The literature devoted to V.V. Bartold provides scarce information about his voyage to Turkey in ... more The literature devoted to V.V. Bartold provides scarce information about his voyage to Turkey in 1926, based on his report to the Academy of Sciences and an essay for the journal “Nauchny Rabotnik” (“Scholar”). In them, the scholar noted that he had been sent by the Academy of Sciences in response to a proposal from the Turkish Ministry of Education, supported by the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. Researching oriental manuscripts from Istanbul libraries and preparing a university course about the Turkic peoples of Central Asia were stated purposes of the visit. New archival materials provide more details and clarification, showing that the mission was related not only to his own research tasks, but also to the Academy of Sciences and the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs’ plans to establish scientific collaboration with Turkey. The article discusses trip organization, its initiators, goals, its results and significance in the Academy of Sciences’ international activities, and the strengthening of links between the two countries. The research is based on documents from the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the RAS and the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation, the scholar’s correspondence and publications. The author concludes that the voyage may be regarded as one of the first steps the Academy took to establish cooperation with Turkey. Its history proves that in the early 1920s, the Soviet foreign policy department actively resorted to one of the soft power instruments in international diplomacy – academic visits to create an attractive image of the country and reinforce the Soviet influence in Turkey.
Резюме: В литературе об академике В.В. Бартольде информация о его поездке в Турцию в 1926 г. весьма краткая и основана на его отчете, представленном в Академию наук, и очерке, написанном для журнала «Научный работник». В этих публикациях ученый указал, что был командирован Академией наук в ответ на предложение турецкого министерства просвещения, поддержанного Наркоматом иностранных дел. В качестве цели поездки Бартольд назвал изучение восточных рукописей, хранящихся в стамбульских библиотеках. Одновременно, по просьбе турецкой, стороны он занимался составлением университетского курса по истории тюркских народов Средней Азии. Новые архивные материалы детализируют и уточняют этот сюжет и показывают, что поездка Бартольда была связана не только с собственными исследовательскими программами, но и с планами Академии наук СССР и Наркомата иностранных дел по установлению научного сотрудничества с Турцией. Цель статьи: рассмотреть историю организации командировки Бартольда, ее инициаторов, мотивации, цели, проанализировать результаты поездки и ее значение в контексте международной деятельности Академии наук и укрепления культурного сотрудничества двух стран в этот период. Исследование базируется на документах Санкт-Петербургского филиала Архива РАН (Ф. 2, 68 и др.) и Архива Внешней политики РФ (Ф. 04), переписке и публикациях ученого. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что рассматриваемая командировка Бартольда является одним из первых шагов Академии наук по налаживанию научного взаимодействия с Турцией. Кроме того, история ее организации свидетельствует об активном обращении советского внешнеполитического ведомства в начале 1920-х гг. к одному из действенных инструментов мягкой силы в международной дипломатии-командировкам авторитетных ученых для создания привлекательного образа страны и усиления советского культурного влияния, в данном случае, в Турции-важном международном партнере СССР.
The paper continues the history of Academician V.V. Bartold’s research visit to Turkey in the fir... more The paper continues the history of Academician V.V. Bartold’s research visit to Turkey in the first half of 1926. The trip was partly reflected in the scholar’s diary, which he kept from January 15 to February 17, 1926. Despite the small volume and brevity of the entries, they are very informative and present a valuable source for studying Bartold’s research activities. The diaries show that, during that period, the Academician was mainly engaged in the study of Oriental manuscripts in Istanbul libraries. In addition, Bartold communicated a lot with Turkish and European researchers working in Turkey at that time, and, on behalf of the USSR Academy of Sciences, discussed with them the possibility of organizing joint research projects. The diary also reflects Barthold’s preparations for the trip to Baku to participate in the First All-Union Turkological Congress. The information provided allows us to detail Bartold’s research work in Turkey and his activities in strengthening academic cooperation between the two countries. А н н о т а ц и я : Публикация представляет собой продолжение истории командировки академика В.В. Бартольда в Турцию в первой половине 1926 г. Частично поездка нашла отражение в дневнике ученого, который он вел с 3 января по 16 февраля 1926 г. Несмотря на небольшой объем и краткость записей, они очень информативны и являются ценным источником для изучения научной деятельности Бартольда. Дневники свидетельствуют, что основным занятием академика в этот период являлось изучение восточных рукописей в библиотеках Стамбула. Кроме того, он много общался с турецкими и европейскими учеными, работавшими в то время в Турции, и по поручению Академии наук СССР обсуждал с ними возможность организации совместных исследовательских проектов. На страницах дневника также отражена подготовка Бартольда к поездке в Баку для участия в Первом Всесоюзном тюркологическом съезде. Представленные сведения позволяют детализировать исследовательскую работу Бартольда в Турции и его деятельность по укреплению научного сотрудничества двух стран. К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а : коллекции восточных рукописей, рукописные собрания Турции, европейские ученые в Турции, дневник В.В. Бартольда, советско-турецкие научные контакты.
Based on new archival materials, the paper briefly highlights the history of V.V. Bartold’s resea... more Based on new archival materials, the paper briefly highlights the history of V.V. Bartold’s research visit to Turkey in 1926, particularly, its preparation, reasons, and goals. It is shown that the invitation was made by the Turkish government and supported by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and by the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. Bartold mostly spent his time in Turkey preparing a series of lectures on the history of Central Asian peoples at the request of the Turkish
side, and studying Oriental manuscripts in Istanbul libraries. Besides, he was busy carrying out the mission entrusted to him by the Academy of Sciences, to establish academic contacts with Turkish researchers. The period of Bartold’s stay in Constantinople (Istanbul) from January 2 to February 17, was reflected in his small diary. In daily entries, the Academician thoroughly recorded events,
meetings with Turkish and European researchers, made brief notes about manuscripts and libraries. He also noted his impressions of scientific institutions and changes in the cultural space of the former Ottoman capital. The research visit of the renowned orientalist Academician V.V. Bartold to Turkey was an important contribution to strengthening scholarly contacts between Russian and Turkish researchers. The part of the diary from January 2 to January 14, 1926, in which Bartold describes the
first two weeks of his stay in Constantinople, is published as an appendix.
Культурное наследие монголов: Рукописные и архивные собрания. Сборник докладов V международной конференции, 2021. СПб.-УБ., 2023 г. / Cultural heritage of the Mongolis: manuscripts and archival collections. Papers of the V International Conference., 2023
The article analyzes the notes of Russian scholars on the Mongolian Scientific
Committee and thei... more The article analyzes the notes of Russian scholars on the Mongolian Scientific Committee and their work in Mongolia in the 1920s–1940s. They contain the interesting details about the features of the Scientific Committee and its structural subdivisions, the contents of its activities. According to the author, these notes are valuable evidence of the Mongolian Scientific Committee in this period. Moreover, the impressions of scientists immediately after their stay in Mongolia give vivid emotions addition to dry facts. This notes refute or clarify the stereotypes of perception of Russian-Mongolian scientific interaction, show the involvement of Mongolian researchers in this process, and also reflect the attention interest of Russian scholars to the Mongolian “research field” and the importance of interpersonal contacts.
The article presents an overview of ten volumes of the book series “Mongolia and Mongols. The his... more The article presents an overview of ten volumes of the book series “Mongolia and Mongols. The history of Mongolia in photos”. This edition was the result of a great work carried out by the Mongolian historian, Member of Mongolian Academy of Sciences Chuluun Sampidondov. In the article the concepts of each volume, the biographies of the photo collections owners, the motivations for their trips to Mongolia, the main objects and plots of photographs are considered; visual images of Mongolia are briefl y analyzed. Th e review author comes to the conclusion that this edition has a valuable informative interdisciplinary potential and expresses confi dence that the books series will provide an opportunity to expand further research in all fi elds of the history of Mongolia.
The structure of Russian science of the XIX century was dominated by state forms of its organizat... more The structure of Russian science of the XIX century was dominated by state forms of its organization. At the same time, there were also a few private (non-governmental) forms of research communities. One of the little-studied phenomena of scientific
privacy is the so-called “kruzhok” (a little circle in Russian). The article examines the history of the formation and activity of one of such “kruzhoks”, formed in the 1880s–1890s around Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, who was seriously engaged in research in the field of lepidopterology (the branch of entomology studying
butterflies, Lepidoptera). The role and significance of this “kruzhok” for the development of descriptive entomology in the situation of its weak institutionalization in Russia at the end of the XIX century are briefly considered, the course of scientific
research of the Grand Duke and his entourage and the reasons for the termination of their activity are discussed. The history of this informal association is interpreted by us as a manifestation of the purposeful life-making of the Grand Duke, who thus tried
to professionalize his hobby and enter the scientific community of entomologists on an equal footing, without breaking with his social environment and without going beyond the behavioral norms established by society for persons of his status. It is shown that the Nikolai Mikhailovich’s “kruzhok” became not only an instrument
of his life-making, but also an influential center of Russian lepidopterology, the development of which was thereby given a powerful impetus.
Abstract. Introduction: The article examines gift donations practiced during the 1923–1926 expedi... more Abstract. Introduction: The article examines gift donations practiced during the 1923–1926 expedition to Mongolia and Tibet led by the outstanding Russian explorer of Central Asia Pyotr K. Kozlov. Goals: The paper seeks to analyze items approved by the Soviet Government for P. Kozlov to have selected from the State Depositary, reasons why the traveler did receive the precious artifacts of gold and silver, circumstances of donations, addressees, and the latter’s perceptions. Materials and methods:
The work focuses on materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and P. Kozlov’s expedition diaries, the objectives set be articulated via individual gift donation stories (occasions) with Mongolian elites and the 13th Dalai Lama, corresponding motives and offering forms. Results: The paper shows the gift-giving practices were viewed by the traveler not only as some homage be paid to local cultures but rather as a means of communication with Mongolian officials and authorities for the latter’s assistance in solving problems faced by the Expedition. No other Russian explorer ever delivered such high-value items to have been used as gifts. Conclusions: This suggests the Bolshevik Government was hoping — with the help of Kozlov’s expedition — to facilitate positive images of Soviet Russia in Mongolia and Tibet (during a scheduled meeting with the Dalai Lama). The Appendix to the article includes several documents from the State Archive of Russia describing the selected gifts and their distribution by individuals.
