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Kubereka mwana

From Wikipedia

Template:Infobox medical condition

Kubereka mwana.

Mawu akuti kubereka mwana, omwenso ndi ofanana ndi akutiubereki, amatanthauza mapeto a mimba kapena pakati ndipo mwana m'modzikapena angapo abadwa kuchokera m'chiberekero cha mayi.[1] M'chaka cha 2015, padziko lonse pansi panabadwa ana pafupifupi 135 miliyoni.[2] Ana pafupifupi 15 miliyoni anabadwa milungu 37 asanathe,[3] ndipo ana oyambira pa 3 mpaka 12 peresenti anabadwa patadutsa milungu 42.[4] M'mayiko olemera ana ambiri amabadwira kuchipatala,[5][6] pomwe m'mayiko amene akukwera kumene ana ambiri amabadwira panyumba mothandizidwa ndi azamba.[7]

Njira yofala kwambiri yoberekera mwana ndi yomwe mwana amatuluka m'njira yachibadwa.[8] Pamakhala magawo atatu kuti mwana abadwe m'njira imeneyi: kuchepa kwa khomo lachiberekero ndi kutseguka kwa khomo lachiberekero, ndiponso kubadwa kwa mwana, ndiponso kutuluka kwa thumba limene munali mwana.[9] Gawo loyambali nthawi zambiri limachitika kwa maola oyambira pa 12 mpaka 19, gawo lachiwiri limachitika kwa nthawi yoyambira pa maminitsi 20 mpaka maola awiri, ndipo gawo lachitatu limachitika kwa maminitsi 5 mpaka kufika pa maminitsi 30.[10] Gawo loyambali limayamba ndi kupweteka kwa m'mimba kapena msana kwa masekandi 30 ndipo izi zimachitika pa maminitsi 10 mpaka 30 aliwonse.[9] M'kupita kwa nthawi, ululuwu umachitika pafupipafupi komanso umawonjezereka.[10] M'gawo lachiwiri, minofu imayamba kukungika ndipo imatha kuyamba kukankha mwanayo kuti atuluke.[10] M'gawo lachitatu kumugwira kapena kumusisita pamchomba mayiyo kwa nthawi ndithu kuti azimvako bwino.[11] Pali njira zambiri zimene zingathandize kuti mayi asamve kwambiri ululu monga kumuthandiza kuti mtima wake ukhale m'malo, kumupatsa mankhwala ochepetsa ululu, ndiponso kumuika timiyala tosalala pamsana.[10]

Ana ambiri akamabadwa, mutu ndi umene umayambirira kutuluka; komabe ana 4 pa 100 alionse, miyendo kapena matako ndi amene amayambirira kutuluka, ndipo zimenezi zimatchedwa kubadwa koyambira kumunsi.[10][12] Mayi akayamba kumva ululu woti akhoza kubereka, palibe vuto lililonse ngati atasankha kuti adye chakudya kapena kuyendayenda, koma mayi wotere salimbikitsidwa kuti ayambe kukankha kuti mwana atuluke kapena kuti mutu wa mwana utuluke, ndiponso sibwino kuti pa nthawiyi apatsidwe mankhwala othandiza kuti mwanayo abadwe mosavuta.[13] Ngakhale kuti madokotala ena amakonda kucheka kapena kung'amba njira yoberekera pofuna kuikulitsa, nthawi zambiri zimenezi zimakhala zosafunika.[10] Mu 2012, amayi pafupifupi 23 miliyoni anabereka powachita opaleshoni.[14] Nthawi zambiri madokotala amatha kuona kuti opaleshoni ikufunika ngati m'mimba mwa mayiyo muli mapasa, mwana wosabadwayo akuoneka kuti ali ndi mavuto ambiri, kapena ngati miyendo kapena matako a mwanaya ndi amene angayambirire kutuluka.[10] Ngati mayi wabereka m'njira imeneyi, pangatenge nthawi yaitali kuti chilonda chake chipole bwinobwino.[10]

Chaka chilichonse, amayi pafupifupi 500,000 amamamwalira ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi uchembere imfa zauchembere, ndipo amayi 7 miliyoni amakhala ndi mavuto aakulu osatherapo, komanso amayi 50 miliyoni amakhala ndi mavuto ena.[15] Ochuluka mwa mavuto amenewa amachitika kwa amayi a m'mayiko amene akukwera kumene.[15] Ena mwa mavuto amene amayiwa amakumana nawo amakhala kusalandira thandizo loyenera pobereka, kutaya magazi ambiri, kukomoka, ndiponso kutenga matenda ena chifukwa chosasamaliridwa bwino pobereka.[15] Ndipo mwana amene akubadwayo amatha kukhala ndi mavuto ena, monga kubanika.[16]

Malifalensi

[Sinthani | sintha gwero]
  1. ↑ Martin, Elizabeth. Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (in English). Oxford University Press. p. 375. ISBN 9780199687992.
  2. ↑ "The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. July 11, 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  3. ↑ "Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363". WHO. November 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  4. ↑ Buck, Germaine M.; Platt, Robert W. (2011). Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780199857746.
  5. ↑ Co-Operation, Organisation for Economic; Development (2009). Doing better for children. Paris: OECD. p. 105. ISBN 9789264059344.
  6. ↑ Olsen, O; Clausen, JA (12 September 2012). "Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (9): CD000352. PMID 22972043.
  7. ↑ Fossard, Esta de; Bailey, Michael (2016). Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9789351507581. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  8. ↑ Memon, HU; Handa, VL (May 2013). "Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders". Women's health (London, England). 9 (3): 265–77, quiz 276-7. PMID 23638782.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Birth". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6 ed.). Columbia University Press. 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-30 from Encyclopedia.com. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 "Pregnancy Labor and Birth". Women's Health. September 27, 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ McDonald, SJ; Middleton, P; Dowswell, T; Morris, PS (11 July 2013). "Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (7): CD004074. PMID 23843134.
  12. ↑ Hofmeyr, GJ; Hannah, M; Lawrie, TA (21 July 2015). "Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (7): CD000166. PMID 26196961.
  13. ↑ Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care (in English). World Health Organization. 2015. p. Chapter D. ISBN 978-92-4-154935-6. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  14. ↑ Molina, G; Weiser, TG; Lipsitz, SR; Esquivel, MM; Uribe-Leitz, T; Azad, T; Shah, N; Semrau, K; Berry, WR; Gawande, AA; Haynes, AB (1 December 2015). "Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality". JAMA. 314 (21): 2263–70. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15553. PMID 26624825.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules (PDF) (2nd ed.). Geneva [Switzerland]: World Health Organisation. 2008. p. 3. ISBN 978-92-4-154666-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
  16. ↑ Martin, Richard J.; Fanaroff, Avroy A.; Walsh, Michele C. Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant (in English). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 116. ISBN 9780323295376.
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