess antimicrobial activity and enhance wound healing, but the questions regarding their safety arise before application to the biological systems. We synthesized ZnONPs-loaded-sodium alginate-gum acacia hydrogels (SAGA-ZnONPs) by cross linking hydroxyl groups of the polymers sodium alginate and gum acacia with the aldehyde group of gluteradehyde. Here, we report the wound healing properties of sodium alginate/gum acacia/ZnONPs, circumventing the toxicity of ZnONPs simultaneously. We demonstrated the concentration-dependent zones of inhibition in treated cultures of Pseudomonas aerigunosa and Bacillus cereus and biocompatability on peripheral blood mononuclear/fibroblast cells. SAGA-ZnONPs hydrogels showed a healing effect at a low concentration of Z...
Globalization has resulted in enhanced trade in livestock and livestock products leading to incre... more Globalization has resulted in enhanced trade in livestock and livestock products leading to increased risk of diseases to livestock and human beings. The emergence of highly contagious viral diseases of livestock and poultry such as foot-and-mouth disease, peste des petits ruminants, African swine fever (ASF), Newcastle disease, avian influenza and zoonotic diseases caused by viruses like Ebola, West Nile, Nipah, Hendra and swine influenza (H1N1) have necessitated the formulation of policies and regulatory frameworks for preventing ingress of exotic diseases and controlling dissemination of endemic diseases within the country. Biosecurity measures are important to maintain and improve animal health and reduce the risks. In this review, the risks of introduction of infections through livestock and livestock products, routes of transmission and general biosecurity measures to reduce these risks have been discussed.
Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, Aug 28, 2013
Innate immunity plays a critical role in host defense against infectious diseases by discriminati... more Innate immunity plays a critical role in host defense against infectious diseases by discriminating between self and infectious non-self. The recognition of infectious non-self involves germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The PAMPs are the components of pathogenic microbes which include not only the cell wall constituents but also the unmethylated 2'-deoxy-ribo-cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs. These CpG motifs present within bacterial and viral DNA are recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and signaling by this receptor triggers a proinflammatory cytokine response which, in turn, influences both innate and adaptive immune responses. The activation of TLR9 with synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) induces powerful Th1-like immune responses. It has been shown to provide protection against infectious diseases, allergy and cancer in laboratory animal models and some domestic animal species. With better understanding of the basic biology and immune mechanisms, it would be possible to exploit the potential of CpG motifs for animal welfare. The research developments in the area of CpG and TLR9 and the potential applications in animal health have been reviewed in this article.
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) stimulate immune cells from a wide spectrum of mammalian spec... more CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) stimulate immune cells from a wide spectrum of mammalian species. Class C CpG-ODN is relatively stable and has the combined immune effects of both A and B classes of CpG-ODN. Trypanosoma evansi produces the state of immuno-suppression in the infected hosts. The current chemotherapeutic agents against this parasite are limited in number and usually associated with severe side effects. The present work aimed to determine the immunostimulatory effects of CpG-ODN class C in T. evansi infected rabbits. Rabbits inoculated with CpG C and challenged with T. evansi re-sulted in delayed onset of clinical signs with reduced severity in comparison to that of T. evansi infected rabbits. The treatment also enhanced humoral immune responses. Histo-pathological findings in liver and spleen revealed enhancement of mononuclear cell infiltra-tion and secondary B cell follicles. These results demonstrate that CpG-ODN class C, has immunostimulatory properties in rabbi...
Our results indicate that chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is characterized b... more Our results indicate that chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is characterized by the down-regulation of a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling pathway and such a deficiency within the innate immune system may contribute to the inflammatory process of CRSsNP. In contrast, the inflammatory process found in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by an excessively activated TLR-mediated signaling pathway, which may contribute to the formation of nasal polyps. This study suggests that the pathophysiologic mechanism of CRSsNP and CRSwNP is different. The nasal mucosa expresses a variety of TLRs that serve in recognizing microorganisms. We investigated the gene expression of a TLR-mediated signaling pathway within two distinctive patient subgroups: CRSwNP and CRSsNP. Nasal mucosal tissue was obtained from 78 subjects with CRS and 23 control subjects. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate tissues for the expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, their downstream signaling components, MyD88 and TRIF, and associated cytokines, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10. TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, and IL-4 were significantly increased in CRSwNP patients when compared with either CRSsNP patients or control subjects, whereas TLR4 and TLR7, and downstream MyD88 were significantly decreased in CRSsNP patients versus patients from CRSwNP and control subjects.
Metal oxide in the nanorange acquires distinctive properties that depend on size, chemical compos... more Metal oxide in the nanorange acquires distinctive properties that depend on size, chemical composition and surface chemistry. Among the metal oxide nanoparticles, the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are commonly used for their antimicrobial properties. ZnO nanomaterials are incorporated into a variety of skin coatings because of their antimicrobial and/or antifungal properties. Most of the future therapeutic applications of NPs are based on intravenous/oral administration. Experiments on their interaction with blood components especially erythrocytes are of immense importance, if the nanoparticles are to be administered intravenously. Haemolytic potential of ZnO NPs was assessed spectrophotometerically as well as by phase contrast microscopy. In our study, interaction of different concentrations of ZnO NPs with erythrocytes revealed absence of hemolysis by spectrophotometric method. On the other hand, phase contrast microscopic examination revealed concentration dependent cluster...