Вопросы истории естествознания и техники / Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki, 2022
The article discusses the history of research in the field of entomology
(lepidopterology, the di... more The article discusses the history of research in the field of entomology (lepidopterology, the discipline studying butterflies, Lepidoptera), carried out in the late 19th century by Nikolai Mikhailovich, Grand Duke of Russia (1859–1919), and his closest associates who formed a scientific circle (“kruzhok”). We review the origins of the Grand Dukeʼs fascination with natural science, his research in the field of lepidopterology, and his activities devoted to assembling the largest private collection of butterflies in Russia. Nikolai Mikhailovich’s publications in entomology as well as his work on the voluminous Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères in 9 volumes (1884–1901) are characterized. The authors discuss the motives for creating the Grand Dukeʼs entomological circle, its lines of work and membership, its achievements, and the causes of its dissolution at the very end of the 19th century. Nikolai Mikhailovich together with the small community of enthusiasts, brought together by him, played an important role in the development of entomology (descriptive lepidopterology) in the Russian Empire. The history of the kruzhok’s formation and activities is of undoubted interest for the historians of science as a successful example of the “private” form of organization of scientific research, an alternative to government and public initiatives.
In 2021, Russia and Mongolia celebrated the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ... more In 2021, Russia and Mongolia celebrated the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the countries. At the same time, that year is also an anniversary year for Mongolian science: 100 years ago, in November 1921, the country's first research institution, the Mongolian Scientific Committee, was created, on the basis of which the Mongolian Academy of Sciences was organized in 1961. The Russian Academy of Sciences became the first international partner of the Scientific Committee. Since then, various scientific contacts have been established between our countries. Their development was associated with the creation in 1925 under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of a special Mongolian commission, which in 1927 was included in the structure of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Until 1953, she coordinated the scientific cooperation between the Scientific Committee (since 1930, the Committee of Sciences) of the MPR and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The article, prepared based on the results of many years of research by the author, examines the reasons for the organization of the Mongolian Commission, the contexts, forms, nature and disciplinary directions of Russian-Mongolian scientific relations of the Soviet period, from 1921 to 1961, the main participants in this process. The author comes to the conclusion that the scientific contacts between the two countries developed on mutually beneficial terms, were meaningful and fruitful for both sides.
Историко-биологические исседования / Studies in the History of Biology , 2021
Grigory Efimovich Grumm-Grzhimailo (also spelled Grumm-Grshimailo, Grum-Grshimailo), a renowned e... more Grigory Efimovich Grumm-Grzhimailo (also spelled Grumm-Grshimailo, Grum-Grshimailo), a renowned explorer of Pamir and Central Asia, began his long (over 50 years) and diverse scientific career as a lepidopterist. His first publications were devoted to the taxonomy and zoogeography of Lepidoptera. Grumm-Grzhimailo’s deep interest in this insect group provoked him to set out on his expeditions to Central Asia, with Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov (1859‒1919) having played a decisive role in his formation as a researcher. Four Pamir expeditions (1884-1887) were organised on Grand Duke’s initiative, three of which were also funded by him. During these expeditions, Grumm-Grzhimailo gathered extensive entomological collections and developed an original ecological-geographical method for reconstructing the history of the Lepidoptera fauna
in the context of environmental conditions and geological history of the region under study. This method was successfully used by him to process the findings of his 1889-1890 expedition to Central Asia. Unfortunately, his innovative approach has not been met with broad acceptance among his colleagues, which was probably one of the reasons for his departure from being extensively engaged in the studies on Lepidoptera in the early 1890s and turning to the studies on the geography of Central Asia and the history of its nations.
This article offers a brief biography of Grumm-Grzhimailo anda general overview of his contributions to lepidopterology, and briefly reviews his personal and scientific relationship with Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich and other entomologists from his circle of amateur entomologists. Grumm-Grzhimailo’s works on the taxonomy and zoogeography of Macrolepidoptera retain their scientific value to this day, which is also true for his collections that reflect the state of the butterfly fauna of Central Asia in the late 19th century before the beginning of intensive development of this region.
The article highlights the life and scientific activities of the prominent Russian historian of s... more The article highlights the life and scientific activities of the prominent Russian historian of science, Judith Khaimovna Kopelevich (1921–2009). A graduate of Leningrad University, a classical philologist, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, as a scientist, she went from a translator of Latin texts to a leading specialist in the history of the 18th century Academy of Sciences, who was widely known and respected in the world scientific community. Her scientific activities are associated with the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHST RAS; until 1991 — the Leningrad branch of the IHST), where she worked for almost 50 years. The publication examines the conditions in which the personality of the future historian of science was formed, motivations and circumstances that determined the choice of a profession, research priorities, and briefly analyzes the main directions of activity and works of yu.Kh. Kopelevich and their importance for the study of the history of the Academy of Sciences. It is shown that classical philological education, knowledge of Latin and foreign languages, the ability to read manuscripts of the 18th century and professional ethics determined the uniqueness and high scientific level of her works on the history of formation and the early days of the Academy of Sciences’ activities. The works of yu.Kh. Kopelevich continued the academic traditions laid down by her predecessors and marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of the history of the Academy of Sciences — its social aspects.
This work publishes several letters from Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov, known as an ama... more This work publishes several letters from Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov, known as an amateur entomologist and organizer of lepidopterological research in Russia, to his colleague and collaborator, the outstanding Russian traveler Grigory Efimovich Grumm-Grzhimailo. Letters written in the period from 1884 to 1899 are kept in the archive of the Russian Geographical Society and have not yet been published and anazyled. Their content is mainly devoted to the organization of lepidopterological research, but also contains a lot of biographical information and valuable details about the circle of entomologists that formed around the Grand Duke, the peculiarities of the interaction of Grumm-Grzhimailo with his high-ranking colleague and patron. The letters are preceded by a short essay, which highlights the main facts of the biography of Grumm-Grzhimailo and the activities of the Grand Duke during the period of correspondence. The publication may be of interest to both historians of science and professional entomologists.
В статье отмечаются основные тенденции развития монголоведения в России в XX в. Автор анализирует... more В статье отмечаются основные тенденции развития монголоведения в России в XX в. Автор анализирует библиографические указатели по монголоведению, тематику и проблематику представленных в них публикаций.
The article analyzes the official academic trips of academicians V. V. Bartold, N. Ya. Marr, A. N... more The article analyzes the official academic trips of academicians V. V. Bartold, N. Ya. Marr, A. N. Samoylovich, and other Russian Orientalists to Turkey in the 1920–1930s. It is shown that their trips were one of the main components in the structure of interstate relations with Turkey built by the Soviet government. At the same time, they played an important role in the development of academic contacts of the USSR Academy of Sciences with Turkish researchers. It is noted that these trips were initiated by Turkey. The personal research programs of Orientalists included lecturing, work in Turkish libraries and archives, and participation in Linguistic congresses. Particular attention is paid to the trip to Turkey of academicians N. Ya. Marr and A. N. Samoylovich at the personal invitation of the first president of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal, in 1933. This trip was especially important for the development of Soviet-Turkish scientific contacts, and its main result was the creation of the Commission for the Promotion of Scientific Relations with Turkey (Turkish Commission) of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1933.
ДИАЛОГ СО ВРЕМЕНЕМ. АЛЬМАНАХ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ИСТОРИИ / DIALOGUE WITH TIME INTELLECTUAL HISTORY REVIEW/ , 2020
The article is centered at a case from the work of the Museum for the History of Religion of the ... more The article is centered at a case from the work of the Museum for the History of Religion of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., when the top managers of the Academy tried to put it out of the academic system. Founded in 1932, thе Museum was regularly under criticism for not good enough research work. The reason was the very specific fot the Museum – on the point of view of the Academy’s top managers, the work of the Museum was connected more with the exhibition and educative activity, than the research one. The stenographic report of a meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences from August 1937, which is published in the attachment, illustrates the conflict between the Museum and the top management of the Academy; it provides additional information on the history of the Museum and its activity, it reflects some complications of the process of the shaping of the Museum and searches for its place in the system of the Academy, as well as other problems – those which the research community faced at the epoch of the Great Terror.
Herald of the Russian Academy of Science Vol. 90, No. 4, pp. 449–459., 2020
In this article the history of the Joint Russian-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (JRMPE) and... more In this article the history of the Joint Russian-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (JRMPE) and its work and main results are described. The organization of the expedition (Soviet-Mongolian at that time) in 1969 was preceded by a hard and lengthy work to promote this idea in academic and state institutions. The joint expedition was planned as a complex one by both the tasks and the tactics of their implementation. As a result, the JRMPE became the largest expedition in the history of paleontology. The excavations carried out within its framework provided the most important scientific materials and significantly replenished the paleontological collections of the museums in Moscow and Ulaanbaatar. The JRMPE became the basis for the development of paleontology in Mongolia and the training of highly qualified scientific personnel for Russia and Mongolia.
The history of the Joint Russian‒Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (JRMPE) and its work and ma... more The history of the Joint Russian‒Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (JRMPE) and its work and main results are described. The organization of the expedition (then Soviet‒Mongolian) in 1969 followed hard and lengthy work to promote this idea in academic and state institutions. The joint expedition was planned as a complex one by both the tasks and the tactics of their implementation. As a result, the JRMPE became the largest expedition in the history of paleontology. The excavations carried out within its framework provided the most important scientific materials and significantly replenished the paleontological collections of the museums in Moscow and Ulaanbaatar. The JRMPE became the basis for the development of paleontology in Mongolia and the training of highly qualified scientific personnel for Russia and Mongolia. // В статье описывается история Совместной российско-монгольской палеонтологической экспедиции (СРМПЭ), её деятельность и основные результаты. Организации экспедиции в 1969 г. (тогда советско-монгольской) предшествовала большая и продолжительная работа по продвижению этой идеи в академических и государственных инстанциях. Совместная экспедиция закладывалась как комплексная и по характеру задач, и по тактике их выполнения. В результате СРМПЭ стала крупнейшей экспедицией в истории палеонтологии. Осуществлявшиеся в её рамках раскопки дали важнейшие научные материалы и значительно пополнили палеонтологические коллекции музеев Москвы и Улан-Батора. СРМПЭ стала базой для развития палеонтологии в Монголии, подготовки научных кадров высшей квалификации для России и Монголии.
SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY / Социология науки и технологий, 2019
The article considers an example from the history of Soviet science of the 1940s within the frame... more The article considers an example from the history of Soviet science of the 1940s within the framework of the definition of scientific leadership as a research activity involving, firstly, the cognitive influence of the scientist on the academic community, and, secondly, his ability to use rational mechanisms to implement the initiated scientific ideas. The emphasis is made on the second part of the definition identifying personal qualities, mechanisms, and tools that determined the managerial effectiveness of the scientific leader (I. A. Efremov) in specific social contexts. It is shown that in order to approve his expeditions I. A. Efremov had to overcome internal-academic, and external-state administrative and bureaucratic barriers. The success of his organizational activities was determined by personal qualities, his scientific authority, knowledge of the structure of public administration of science, and his communication networks as well. During his first expedition, he ventured change the route, something which became the main factor of its scientific effectiveness and further success in Mongolia. At the stage of organizing the expedition, I. A. Efremov showed himself as an succesful manager of the scientific project, and when choosing a route — as a scientist, capable of producing extraordinary ideas and taking responsibility for their realization. While before the Mongolian expeditions I. A. Efremov was considered as a distinguished scientist and an outstanding expert in his field of knowledge, after the results of Mongolian expeditions he became a recognized scientific leader in the field of vertebrate paleontology. At the same time, this recognition did not affect the advancement of his scientific career inside the USSR Academy of Sciences.
В статье рассматриваются общие вопросы создания и деятельности Комиссии по научным экспедициям РА... more В статье рассматриваются общие вопросы создания и деятельности Комиссии по научным экспедициям РАН, ее функционирование в системе академических учреждений, основные этапы и специфика работы. Особое внимание уделяется первым годам существования Комиссии, в меньшей степени отраженным в литературе по истории Академии наук / This esay analyzes the organization and activities of the Russian Academy of Science's Commission on Scientific Expeditions, the Commision's role in the system of acdemic institutions, and the main stages and specific features of its work. The author focused mainly on the Commission's early years, which have received little detailed attention in the existing literature.
The article presents a brief overview of the expeditionary photo albums of Russian researchers wh... more The article presents a brief overview of the expeditionary photo albums of Russian researchers who were members of the expeditions of the Mongolian Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the 1920s — L.A. Amsterdamskaya, V.A. Kazakevich, E.V. Kozlova, K.L. Ostrovetsky, N.N. Poppe, and the traveler P.K. Kozlov, — stored in the Mongolian archives. These photo albums were annexed to the reports that expedition members submitted to the Mongolian Scientific Committee per the agreements between the Mongolian Commission and the Scientific Committee. It is shown that expeditionary photographic materials are the important sources on the history of the exploring of Mongolia by the Academy of Sciences, the analysis of the conditions and methods of expeditions’ work, as well as the joint activities of Russian and Mongolian researchers. / В статье представлен краткий обзор хранящихся в монгольских архивах экспедиционных фотоальбомов российских исследователей — участников экспедиций Монгольской комиссии АН СССР в 1920-х гг.: Л.А. Амстердамской, В.А. Казакевича, Е.В. Козловой, К.Л. Островецкого, Н.Н. Поппе и путешественника П.К. Козлова. Фотоальбомы являлись приложением к отчетам, которые они передавали в Монгольский Ученый комитет в соответствии с договорами между Монгольской комиссией и Ученым комитетом. Показано, что экспедиционные фотоматериалы являются важным источником по истории изучения Монголии Академией наук, а также при анализе условий и методов работы экспедиций и в совместной деятельности российских и монгольских исследователей.
The literature devoted to V.V. Bartold provides scarce information about his voyage to Turkey in ... more The literature devoted to V.V. Bartold provides scarce information about his voyage to Turkey in 1926, based on his report to the Academy of Sciences and an essay for the journal “Nauchny Rabotnik” (“Scholar”). In them, the scholar noted that he had been sent by the Academy of Sciences in response to a proposal from the Turkish Ministry of Education, supported by the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. Researching oriental manuscripts from Istanbul libraries and preparing a university course about the Turkic peoples of Central Asia were stated purposes of the visit. New archival materials provide more details and clarification, showing that the mission was related not only to his own research tasks, but also to the Academy of Sciences and the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs’ plans to establish scientific collaboration with Turkey. The article discusses trip organization, its initiators, goals, its results and significance in the Academy of Sciences’ international activities, and the strengthening of links between the two countries. The research is based on documents from the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the RAS and the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation, the scholar’s correspondence and publications. The author concludes that the voyage may be regarded as one of the first steps the Academy took to establish cooperation with Turkey. Its history proves that in the early 1920s, the Soviet foreign policy department actively resorted to one of the soft power instruments in international diplomacy – academic visits to create an attractive image of the country and reinforce the Soviet influence in Turkey.
Резюме: В литературе об академике В.В. Бартольде информация о его поездке в Турцию в 1926 г. весьма краткая и основана на его отчете, представленном в Академию наук, и очерке, написанном для журнала «Научный работник». В этих публикациях ученый указал, что был командирован Академией наук в ответ на предложение турецкого министерства просвещения, поддержанного Наркоматом иностранных дел. В качестве цели поездки Бартольд назвал изучение восточных рукописей, хранящихся в стамбульских библиотеках. Одновременно, по просьбе турецкой, стороны он занимался составлением университетского курса по истории тюркских народов Средней Азии. Новые архивные материалы детализируют и уточняют этот сюжет и показывают, что поездка Бартольда была связана не только с собственными исследовательскими программами, но и с планами Академии наук СССР и Наркомата иностранных дел по установлению научного сотрудничества с Турцией. Цель статьи: рассмотреть историю организации командировки Бартольда, ее инициаторов, мотивации, цели, проанализировать результаты поездки и ее значение в контексте международной деятельности Академии наук и укрепления культурного сотрудничества двух стран в этот период. Исследование базируется на документах Санкт-Петербургского филиала Архива РАН (Ф. 2, 68 и др.) и Архива Внешней политики РФ (Ф. 04), переписке и публикациях ученого. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что рассматриваемая командировка Бартольда является одним из первых шагов Академии наук по налаживанию научного взаимодействия с Турцией. Кроме того, история ее организации свидетельствует об активном обращении советского внешнеполитического ведомства в начале 1920-х гг. к одному из действенных инструментов мягкой силы в международной дипломатии-командировкам авторитетных ученых для создания привлекательного образа страны и усиления советского культурного влияния, в данном случае, в Турции-важном международном партнере СССР.
The paper continues the history of Academician V.V. Bartold’s research visit to Turkey in the fir... more The paper continues the history of Academician V.V. Bartold’s research visit to Turkey in the first half of 1926. The trip was partly reflected in the scholar’s diary, which he kept from January 15 to February 17, 1926. Despite the small volume and brevity of the entries, they are very informative and present a valuable source for studying Bartold’s research activities. The diaries show that, during that period, the Academician was mainly engaged in the study of Oriental manuscripts in Istanbul libraries. In addition, Bartold communicated a lot with Turkish and European researchers working in Turkey at that time, and, on behalf of the USSR Academy of Sciences, discussed with them the possibility of organizing joint research projects. The diary also reflects Barthold’s preparations for the trip to Baku to participate in the First All-Union Turkological Congress. The information provided allows us to detail Bartold’s research work in Turkey and his activities in strengthening academic cooperation between the two countries. А н н о т а ц и я : Публикация представляет собой продолжение истории командировки академика В.В. Бартольда в Турцию в первой половине 1926 г. Частично поездка нашла отражение в дневнике ученого, который он вел с 3 января по 16 февраля 1926 г. Несмотря на небольшой объем и краткость записей, они очень информативны и являются ценным источником для изучения научной деятельности Бартольда. Дневники свидетельствуют, что основным занятием академика в этот период являлось изучение восточных рукописей в библиотеках Стамбула. Кроме того, он много общался с турецкими и европейскими учеными, работавшими в то время в Турции, и по поручению Академии наук СССР обсуждал с ними возможность организации совместных исследовательских проектов. На страницах дневника также отражена подготовка Бартольда к поездке в Баку для участия в Первом Всесоюзном тюркологическом съезде. Представленные сведения позволяют детализировать исследовательскую работу Бартольда в Турции и его деятельность по укреплению научного сотрудничества двух стран. К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а : коллекции восточных рукописей, рукописные собрания Турции, европейские ученые в Турции, дневник В.В. Бартольда, советско-турецкие научные контакты.
Based on new archival materials, the paper briefly highlights the history of V.V. Bartold’s resea... more Based on new archival materials, the paper briefly highlights the history of V.V. Bartold’s research visit to Turkey in 1926, particularly, its preparation, reasons, and goals. It is shown that the invitation was made by the Turkish government and supported by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and by the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. Bartold mostly spent his time in Turkey preparing a series of lectures on the history of Central Asian peoples at the request of the Turkish
side, and studying Oriental manuscripts in Istanbul libraries. Besides, he was busy carrying out the mission entrusted to him by the Academy of Sciences, to establish academic contacts with Turkish researchers. The period of Bartold’s stay in Constantinople (Istanbul) from January 2 to February 17, was reflected in his small diary. In daily entries, the Academician thoroughly recorded events,
meetings with Turkish and European researchers, made brief notes about manuscripts and libraries. He also noted his impressions of scientific institutions and changes in the cultural space of the former Ottoman capital. The research visit of the renowned orientalist Academician V.V. Bartold to Turkey was an important contribution to strengthening scholarly contacts between Russian and Turkish researchers. The part of the diary from January 2 to January 14, 1926, in which Bartold describes the
first two weeks of his stay in Constantinople, is published as an appendix.
Культурное наследие монголов: Рукописные и архивные собрания. Сборник докладов V международной конференции, 2021. СПб.-УБ., 2023 г. / Cultural heritage of the Mongolis: manuscripts and archival collections. Papers of the V International Conference., 2023
The article analyzes the notes of Russian scholars on the Mongolian Scientific
Committee and thei... more The article analyzes the notes of Russian scholars on the Mongolian Scientific Committee and their work in Mongolia in the 1920s–1940s. They contain the interesting details about the features of the Scientific Committee and its structural subdivisions, the contents of its activities. According to the author, these notes are valuable evidence of the Mongolian Scientific Committee in this period. Moreover, the impressions of scientists immediately after their stay in Mongolia give vivid emotions addition to dry facts. This notes refute or clarify the stereotypes of perception of Russian-Mongolian scientific interaction, show the involvement of Mongolian researchers in this process, and also reflect the attention interest of Russian scholars to the Mongolian “research field” and the importance of interpersonal contacts.
The article presents an overview of ten volumes of the book series “Mongolia and Mongols. The his... more The article presents an overview of ten volumes of the book series “Mongolia and Mongols. The history of Mongolia in photos”. This edition was the result of a great work carried out by the Mongolian historian, Member of Mongolian Academy of Sciences Chuluun Sampidondov. In the article the concepts of each volume, the biographies of the photo collections owners, the motivations for their trips to Mongolia, the main objects and plots of photographs are considered; visual images of Mongolia are briefl y analyzed. Th e review author comes to the conclusion that this edition has a valuable informative interdisciplinary potential and expresses confi dence that the books series will provide an opportunity to expand further research in all fi elds of the history of Mongolia.