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been characterized as a receptor that recognizes unmethylated CpG... more Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been characterized as a receptor that recognizes unmethylated CpG motif and triggers a pro-inflammatory cytokine response that influences both innate and adaptive immunity. Buffalo is an economically important livestock species in many Asian and Mediterranean countries, but there is little information available on its TLR9 structure and response to stimulation with its agonist CpG-ODNs. Hence in this study, we report the analysis of newly sequenced buffalo TLR9 gene fragment. In this study, buffalo TLR9 amino acid sequence revealed close association of TLR9 proteins within other bovines and small ruminants; but high divergence from other species. Multiple alignment of deduced amino acid sequence of Bubalus bubalis TLR9 with other species showed that 156/201 (74.28%) amino acids were conserved in all species. Leucine rich repeat (LRR) motifs in the ectodomain of TLR9 are responsible for molecular recognition of its agonist. The LRR pattern of Bubalus bubalis TLR9 protein was predicted towards N-terminal sequence and was found to be conserved among all species except Rattus norvegicus and Equus caballus. Blast analysis of buffalo TLR9 sequence with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) database revealed 13 SNPs out of which 7 were cds-synonymous and 6 were of the functional significance. Furthermore, kinetics of TLR9 and proinflammatory IL-1β and TNF-α cytokine expression by buffalo PBMCs influenced by CpG-ODN is also discussed.
The efficacy and suitability of cellular schizont, soluble schizont and soluble piroplasm antigen... more The efficacy and suitability of cellular schizont, soluble schizont and soluble piroplasm antigens was compared for detecting antibodies against Theileria annulata. Fifty bovine sera of known identity were evaluated in ELISA using the above mentioned antigens. Antibody titres of 1:100 to 1:51,200 were detected while using soluble piroplasm and cellular schizont antigen in ELISA. The titres ranged between 1:100 to 1:25,600 with the soluble schizont antigen. Soluble piroplasm antigen exhibited the highest antibody titres followed by cellular schizont and soluble schizont antigens. Cellular schizont antigen proved to be better than soluble schizont antigen for detecting anti-schizontal antibodies. Antibody titres obtained by the three antigens exhibited a good linear correlation amongst each other. The study showed that soluble piroplasm and cellular schizont antigens can be used successfully for detecting antibodies against piroplasm and schizont stages of T. annulata, respectively in bovine sera.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2017
Zinc oxide nanoparticles are important nanomaterials currently under research due to their applic... more Zinc oxide nanoparticles are important nanomaterials currently under research due to their applicability in nanomedicine. Toxicity of ZnO NPs has been extensively studied and has been shown to affect various cell types and animal systems. In this study, we investigated hemolytic potential and oxidative stress inflicted by ZnO NPs and ZnO NPs-loaded-sodium alginate-gum acacia hydrogels on horse erythrocytes and African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells. Our study provides a better understanding of the hemolytic and oxidative effects of interaction of ZnO NPs and ZnO NPs released from polymeric hydrogels with the biological system. Remarkable aggregation of erythrocytes was noted in the higher concentration of ZnO NPs treated erythrocytes as compared to erythrocytes treated with ZnO NPs-loaded hydrogels. ZnO NPs-loaded hydrogels treated Vero cells significantly reduced oxidative stress as evidenced by less malondialdehyde production as compared to that of ZnO NPs treated cells. Normal horse erythrocytes when treated with ZnO NPs in in vitro condition undergo oxidative damage, and contribute in augmenting the toxicity. We demonstrated that polymeric ZnO NPs reduced the undesirable effects provoked by ZnO NPs on mammalian cells.
International journal of biological macromolecules, 2017
An ideal biomaterial for wound dressing applications should possess antibacterial and anti-inflam... more An ideal biomaterial for wound dressing applications should possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties without any toxicity to the host cells while providing the maximum healing activity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) possess antimicrobial activity and enhance wound healing, but the questions regarding their safety arise before application to the biological systems. We synthesized ZnONPs-loaded-sodium alginate-gum acacia hydrogels (SAGA-ZnONPs) by cross linking hydroxyl groups of the polymers sodium alginate and gum acacia with the aldehyde group of gluteradehyde. Here, we report the wound healing properties of sodium alginate/gum acacia/ZnONPs, circumventing the toxicity of ZnONPs simultaneously. We demonstrated the concentration-dependent zones of inhibition in treated cultures of Pseudomonas aerigunosa and Bacillus cereus and biocompatability on peripheral blood mononuclear/fibroblast cells. SAGA-ZnONPs hydrogels showed a healing effect at a low concentration of Z...
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Papers by Balvinder Manuja