The structure of Russian science of the XIX century was dominated by state forms of its organizat... more The structure of Russian science of the XIX century was dominated by state forms of its organization. At the same time, there were also a few private (non-governmental) forms of research communities. One of the little-studied phenomena of scientific
privacy is the so-called “kruzhok” (a little circle in Russian). The article examines the history of the formation and activity of one of such “kruzhoks”, formed in the 1880s–1890s around Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, who was seriously engaged in research in the field of lepidopterology (the branch of entomology studying
butterflies, Lepidoptera). The role and significance of this “kruzhok” for the development of descriptive entomology in the situation of its weak institutionalization in Russia at the end of the XIX century are briefly considered, the course of scientific
research of the Grand Duke and his entourage and the reasons for the termination of their activity are discussed. The history of this informal association is interpreted by us as a manifestation of the purposeful life-making of the Grand Duke, who thus tried
to professionalize his hobby and enter the scientific community of entomologists on an equal footing, without breaking with his social environment and without going beyond the behavioral norms established by society for persons of his status. It is shown that the Nikolai Mikhailovich’s “kruzhok” became not only an instrument
of his life-making, but also an influential center of Russian lepidopterology, the development of which was thereby given a powerful impetus.
Abstract. Introduction: The article examines gift donations practiced during the 1923–1926 expedi... more Abstract. Introduction: The article examines gift donations practiced during the 1923–1926 expedition to Mongolia and Tibet led by the outstanding Russian explorer of Central Asia Pyotr K. Kozlov. Goals: The paper seeks to analyze items approved by the Soviet Government for P. Kozlov to have selected from the State Depositary, reasons why the traveler did receive the precious artifacts of gold and silver, circumstances of donations, addressees, and the latter’s perceptions. Materials and methods:
The work focuses on materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and P. Kozlov’s expedition diaries, the objectives set be articulated via individual gift donation stories (occasions) with Mongolian elites and the 13th Dalai Lama, corresponding motives and offering forms. Results: The paper shows the gift-giving practices were viewed by the traveler not only as some homage be paid to local cultures but rather as a means of communication with Mongolian officials and authorities for the latter’s assistance in solving problems faced by the Expedition. No other Russian explorer ever delivered such high-value items to have been used as gifts. Conclusions: This suggests the Bolshevik Government was hoping — with the help of Kozlov’s expedition — to facilitate positive images of Soviet Russia in Mongolia and Tibet (during a scheduled meeting with the Dalai Lama). The Appendix to the article includes several documents from the State Archive of Russia describing the selected gifts and their distribution by individuals.
Вопросы истории естествознания и техники / Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki, 2022
The article discusses the history of research in the field of entomology
(lepidopterology, the di... more The article discusses the history of research in the field of entomology (lepidopterology, the discipline studying butterflies, Lepidoptera), carried out in the late 19th century by Nikolai Mikhailovich, Grand Duke of Russia (1859–1919), and his closest associates who formed a scientific circle (“kruzhok”). We review the origins of the Grand Dukeʼs fascination with natural science, his research in the field of lepidopterology, and his activities devoted to assembling the largest private collection of butterflies in Russia. Nikolai Mikhailovich’s publications in entomology as well as his work on the voluminous Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères in 9 volumes (1884–1901) are characterized. The authors discuss the motives for creating the Grand Dukeʼs entomological circle, its lines of work and membership, its achievements, and the causes of its dissolution at the very end of the 19th century. Nikolai Mikhailovich together with the small community of enthusiasts, brought together by him, played an important role in the development of entomology (descriptive lepidopterology) in the Russian Empire. The history of the kruzhok’s formation and activities is of undoubted interest for the historians of science as a successful example of the “private” form of organization of scientific research, an alternative to government and public initiatives.
In 2021, Russia and Mongolia celebrated the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ... more In 2021, Russia and Mongolia celebrated the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the countries. At the same time, that year is also an anniversary year for Mongolian science: 100 years ago, in November 1921, the country's first research institution, the Mongolian Scientific Committee, was created, on the basis of which the Mongolian Academy of Sciences was organized in 1961. The Russian Academy of Sciences became the first international partner of the Scientific Committee. Since then, various scientific contacts have been established between our countries. Their development was associated with the creation in 1925 under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of a special Mongolian commission, which in 1927 was included in the structure of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Until 1953, she coordinated the scientific cooperation between the Scientific Committee (since 1930, the Committee of Sciences) of the MPR and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The article, prepared based on the results of many years of research by the author, examines the reasons for the organization of the Mongolian Commission, the contexts, forms, nature and disciplinary directions of Russian-Mongolian scientific relations of the Soviet period, from 1921 to 1961, the main participants in this process. The author comes to the conclusion that the scientific contacts between the two countries developed on mutually beneficial terms, were meaningful and fruitful for both sides.
Историко-биологические исседования / Studies in the History of Biology , 2021
Grigory Efimovich Grumm-Grzhimailo (also spelled Grumm-Grshimailo, Grum-Grshimailo), a renowned e... more Grigory Efimovich Grumm-Grzhimailo (also spelled Grumm-Grshimailo, Grum-Grshimailo), a renowned explorer of Pamir and Central Asia, began his long (over 50 years) and diverse scientific career as a lepidopterist. His first publications were devoted to the taxonomy and zoogeography of Lepidoptera. Grumm-Grzhimailo’s deep interest in this insect group provoked him to set out on his expeditions to Central Asia, with Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov (1859‒1919) having played a decisive role in his formation as a researcher. Four Pamir expeditions (1884-1887) were organised on Grand Duke’s initiative, three of which were also funded by him. During these expeditions, Grumm-Grzhimailo gathered extensive entomological collections and developed an original ecological-geographical method for reconstructing the history of the Lepidoptera fauna
in the context of environmental conditions and geological history of the region under study. This method was successfully used by him to process the findings of his 1889-1890 expedition to Central Asia. Unfortunately, his innovative approach has not been met with broad acceptance among his colleagues, which was probably one of the reasons for his departure from being extensively engaged in the studies on Lepidoptera in the early 1890s and turning to the studies on the geography of Central Asia and the history of its nations.
This article offers a brief biography of Grumm-Grzhimailo anda general overview of his contributions to lepidopterology, and briefly reviews his personal and scientific relationship with Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich and other entomologists from his circle of amateur entomologists. Grumm-Grzhimailo’s works on the taxonomy and zoogeography of Macrolepidoptera retain their scientific value to this day, which is also true for his collections that reflect the state of the butterfly fauna of Central Asia in the late 19th century before the beginning of intensive development of this region.
The article highlights the life and scientific activities of the prominent Russian historian of s... more The article highlights the life and scientific activities of the prominent Russian historian of science, Judith Khaimovna Kopelevich (1921–2009). A graduate of Leningrad University, a classical philologist, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, as a scientist, she went from a translator of Latin texts to a leading specialist in the history of the 18th century Academy of Sciences, who was widely known and respected in the world scientific community. Her scientific activities are associated with the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHST RAS; until 1991 — the Leningrad branch of the IHST), where she worked for almost 50 years. The publication examines the conditions in which the personality of the future historian of science was formed, motivations and circumstances that determined the choice of a profession, research priorities, and briefly analyzes the main directions of activity and works of yu.Kh. Kopelevich and their importance for the study of the history of the Academy of Sciences. It is shown that classical philological education, knowledge of Latin and foreign languages, the ability to read manuscripts of the 18th century and professional ethics determined the uniqueness and high scientific level of her works on the history of formation and the early days of the Academy of Sciences’ activities. The works of yu.Kh. Kopelevich continued the academic traditions laid down by her predecessors and marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of the history of the Academy of Sciences — its social aspects.
This work publishes several letters from Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov, known as an ama... more This work publishes several letters from Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov, known as an amateur entomologist and organizer of lepidopterological research in Russia, to his colleague and collaborator, the outstanding Russian traveler Grigory Efimovich Grumm-Grzhimailo. Letters written in the period from 1884 to 1899 are kept in the archive of the Russian Geographical Society and have not yet been published and anazyled. Their content is mainly devoted to the organization of lepidopterological research, but also contains a lot of biographical information and valuable details about the circle of entomologists that formed around the Grand Duke, the peculiarities of the interaction of Grumm-Grzhimailo with his high-ranking colleague and patron. The letters are preceded by a short essay, which highlights the main facts of the biography of Grumm-Grzhimailo and the activities of the Grand Duke during the period of correspondence. The publication may be of interest to both historians of science and professional entomologists.
В статье отмечаются основные тенденции развития монголоведения в России в XX в. Автор анализирует... more В статье отмечаются основные тенденции развития монголоведения в России в XX в. Автор анализирует библиографические указатели по монголоведению, тематику и проблематику представленных в них публикаций.
The article analyzes the official academic trips of academicians V. V. Bartold, N. Ya. Marr, A. N... more The article analyzes the official academic trips of academicians V. V. Bartold, N. Ya. Marr, A. N. Samoylovich, and other Russian Orientalists to Turkey in the 1920–1930s. It is shown that their trips were one of the main components in the structure of interstate relations with Turkey built by the Soviet government. At the same time, they played an important role in the development of academic contacts of the USSR Academy of Sciences with Turkish researchers. It is noted that these trips were initiated by Turkey. The personal research programs of Orientalists included lecturing, work in Turkish libraries and archives, and participation in Linguistic congresses. Particular attention is paid to the trip to Turkey of academicians N. Ya. Marr and A. N. Samoylovich at the personal invitation of the first president of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal, in 1933. This trip was especially important for the development of Soviet-Turkish scientific contacts, and its main result was the creation of the Commission for the Promotion of Scientific Relations with Turkey (Turkish Commission) of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1933.
ДИАЛОГ СО ВРЕМЕНЕМ. АЛЬМАНАХ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ИСТОРИИ / DIALOGUE WITH TIME INTELLECTUAL HISTORY REVIEW/ , 2020
The article is centered at a case from the work of the Museum for the History of Religion of the ... more The article is centered at a case from the work of the Museum for the History of Religion of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., when the top managers of the Academy tried to put it out of the academic system. Founded in 1932, thе Museum was regularly under criticism for not good enough research work. The reason was the very specific fot the Museum – on the point of view of the Academy’s top managers, the work of the Museum was connected more with the exhibition and educative activity, than the research one. The stenographic report of a meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences from August 1937, which is published in the attachment, illustrates the conflict between the Museum and the top management of the Academy; it provides additional information on the history of the Museum and its activity, it reflects some complications of the process of the shaping of the Museum and searches for its place in the system of the Academy, as well as other problems – those which the research community faced at the epoch of the Great Terror.
Herald of the Russian Academy of Science Vol. 90, No. 4, pp. 449–459., 2020
In this article the history of the Joint Russian-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (JRMPE) and... more In this article the history of the Joint Russian-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (JRMPE) and its work and main results are described. The organization of the expedition (Soviet-Mongolian at that time) in 1969 was preceded by a hard and lengthy work to promote this idea in academic and state institutions. The joint expedition was planned as a complex one by both the tasks and the tactics of their implementation. As a result, the JRMPE became the largest expedition in the history of paleontology. The excavations carried out within its framework provided the most important scientific materials and significantly replenished the paleontological collections of the museums in Moscow and Ulaanbaatar. The JRMPE became the basis for the development of paleontology in Mongolia and the training of highly qualified scientific personnel for Russia and Mongolia.
The history of the Joint Russian‒Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (JRMPE) and its work and ma... more The history of the Joint Russian‒Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (JRMPE) and its work and main results are described. The organization of the expedition (then Soviet‒Mongolian) in 1969 followed hard and lengthy work to promote this idea in academic and state institutions. The joint expedition was planned as a complex one by both the tasks and the tactics of their implementation. As a result, the JRMPE became the largest expedition in the history of paleontology. The excavations carried out within its framework provided the most important scientific materials and significantly replenished the paleontological collections of the museums in Moscow and Ulaanbaatar. The JRMPE became the basis for the development of paleontology in Mongolia and the training of highly qualified scientific personnel for Russia and Mongolia. // В статье описывается история Совместной российско-монгольской палеонтологической экспедиции (СРМПЭ), её деятельность и основные результаты. Организации экспедиции в 1969 г. (тогда советско-монгольской) предшествовала большая и продолжительная работа по продвижению этой идеи в академических и государственных инстанциях. Совместная экспедиция закладывалась как комплексная и по характеру задач, и по тактике их выполнения. В результате СРМПЭ стала крупнейшей экспедицией в истории палеонтологии. Осуществлявшиеся в её рамках раскопки дали важнейшие научные материалы и значительно пополнили палеонтологические коллекции музеев Москвы и Улан-Батора. СРМПЭ стала базой для развития палеонтологии в Монголии, подготовки научных кадров высшей квалификации для России и Монголии.
SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY / Социология науки и технологий, 2019
The article considers an example from the history of Soviet science of the 1940s within the frame... more The article considers an example from the history of Soviet science of the 1940s within the framework of the definition of scientific leadership as a research activity involving, firstly, the cognitive influence of the scientist on the academic community, and, secondly, his ability to use rational mechanisms to implement the initiated scientific ideas. The emphasis is made on the second part of the definition identifying personal qualities, mechanisms, and tools that determined the managerial effectiveness of the scientific leader (I. A. Efremov) in specific social contexts. It is shown that in order to approve his expeditions I. A. Efremov had to overcome internal-academic, and external-state administrative and bureaucratic barriers. The success of his organizational activities was determined by personal qualities, his scientific authority, knowledge of the structure of public administration of science, and his communication networks as well. During his first expedition, he ventured change the route, something which became the main factor of its scientific effectiveness and further success in Mongolia. At the stage of organizing the expedition, I. A. Efremov showed himself as an succesful manager of the scientific project, and when choosing a route — as a scientist, capable of producing extraordinary ideas and taking responsibility for their realization. While before the Mongolian expeditions I. A. Efremov was considered as a distinguished scientist and an outstanding expert in his field of knowledge, after the results of Mongolian expeditions he became a recognized scientific leader in the field of vertebrate paleontology. At the same time, this recognition did not affect the advancement of his scientific career inside the USSR Academy of Sciences.
В статье рассматриваются общие вопросы создания и деятельности Комиссии по научным экспедициям РА... more В статье рассматриваются общие вопросы создания и деятельности Комиссии по научным экспедициям РАН, ее функционирование в системе академических учреждений, основные этапы и специфика работы. Особое внимание уделяется первым годам существования Комиссии, в меньшей степени отраженным в литературе по истории Академии наук / This esay analyzes the organization and activities of the Russian Academy of Science's Commission on Scientific Expeditions, the Commision's role in the system of acdemic institutions, and the main stages and specific features of its work. The author focused mainly on the Commission's early years, which have received little detailed attention in the existing literature.
The article presents a brief overview of the expeditionary photo albums of Russian researchers wh... more The article presents a brief overview of the expeditionary photo albums of Russian researchers who were members of the expeditions of the Mongolian Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the 1920s — L.A. Amsterdamskaya, V.A. Kazakevich, E.V. Kozlova, K.L. Ostrovetsky, N.N. Poppe, and the traveler P.K. Kozlov, — stored in the Mongolian archives. These photo albums were annexed to the reports that expedition members submitted to the Mongolian Scientific Committee per the agreements between the Mongolian Commission and the Scientific Committee. It is shown that expeditionary photographic materials are the important sources on the history of the exploring of Mongolia by the Academy of Sciences, the analysis of the conditions and methods of expeditions’ work, as well as the joint activities of Russian and Mongolian researchers. / В статье представлен краткий обзор хранящихся в монгольских архивах экспедиционных фотоальбомов российских исследователей — участников экспедиций Монгольской комиссии АН СССР в 1920-х гг.: Л.А. Амстердамской, В.А. Казакевича, Е.В. Козловой, К.Л. Островецкого, Н.Н. Поппе и путешественника П.К. Козлова. Фотоальбомы являлись приложением к отчетам, которые они передавали в Монгольский Ученый комитет в соответствии с договорами между Монгольской комиссией и Ученым комитетом. Показано, что экспедиционные фотоматериалы являются важным источником по истории изучения Монголии Академией наук, а также при анализе условий и методов работы экспедиций и в совместной деятельности российских и монгольских исследователей.
Сост. и отв. ред.: И.В. Кульганек, Т.И. Юсупова. – СПб.: ООО ИД «Петрополис», , 2021
The publication of this collective monograph is timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of S... more The publication of this collective monograph is timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of Soviet-Mongolian diplomatic relations and the creation of the Scientific Committee, the first academic institution in Mongolia. The articles included in the volume are based on a wide range of sources many of which are used for the first time; their authors analyze the prerequisites for close bilateral contacts between Russia and Mongolia, the birth of the Mongolian statehood in the period between the two revolutions (of 1911 and 1921) and the Soviet-Mongolian negotiations in Moscow in 1921. The articles also discuss the evolution of Russian-Mongolian scientific contacts, their variety, peculiar features and the persons who largely contributed to the process, as well as modern interpretations of some issues related to the history, jurisprudence, historiography and literature of Mongolia. The book is intended for scholars and a wide circle of readers who take interest in the history of Mongolia
Российское изучение Центральной Азии: исторические и современные аспекты (к 150-летию П.К. Козлов... more Российское изучение Центральной Азии: исторические и современные аспекты (к 150-летию П.К. Козлова) Российское изучение Центральной Азии: исторические и современные аспекты (к 150-летию П.К. Козлова) / Отв. ред. К.В. Чистяков; ред.-сост. Т.И. Юсупова; ред. Т.Ю. Гнатюк. – СПб.: Политехника-сервис, 2014. – 408 с.
В сборник включены доклады, прозвучавшие на конференции «Российское изучение Центральной Азии: исторические и современные аспекты», которая состоялась в Санкт-Петербурге 15-17 октября 2013 г. и была посвящена 150-летию путешественника, исследователя Центральной Азии П.К. Козлова (1863-1935). В докладах представлены историческая ретроспектива и современные проблемы естественно-научного, археологического и этнографического изучения Центральной Азии, анализ влияния геополитических факторов на интенсивность и научную проблематику исследования Центральной Азии, деятельность отдельных ученых по изучению этого региона, а также материалы, посвященные жизни и деятельности П.К. Козлова.
The Russian exploration of Central Asia in historical perspective and its contemporary aspects (In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Petr K. Kozlov) / K.V. Chistyakov and T.I.Yusupova, editors-in-chief; Т.Yu. Gnatyuk, editor. – SPb.: Politechnika-servis, 2014. – 408 p.
The collection of articles consists of papers presented at the conference “The Russian exploration of Central Asia in historical perspective and its contemporary aspects”, which was held in St. Petersburg on 15-17th October 2013 and was dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the explorer of Central Asia Piotr K. Kozlov (1863–1935 ). Articles discuss the history of studying and modern problems of exploration of Central Asia from scientific, archaeological and ethnological perspectives. They analyze the impact of geopolitical factors on the intensity of field exploration and subject-matters of Central Asian Studies. Also, there are materials related to the life and work of Piotr K. Kozlov.
The book analyses the most important reasons for the large-scale Soviet scientific initiatives i... more The book analyses the most important reasons for the large-scale Soviet scientific initiatives in Mongolia, their legal grounds, aims, objects and the main trends of the expedition work of the Mongolian Commission, as well as the interaction of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Mongolian Scientific Committee.
В материалах сборника на примере деятельности монгольских и российских ученых в Монголии и для Мо... more В материалах сборника на примере деятельности монгольских и российских ученых в Монголии и для Монголии показаны особенности установления и развития монгольско-российского научного сотрудничества, рассмотрен их вклад в создание естественно-научных и гуманитарных направлений монгольской науки и изучение страны. Использованные при подготовке статей многочисленные архивные материалы помогают раскрыть влияние сложных исторических процессов, происходивших в монгольском обществе, на деятельность Ученого комитета и его взаимодействие с российскими исследователями и научными учреждениями в этот период, демонстрируют искреннюю заинтересованность российских ученых в работе в Монголии, в контактах с монгольскими коллегами. В приложении публикуются письма ученого секретаря Монгольского Учкома Ц.Ж. Жамцарано к непременному секретарю РАН, академику С.Ф. Ольденбургу и ученого секретаря Комитета наук М.И. Тубянского к академику Ф.И. Щербатскому, которые иллюстрируют организационное становление и выработку основных направлений научного сотрудничества Монголии и России в 1920–1930-х гг. The collection of articles examines the activities of several leading Mongolian and Russian academics who worked in Mongolia and for Mongolia from 1920 to 1950. It describes the unique character of the origins and development of Mongolian-Russian scholarly cooperation as well its contribution to Mongolian Studies. Based on research in various archives, the authors shed new light on twentieth century Mongolian history, the activities of the Mongolian Scientific Committee and its cooperation with Russian scholars and scientific institutions. The chapters also highlight the sincere personal interests of the Russian scientists in their work in Mongolia and in their contacts with Mongolian colleagues. Appended to the volume are letters of the academic secretary of the Mongolian Scientific Committee Ts.J. Zhamtsarano to the permanent secretary of the Russian Academy of Sciences S.F. Oldenburg and those from the Orientalist M.I. Tubiansky to the Buddhologist F.I. Stcherbatskoi. This correspondence shows the process of formation of the Russian-Mongolian cooperation in the first decades of the Mongolian Scientific Committee.
The book deals with the Mongolian-Sichuan expedition under P. K. Kozlov (1907–1909) as well as an... more The book deals with the Mongolian-Sichuan expedition under P. K. Kozlov (1907–1909) as well as an exhibition of its collections in February 1910 in the newly constructed building of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. Some of the unique archaeological finds gathered during the excavation of the medieval town Khara-Khoto on the southern fringe of the Gobi desert were displayed at the event. The exhibition attracted much attention of the academic circles and general public and became a highlight of the cultural life of St. Petersburg. It remains to this date the most large-scale of all exhibitions set up in the historical premises of the RGS. The book is illustrated with photographs taken by P. K. Kozlov during his journey and those of the exhibition taken by famous Russian photographers K. K. Bulla and S. M. Prokudin-Gorskii.
This book tells the story of the Mongolian-Tibetan expedition, the last one made in 1923–1926 by ... more This book tells the story of the Mongolian-Tibetan expedition, the last one made in 1923–1926 by the outstanding Russian explorer of Central Asia Petr Kuz’mich Kozlov. Its route went largely through the territory of northern and central Mongolia. Also, the expedition conducted some additional excavation of the ruins of the sand-buried medieval city of Khara-Khoto, in northern China, which had been originally visited and excavated by Kozlov in 1908–1909. The difficult fate of the journey reflected, on the one hand, the complexity of relationship of the expedition staff and its leader with the new Soviet administration, and, on the other hand, the radical change of the methods of exploration of Mongolia. The edition includes photographs as illustrations of the expedition activities.
The book examines the history of Soviet-Mongolian academic cooperation from the early 1920s to th... more The book examines the history of Soviet-Mongolian academic cooperation from the early 1920s to the establishment of the Academy of Sciences of the Mongolian People’s Republic in 1961. The scientific collaboration with Mongolia during this period was distinguished by its intensity and disciplinary diversity among other trends of international activity of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The author looks into the reasons for the large-scale Soviet scientific initiatives in Mongolia, their objectives, content, legal support, and the major joint projects. The numerous documentary materials from the Russian and Mongolian archives allowed to analyze the Soviet-Mongolian academic contacts in a broad socio-political context, to show the dependence of their forms and content on the nature of the interstate relations and internal political problems of both countries, and to trace the methods of the state influence on the research activities of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Scientific Committee of the MPR. Much attention in the book is given to specific participants in the research cooperation — the Soviet and Mongolian scientists, their motivations and research programs, and personal contributions.
The Quest for Forbidden Lands: Nikolai Przhevalskii and his Followers on Inner Asian Tracks is a ... more The Quest for Forbidden Lands: Nikolai Przhevalskii and his Followers on Inner Asian Tracks is a collection of biographical essays of outstanding Russian explorers of Inner Asia of the late nineteenth – early twentieth century, Nikolai Przhevalskii, Vsevolod Roborovskii, Mikhail Pevtsov, Petr Kozlov, Grigorii Grumm-Grzhimailo and Bronislav Grombchevskii, almost all senior army officers. Their expeditions were organized by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society with some assistance from the military department with a view of exploring and mapping the vast uncharted territories of Inner Asia, being the Western periphery of the Manchu-Chinese Empire. The journeys of these pioneers were a great success and gained world renown for their many discoveries and the valuable collections they brought from the region.
The book discusses the activities of one of the leading Russian explorers of Central Asia, Petr K... more The book discusses the activities of one of the leading Russian explorers of Central Asia, Petr Kozlov (1863–1935). The duration of his expeditions spanning several decades and abundance of scientific results earned him a special place among N. M. Przhevalskii’s followers. A special focus is made on Kozlov’s social network, shedding light on the motivation of his expeditions, the peculiar character of their organization, the evaluation of his discoveries by the Russian and Western scientific communities, the public perception of his personality and work, his professional contacts. The unique archeological and scientific collections brought by him have enriched the museums of Russia and laid foundation for new disciplines in Oriental studies (Tangut studies) and archeology (Hun studies). At the same time the bright and many-sided personality of P. K. Kozlov played important role in popularization of Russian geographic discoveries, rise of public interest to the discovered regio
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the mission was related not only to his own research tasks, but also to the Academy of Sciences and the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs’ plans to establish scientific collaboration with Turkey.
The article discusses trip organization, its initiators, goals, its results and significance in the Academy of Sciences’ international activities, and the strengthening of links between the two countries. The research is based on documents from the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the RAS and the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation, the scholar’s correspondence and publications. The author concludes that the voyage may be regarded as one of the first steps the Academy took to establish cooperation with Turkey. Its history proves that in the early 1920s, the Soviet foreign policy department actively resorted to one of the soft power instruments in international diplomacy – academic visits to create an attractive image of the country and
reinforce the Soviet influence in Turkey.
Резюме: В литературе об академике В.В. Бартольде информация о его поездке в Турцию в 1926 г. весьма краткая и основана на его отчете, представленном в Академию наук, и очерке, написанном для журнала «Научный работник». В этих публикациях ученый указал, что был командирован Академией наук в ответ на предложение турецкого министерства просвещения, поддержанного Наркоматом иностранных дел. В качестве цели поездки Бартольд назвал изучение восточных рукописей, хранящихся в стамбульских библиотеках. Одновременно, по просьбе турецкой, стороны он занимался составлением университетского курса по истории тюркских народов Средней Азии. Новые архивные материалы детализируют и уточняют этот сюжет и показывают, что поездка Бартольда была связана не только с собственными исследовательскими программами, но и с планами Академии наук СССР и Наркомата иностранных дел по установлению научного сотрудничества с Турцией. Цель статьи: рассмотреть историю организации командировки Бартольда, ее инициаторов, мотивации, цели, проанализировать результаты поездки и ее значение в контексте международной деятельности Академии наук и укрепления культурного сотрудничества двух стран в этот период. Исследование базируется на документах Санкт-Петербургского филиала Архива РАН (Ф. 2, 68 и др.) и Архива Внешней политики РФ (Ф. 04), переписке и публикациях ученого. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что рассматриваемая командировка Бартольда является одним из первых шагов Академии наук по налаживанию научного взаимодействия с Турцией. Кроме того, история ее организации свидетельствует об активном обращении советского внешнеполитического ведомства в начале 1920-х гг. к одному из действенных инструментов мягкой силы в международной дипломатии-командировкам авторитетных ученых для создания привлекательного образа страны и усиления советского культурного влияния, в данном случае, в Турции-важном международном партнере СССР.
for the trip to Baku to participate in the First All-Union Turkological Congress. The information provided allows us to detail Bartold’s research work in Turkey and his activities in strengthening academic cooperation between the two countries.
А н н о т а ц и я : Публикация представляет собой продолжение истории командировки академика В.В. Бартольда в Турцию в первой половине 1926 г. Частично поездка нашла отражение в дневнике ученого, который он вел с 3 января по 16 февраля 1926 г. Несмотря на небольшой объем и краткость записей, они очень информативны и являются ценным источником для изучения научной деятельности Бартольда. Дневники свидетельствуют, что основным занятием академика в этот период являлось изучение восточных рукописей в библиотеках Стамбула. Кроме того, он много общался с турецкими и европейскими учеными, работавшими в то время в Турции, и по поручению Академии наук СССР обсуждал с ними возможность организации совместных исследовательских проектов. На страницах дневника также отражена подготовка Бартольда к поездке в Баку для участия в Первом Всесоюзном тюркологическом съезде. Представленные сведения позволяют детализировать исследовательскую работу Бартольда в Турции и его деятельность по укреплению научного сотрудничества двух стран. К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а : коллекции восточных рукописей, рукописные собрания Турции, европейские ученые в Турции, дневник В.В. Бартольда, советско-турецкие научные контакты.
side, and studying Oriental manuscripts in Istanbul libraries. Besides, he was busy carrying out the mission entrusted to him by the Academy of Sciences, to establish academic contacts with Turkish researchers. The period of Bartold’s stay in Constantinople (Istanbul) from January 2 to February 17, was reflected in his small diary. In daily entries, the Academician thoroughly recorded events,
meetings with Turkish and European researchers, made brief notes about manuscripts and libraries. He also noted his impressions of scientific institutions and changes in the cultural space of the former Ottoman capital. The research visit of the renowned orientalist Academician V.V. Bartold to Turkey was an important contribution to strengthening scholarly contacts between Russian and Turkish researchers. The part of the diary from January 2 to January 14, 1926, in which Bartold describes the
first two weeks of his stay in Constantinople, is published as an appendix.
Committee and their work in Mongolia in the 1920s–1940s. They contain
the interesting details about the features of the Scientific Committee and its
structural subdivisions, the contents of its activities. According to the author,
these notes are valuable evidence of the Mongolian Scientific Committee in this
period. Moreover, the impressions of scientists immediately after their stay in
Mongolia give vivid emotions addition to dry facts. This notes refute or clarify
the stereotypes of perception of Russian-Mongolian scientific interaction, show
the involvement of Mongolian researchers in this process, and also reflect the
attention interest of Russian scholars to the Mongolian “research field” and the
importance of interpersonal contacts.
research in all fi elds of the history of Mongolia.
privacy is the so-called “kruzhok” (a little circle in Russian). The article examines the history of the formation and activity of one of such “kruzhoks”, formed in the 1880s–1890s around Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, who was seriously engaged in research in the field of lepidopterology (the branch of entomology studying
butterflies, Lepidoptera). The role and significance of this “kruzhok” for the development of descriptive entomology in the situation of its weak institutionalization in Russia at the end of the XIX century are briefly considered, the course of scientific
research of the Grand Duke and his entourage and the reasons for the termination of their activity are discussed. The history of this informal association is interpreted by us as a manifestation of the purposeful life-making of the Grand Duke, who thus tried
to professionalize his hobby and enter the scientific community of entomologists on an equal footing, without breaking with his social environment and without going beyond the behavioral norms established by society for persons of his status. It is shown that the Nikolai Mikhailovich’s “kruzhok” became not only an instrument
of his life-making, but also an influential center of Russian lepidopterology, the development of which was thereby given a powerful impetus.
The work focuses on materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and P. Kozlov’s expedition diaries, the objectives set be articulated via individual gift donation stories (occasions) with Mongolian elites and the 13th Dalai Lama, corresponding motives and offering forms. Results: The paper shows the gift-giving practices were viewed by the traveler not only as some homage be paid to local cultures but rather as a means of communication with Mongolian officials and authorities for the latter’s assistance in solving problems faced by the Expedition. No other Russian explorer ever delivered such high-value items to have been used as gifts. Conclusions: This suggests the Bolshevik Government was hoping — with the help of Kozlov’s expedition — to facilitate positive images of Soviet Russia in Mongolia and Tibet (during a scheduled meeting with the Dalai Lama). The Appendix to the article includes several documents from the State Archive of Russia describing the selected gifts and their distribution by individuals.
(lepidopterology, the discipline studying butterflies, Lepidoptera), carried out in the late 19th century by Nikolai Mikhailovich, Grand Duke of Russia (1859–1919), and his closest associates who formed a scientific circle (“kruzhok”). We review the origins of the Grand Dukeʼs fascination with natural science, his research in the field of lepidopterology, and his activities devoted to assembling the largest private collection of butterflies in Russia. Nikolai Mikhailovich’s publications in entomology
as well as his work on the voluminous Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères in 9 volumes (1884–1901) are characterized. The authors discuss the motives for creating the Grand Dukeʼs entomological circle, its lines of work and membership, its achievements, and the causes of its dissolution at the very end of the 19th century. Nikolai Mikhailovich together with the small community of enthusiasts, brought together by him, played an important role in the development of entomology (descriptive lepidopterology) in the
Russian Empire. The history of the kruzhok’s formation and activities is of undoubted interest for the historians of science as a successful example of the “private” form of organization of scientific research, an alternative to government and public initiatives.
in the context of environmental conditions and geological history of the region under study. This method was successfully used by him to process the findings of his 1889-1890 expedition to Central Asia. Unfortunately, his innovative approach has not been met with broad acceptance among his colleagues, which was probably one of the reasons for his departure from being extensively engaged in the studies on Lepidoptera in the early 1890s and turning to the studies on the geography of Central Asia and the history of its nations.
This article offers a brief biography of Grumm-Grzhimailo anda general overview of his contributions to lepidopterology, and briefly reviews his personal and scientific relationship with Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich and other entomologists from his circle of amateur entomologists. Grumm-Grzhimailo’s works on the taxonomy and zoogeography of Macrolepidoptera retain their scientific value to this day, which is also true for his collections that reflect the state of the butterfly fauna of Central Asia in the late 19th century before the beginning of intensive development of this region.
with the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHST RAS; until 1991 — the Leningrad branch of the IHST), where she worked for almost 50 years. The publication examines the conditions in which the personality of the future historian of science was formed, motivations and circumstances that determined the choice of a profession, research priorities, and briefly analyzes the main directions of activity and works of
yu.Kh. Kopelevich and their importance for the study of the history of the Academy of Sciences. It is shown that classical philological education, knowledge of Latin and foreign languages, the ability to read manuscripts of the 18th century and professional ethics determined the uniqueness and high scientific level of her works on the history of formation and the early days of the Academy of Sciences’ activities. The works of yu.Kh. Kopelevich continued the academic traditions laid down by her predecessors and marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of the history of the
Academy of Sciences — its social aspects.
Particular attention is paid to the trip to Turkey of academicians N. Ya. Marr and A. N. Samoylovich at the personal invitation of the first president of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal, in 1933. This trip was especially important for the development of Soviet-Turkish scientific contacts, and its main result was the creation of the Commission for the Promotion of Scientific Relations with Turkey (Turkish Commission) of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1933.
the Museum and searches for its place in the system of the Academy, as well as other problems – those which the research community faced at the epoch of the Great Terror.
В статье описывается история Совместной российско-монгольской палеонтологической экспедиции (СРМПЭ), её деятельность и основные результаты. Организации экспедиции в 1969 г. (тогда советско-монгольской) предшествовала большая и продолжительная работа по продвижению этой
идеи в академических и государственных инстанциях. Совместная экспедиция закладывалась как комплексная и по характеру задач, и по тактике их выполнения. В результате СРМПЭ стала крупнейшей экспедицией в истории палеонтологии. Осуществлявшиеся в её рамках раскопки дали важнейшие научные материалы и значительно пополнили палеонтологические коллекции музеев Москвы и Улан-Батора. СРМПЭ стала базой для развития палеонтологии в Монголии, подготовки научных кадров высшей квалификации для России и Монголии.
/ This esay analyzes the organization and activities of the Russian Academy of Science's Commission on Scientific Expeditions, the Commision's role in the system of acdemic institutions, and the main stages and specific features of its work. The author focused mainly on the Commission's early years, which have received little detailed attention in the existing literature.
/ В статье представлен краткий обзор хранящихся в монгольских архивах экспедиционных фотоальбомов российских исследователей — участников экспедиций Монгольской комиссии АН СССР в 1920-х гг.: Л.А. Амстердамской, В.А. Казакевича, Е.В. Козловой, К.Л. Островецкого, Н.Н. Поппе и путешественника П.К. Козлова. Фотоальбомы являлись приложением к отчетам, которые они передавали в Монгольский Ученый комитет в соответствии с договорами между Монгольской комиссией и Ученым комитетом. Показано, что экспедиционные фотоматериалы являются важным источником по истории изучения Монголии Академией наук, а также при анализе условий и методов работы экспедиций и в совместной деятельности российских и монгольских исследователей.
the mission was related not only to his own research tasks, but also to the Academy of Sciences and the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs’ plans to establish scientific collaboration with Turkey.
The article discusses trip organization, its initiators, goals, its results and significance in the Academy of Sciences’ international activities, and the strengthening of links between the two countries. The research is based on documents from the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the RAS and the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation, the scholar’s correspondence and publications. The author concludes that the voyage may be regarded as one of the first steps the Academy took to establish cooperation with Turkey. Its history proves that in the early 1920s, the Soviet foreign policy department actively resorted to one of the soft power instruments in international diplomacy – academic visits to create an attractive image of the country and
reinforce the Soviet influence in Turkey.
Резюме: В литературе об академике В.В. Бартольде информация о его поездке в Турцию в 1926 г. весьма краткая и основана на его отчете, представленном в Академию наук, и очерке, написанном для журнала «Научный работник». В этих публикациях ученый указал, что был командирован Академией наук в ответ на предложение турецкого министерства просвещения, поддержанного Наркоматом иностранных дел. В качестве цели поездки Бартольд назвал изучение восточных рукописей, хранящихся в стамбульских библиотеках. Одновременно, по просьбе турецкой, стороны он занимался составлением университетского курса по истории тюркских народов Средней Азии. Новые архивные материалы детализируют и уточняют этот сюжет и показывают, что поездка Бартольда была связана не только с собственными исследовательскими программами, но и с планами Академии наук СССР и Наркомата иностранных дел по установлению научного сотрудничества с Турцией. Цель статьи: рассмотреть историю организации командировки Бартольда, ее инициаторов, мотивации, цели, проанализировать результаты поездки и ее значение в контексте международной деятельности Академии наук и укрепления культурного сотрудничества двух стран в этот период. Исследование базируется на документах Санкт-Петербургского филиала Архива РАН (Ф. 2, 68 и др.) и Архива Внешней политики РФ (Ф. 04), переписке и публикациях ученого. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что рассматриваемая командировка Бартольда является одним из первых шагов Академии наук по налаживанию научного взаимодействия с Турцией. Кроме того, история ее организации свидетельствует об активном обращении советского внешнеполитического ведомства в начале 1920-х гг. к одному из действенных инструментов мягкой силы в международной дипломатии-командировкам авторитетных ученых для создания привлекательного образа страны и усиления советского культурного влияния, в данном случае, в Турции-важном международном партнере СССР.
for the trip to Baku to participate in the First All-Union Turkological Congress. The information provided allows us to detail Bartold’s research work in Turkey and his activities in strengthening academic cooperation between the two countries.
А н н о т а ц и я : Публикация представляет собой продолжение истории командировки академика В.В. Бартольда в Турцию в первой половине 1926 г. Частично поездка нашла отражение в дневнике ученого, который он вел с 3 января по 16 февраля 1926 г. Несмотря на небольшой объем и краткость записей, они очень информативны и являются ценным источником для изучения научной деятельности Бартольда. Дневники свидетельствуют, что основным занятием академика в этот период являлось изучение восточных рукописей в библиотеках Стамбула. Кроме того, он много общался с турецкими и европейскими учеными, работавшими в то время в Турции, и по поручению Академии наук СССР обсуждал с ними возможность организации совместных исследовательских проектов. На страницах дневника также отражена подготовка Бартольда к поездке в Баку для участия в Первом Всесоюзном тюркологическом съезде. Представленные сведения позволяют детализировать исследовательскую работу Бартольда в Турции и его деятельность по укреплению научного сотрудничества двух стран. К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а : коллекции восточных рукописей, рукописные собрания Турции, европейские ученые в Турции, дневник В.В. Бартольда, советско-турецкие научные контакты.
side, and studying Oriental manuscripts in Istanbul libraries. Besides, he was busy carrying out the mission entrusted to him by the Academy of Sciences, to establish academic contacts with Turkish researchers. The period of Bartold’s stay in Constantinople (Istanbul) from January 2 to February 17, was reflected in his small diary. In daily entries, the Academician thoroughly recorded events,
meetings with Turkish and European researchers, made brief notes about manuscripts and libraries. He also noted his impressions of scientific institutions and changes in the cultural space of the former Ottoman capital. The research visit of the renowned orientalist Academician V.V. Bartold to Turkey was an important contribution to strengthening scholarly contacts between Russian and Turkish researchers. The part of the diary from January 2 to January 14, 1926, in which Bartold describes the
first two weeks of his stay in Constantinople, is published as an appendix.
Committee and their work in Mongolia in the 1920s–1940s. They contain
the interesting details about the features of the Scientific Committee and its
structural subdivisions, the contents of its activities. According to the author,
these notes are valuable evidence of the Mongolian Scientific Committee in this
period. Moreover, the impressions of scientists immediately after their stay in
Mongolia give vivid emotions addition to dry facts. This notes refute or clarify
the stereotypes of perception of Russian-Mongolian scientific interaction, show
the involvement of Mongolian researchers in this process, and also reflect the
attention interest of Russian scholars to the Mongolian “research field” and the
importance of interpersonal contacts.
research in all fi elds of the history of Mongolia.
privacy is the so-called “kruzhok” (a little circle in Russian). The article examines the history of the formation and activity of one of such “kruzhoks”, formed in the 1880s–1890s around Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, who was seriously engaged in research in the field of lepidopterology (the branch of entomology studying
butterflies, Lepidoptera). The role and significance of this “kruzhok” for the development of descriptive entomology in the situation of its weak institutionalization in Russia at the end of the XIX century are briefly considered, the course of scientific
research of the Grand Duke and his entourage and the reasons for the termination of their activity are discussed. The history of this informal association is interpreted by us as a manifestation of the purposeful life-making of the Grand Duke, who thus tried
to professionalize his hobby and enter the scientific community of entomologists on an equal footing, without breaking with his social environment and without going beyond the behavioral norms established by society for persons of his status. It is shown that the Nikolai Mikhailovich’s “kruzhok” became not only an instrument
of his life-making, but also an influential center of Russian lepidopterology, the development of which was thereby given a powerful impetus.
The work focuses on materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and P. Kozlov’s expedition diaries, the objectives set be articulated via individual gift donation stories (occasions) with Mongolian elites and the 13th Dalai Lama, corresponding motives and offering forms. Results: The paper shows the gift-giving practices were viewed by the traveler not only as some homage be paid to local cultures but rather as a means of communication with Mongolian officials and authorities for the latter’s assistance in solving problems faced by the Expedition. No other Russian explorer ever delivered such high-value items to have been used as gifts. Conclusions: This suggests the Bolshevik Government was hoping — with the help of Kozlov’s expedition — to facilitate positive images of Soviet Russia in Mongolia and Tibet (during a scheduled meeting with the Dalai Lama). The Appendix to the article includes several documents from the State Archive of Russia describing the selected gifts and their distribution by individuals.
(lepidopterology, the discipline studying butterflies, Lepidoptera), carried out in the late 19th century by Nikolai Mikhailovich, Grand Duke of Russia (1859–1919), and his closest associates who formed a scientific circle (“kruzhok”). We review the origins of the Grand Dukeʼs fascination with natural science, his research in the field of lepidopterology, and his activities devoted to assembling the largest private collection of butterflies in Russia. Nikolai Mikhailovich’s publications in entomology
as well as his work on the voluminous Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères in 9 volumes (1884–1901) are characterized. The authors discuss the motives for creating the Grand Dukeʼs entomological circle, its lines of work and membership, its achievements, and the causes of its dissolution at the very end of the 19th century. Nikolai Mikhailovich together with the small community of enthusiasts, brought together by him, played an important role in the development of entomology (descriptive lepidopterology) in the
Russian Empire. The history of the kruzhok’s formation and activities is of undoubted interest for the historians of science as a successful example of the “private” form of organization of scientific research, an alternative to government and public initiatives.
in the context of environmental conditions and geological history of the region under study. This method was successfully used by him to process the findings of his 1889-1890 expedition to Central Asia. Unfortunately, his innovative approach has not been met with broad acceptance among his colleagues, which was probably one of the reasons for his departure from being extensively engaged in the studies on Lepidoptera in the early 1890s and turning to the studies on the geography of Central Asia and the history of its nations.
This article offers a brief biography of Grumm-Grzhimailo anda general overview of his contributions to lepidopterology, and briefly reviews his personal and scientific relationship with Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich and other entomologists from his circle of amateur entomologists. Grumm-Grzhimailo’s works on the taxonomy and zoogeography of Macrolepidoptera retain their scientific value to this day, which is also true for his collections that reflect the state of the butterfly fauna of Central Asia in the late 19th century before the beginning of intensive development of this region.
with the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHST RAS; until 1991 — the Leningrad branch of the IHST), where she worked for almost 50 years. The publication examines the conditions in which the personality of the future historian of science was formed, motivations and circumstances that determined the choice of a profession, research priorities, and briefly analyzes the main directions of activity and works of
yu.Kh. Kopelevich and their importance for the study of the history of the Academy of Sciences. It is shown that classical philological education, knowledge of Latin and foreign languages, the ability to read manuscripts of the 18th century and professional ethics determined the uniqueness and high scientific level of her works on the history of formation and the early days of the Academy of Sciences’ activities. The works of yu.Kh. Kopelevich continued the academic traditions laid down by her predecessors and marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of the history of the
Academy of Sciences — its social aspects.
Particular attention is paid to the trip to Turkey of academicians N. Ya. Marr and A. N. Samoylovich at the personal invitation of the first president of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal, in 1933. This trip was especially important for the development of Soviet-Turkish scientific contacts, and its main result was the creation of the Commission for the Promotion of Scientific Relations with Turkey (Turkish Commission) of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1933.
the Museum and searches for its place in the system of the Academy, as well as other problems – those which the research community faced at the epoch of the Great Terror.
В статье описывается история Совместной российско-монгольской палеонтологической экспедиции (СРМПЭ), её деятельность и основные результаты. Организации экспедиции в 1969 г. (тогда советско-монгольской) предшествовала большая и продолжительная работа по продвижению этой
идеи в академических и государственных инстанциях. Совместная экспедиция закладывалась как комплексная и по характеру задач, и по тактике их выполнения. В результате СРМПЭ стала крупнейшей экспедицией в истории палеонтологии. Осуществлявшиеся в её рамках раскопки дали важнейшие научные материалы и значительно пополнили палеонтологические коллекции музеев Москвы и Улан-Батора. СРМПЭ стала базой для развития палеонтологии в Монголии, подготовки научных кадров высшей квалификации для России и Монголии.
/ This esay analyzes the organization and activities of the Russian Academy of Science's Commission on Scientific Expeditions, the Commision's role in the system of acdemic institutions, and the main stages and specific features of its work. The author focused mainly on the Commission's early years, which have received little detailed attention in the existing literature.
/ В статье представлен краткий обзор хранящихся в монгольских архивах экспедиционных фотоальбомов российских исследователей — участников экспедиций Монгольской комиссии АН СССР в 1920-х гг.: Л.А. Амстердамской, В.А. Казакевича, Е.В. Козловой, К.Л. Островецкого, Н.Н. Поппе и путешественника П.К. Козлова. Фотоальбомы являлись приложением к отчетам, которые они передавали в Монгольский Ученый комитет в соответствии с договорами между Монгольской комиссией и Ученым комитетом. Показано, что экспедиционные фотоматериалы являются важным источником по истории изучения Монголии Академией наук, а также при анализе условий и методов работы экспедиций и в совместной деятельности российских и монгольских исследователей.
The book is intended for scholars and a wide circle of readers who take interest in the history of Mongolia
В сборник включены доклады, прозвучавшие на конференции «Российское изучение Центральной Азии: исторические и современные аспекты», которая состоялась в Санкт-Петербурге 15-17 октября 2013 г. и была посвящена 150-летию путешественника, исследователя Центральной Азии П.К. Козлова (1863-1935). В докладах представлены историческая ретроспектива и современные проблемы естественно-научного, археологического и этнографического изучения Центральной Азии, анализ влияния геополитических факторов на интенсивность и научную проблематику исследования Центральной Азии, деятельность отдельных ученых по изучению этого региона, а также материалы, посвященные жизни и деятельности П.К. Козлова.
The Russian exploration of Central Asia in historical perspective and its contemporary aspects (In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Petr K. Kozlov) / K.V. Chistyakov and T.I.Yusupova, editors-in-chief; Т.Yu. Gnatyuk, editor. – SPb.: Politechnika-servis, 2014. – 408 p.
The collection of articles consists of papers presented at the conference “The Russian exploration of Central Asia in historical perspective and its contemporary aspects”, which was held in St. Petersburg on 15-17th October 2013 and was dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the explorer of Central Asia Piotr K. Kozlov (1863–1935 ). Articles discuss the history of studying and modern problems of exploration of Central Asia from scientific, archaeological and ethnological perspectives. They analyze the impact of geopolitical factors on the intensity of field exploration and subject-matters of Central Asian Studies. Also, there are materials related to the life and work of Piotr K. Kozlov.
В приложении публикуются письма ученого секретаря Монгольского Учкома Ц.Ж. Жамцарано к непременному секретарю РАН, академику С.Ф. Ольденбургу и ученого секретаря Комитета наук М.И. Тубянского к академику Ф.И. Щербатскому, которые иллюстрируют организационное становление и выработку основных направлений научного сотрудничества Монголии и России в 1920–1930-х гг.
The collection of articles examines the activities of several leading Mongolian and Russian academics who worked in Mongolia and for Mongolia from 1920 to 1950. It describes the unique character of the origins and development of Mongolian-Russian scholarly cooperation as well its contribution to Mongolian Studies. Based on research in various archives, the authors shed new light on twentieth century Mongolian history, the activities of the Mongolian Scientific Committee and its cooperation with Russian scholars and scientific institutions. The chapters also highlight the sincere personal interests of the Russian scientists in their work in Mongolia and in their contacts with Mongolian colleagues.
Appended to the volume are letters of the academic secretary of the Mongolian Scientific Committee Ts.J. Zhamtsarano to the permanent secretary of the Russian Academy of Sciences S.F. Oldenburg and those from the Orientalist M.I. Tubiansky to the Buddhologist F.I. Stcherbatskoi. This correspondence shows the process of formation of the Russian-Mongolian cooperation in the first decades of the Mongolian Scientific Committee.
premises of the RGS. The book is illustrated with photographs taken by P. K. Kozlov during his journey and those of the exhibition taken by famous Russian photographers K. K. Bulla and S. M. Prokudin-Gorskii.
of northern and central Mongolia. Also, the expedition conducted some additional excavation of the ruins of the sand-buried medieval city of Khara-Khoto, in northern
China, which had been originally visited and excavated by Kozlov in 1908–1909. The difficult fate of the journey reflected, on the one hand, the complexity of relationship
of the expedition staff and its leader with the new Soviet administration, and, on the other hand, the radical change of the methods of exploration of Mongolia. The edition includes photographs as illustrations of the expedition activities.
the Soviet-Mongolian academic contacts in a broad socio-political context, to show the dependence of their forms and content on the nature of the interstate relations and internal political problems of both countries, and to trace the methods of the state influence on the research activities of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Scientific Committee of the MPR. Much attention in the book is given to specific participants in the research cooperation — the Soviet and Mongolian scientists, their motivations and research programs, and personal contributions.
of Inner Asia of the late nineteenth – early twentieth century, Nikolai Przhevalskii, Vsevolod Roborovskii, Mikhail Pevtsov, Petr Kozlov, Grigorii Grumm-Grzhimailo
and Bronislav Grombchevskii, almost all senior army officers. Their expeditions were
organized by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society with some assistance from the military department with a view of exploring and mapping the vast uncharted
territories of Inner Asia, being the Western periphery of the Manchu-Chinese Empire. The journeys of these pioneers were a great success and gained world renown for their
many discoveries and the valuable collections they brought from the region.
the evaluation of his discoveries by the Russian and Western scientific communities, the public perception of his personality and work, his professional contacts. The unique archeological and scientific collections brought by him have enriched the museums of Russia and laid foundation for new disciplines in Oriental studies (Tangut studies) and archeology (Hun studies). At the same time the bright and many-sided personality
of P. K. Kozlov played important role in popularization of Russian geographic discoveries, rise of public interest to the discovered regio