IL-6 and IL-1β responses to a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink in orienteering athletes , 2018
Background: This study was conducted to determine acute effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-... more Background: This study was conducted to determine acute effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) found in sports drinks, ingested just before an orienteering competition, on the levels of plasma IL-6 and IL-1β cytokine. Material and methods: The study was conducted in a randomized, double-blind design, including 23 elite orienteering athletes who volunteered to participate. Following the collection of resting specimens of blood, the experimental group (n = 12) was administered a sports drink containing CHO-E, while the placebo group (n = 11) was administered 500 ml of plain water. The subjects were asked to finish the orienteering competition. Results: IL-1β level in the 24th hour after the competition was found to be significantly lower than in precompetition and 2 hours after the competition in the placebo group (p < 0.05). The IL-6 levels of the experimental group in the 24th hour after the competition were significantly lower than those measured at the end of the competition and in the 2nd hour following the competition (p < 0.05). In intergroup comparisons, no significant differences were detected in the IL-1β and IL-6 levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions: A drink containing CHO-E might have stopped muscle contraction-associated cytokine production by increasing the tissue stability of the muscles, compensating the loss of fluid and electrolytes from athletes’ bodies. Key words: sports drink, cytokine, orienteering, IL-6, IL-1β, carbohydrate.
Examination of exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage in terms of smoking, 2019
This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute endurance exercise on cardiac and skeletal mu... more This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute endurance exercise on cardiac and skeletal muscles in smokers and non-smokers. Eight daily smokers (28.44 ± 3.94 years) and nine non-smokers (29.62 ± 3.46 years) were included. The subjects were not trained and performed continuous endurance exercise on a treadmill for 40 minutes at 70% of maximal heart rate. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline [pre-exercise (PRE)], at immediately after the exercise [post-exercise (POST)], at 2 hours after the exercise (2h), at 24 hours after the exercise (24h) to measure lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase(CK), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), cardiac troponin T (TN-T), and myoglobin levels. A progressive increase was observed in all exercise-induced muscle damage parameters of the smoker and non-smoker from PRE to 2h. CK, myoglobin and T-NT levels of smokers were significantly higher than non-smokers at 24h (p=0.039, p=0.018 p=0.008, respectively). No significant difference was found between the smoking and non-smoking groups at all time points regarding CK-MB and LDH levels (p>0.05). Acute endurance exercise leads to more skeletal and myocardial damage in smokers compared to non-smokers. Smoking may increase the risk of cardiovascular events during both exercise and daily physical activity.
The purposes of this study were to determine the influence of a jumping training protocol, using ... more The purposes of this study were to determine the influence of a jumping training protocol, using the weighted rope, on lower extremity visual and auditory reaction time performance in adolescent taekwondo (TKD) athletes. Twenty-two elite taekwondo athletes were randomly divided into two groups: the weigthed rope-trained (WRT) group (n = 11) and the control group (n = 11). Subjects in WRT group had jumping training 3 times a week for 12 weeks in addition to the routine taekwondo training program. The control group had no any training protocol in addition to the routine taekwondo training program. The visual and auditory reaction time performances of the subjects, both dominant and non-dominant legs were assessed with the Optojump System. The results of Paired Simple T test showed that the WRT decreased both the visual and the audiotory reaction time of non-dominant leg from pre to post-training (p=0.00, p=0.01 respectively). Although the pre-training audiotory and visual reaction times of dominant were similar between the groups (p>0.05), the post-training visual reaction time of dominant leg was significantly lower in the WRT group compared to control group (p=0.01). This study demonstrates that the weighted rope training program is effective in decreasing the reaction time in dominant and non-dominant leg. It is suggested that the WRT can be applied as an effective exercise program for enhancing visual and auditory reaction time performance.
This study aimed to examine the effect of acute beta-alanine consumption after maximal exercise o... more This study aimed to examine the effect of acute beta-alanine consumption after maximal exercise on blood gas responses. 18 volunteers, male athletes, participated into the study. Athletes were divided into two groups as experiment (beta-alanine) (n=9) and placebo (n=9). After maximal exercise, beta-alanine supplement was given to the experimental group while the placebo group received placebo. Blood was taken from the athletes three times as basal, post-exercise (PE) and 2 hours after ingestion supplement (PS); blood gas values have been analyzed. Statistically significant differences in many blood gas parameters were found when comparisons of in-group basal, PE and PS time courses of two groups were reviewed (p<0.05). But, there was no significant difference between the basal and PS levels of any parameters in the beta-alanine group although there were significant differences among the PE, basal and PS values as a result of beta-alanine supplementation. When all inter-group comparisons of all findings obtained were considered, a significant difference was not detected at any time periods (p>0.05).It can be said that the beta-alanine supplementation after maximal exercise had positive effects on the blood gas responses, body oxygenation status, which is important for performance and recovery, and acid-base balance of the athletes.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the exercise-induced muscle damage responses to whey pro... more Objective: This study aimed to determine the exercise-induced muscle damage responses to whey protein supplementation in soccer players. Methods: Total 22 male soccer’s participated in this study. Subjects were divided into 2 groups as experiment group (n=11) and placebo group (n=11). Blood samples were taken from the athletes’ basal, post-exercise (PE), 2 hours after supplement ingestion (PS). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and total protein values were analyzed. Results: A statistically significant difference was found when PE total protein was compared to basal and PS in the experiment (whey) and placebo group (p<0.05). Basal serum LDH level was significantly lower than PE and PS values in the whey group (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was observed that whey protein consumed after exercise did not have any positive effect on athletes’ muscle damage values which are directly affecting the recovery such as total protein, ALT, AST, LDH, and CK.
Introduction and objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of electrosti... more Introduction and objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of electrostimulation and core exercises on recovery after high-intensity exercise. Methods: The participants of this study consists of 12 male bodybuilders who regularly train and between the ages 18-30. Tabata high intensity interval training (HIIT) was applied with different recovery methods to the athletes on three different days and the recovery levels of athletes were analyzed. Heart rate and blood lactate levels were measured at baseline (PRE) at immediately after the HIIT (POST), at the 1 minutes after HIIT (1min), at the 5 minutes after HIIT (5min), and at the 10 minutes after HIIT (10min). On the rest days, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum creatine kinase (CK) measurements were done to determine the muscle damage. Results: The in-group comparisons for lactate levels showed no significant difference (p>0,01). The level of lactate on the 10min was found to be significantly lower than the 5min in the core exercise group (p<0,01). Similarly in the electrostimulation group, 10m lactate levels are significantly lower than 5min (p<0,01). There were no statistically significant differences in the heart rate measurements (p<0,01). The results showed no statistically significant difference between the groups although the averages of LDH and CK showed variations (p>0,01). These results show that the lactate level reaches to the maximum level after HIIT, and the level of lactate decreases between the 5th and the 10th minutes. Discussion and conclusion: These indicate that the active recovery methods are more effective than the passive. It was found that the active recovery methods accelerate the lactate removal from the metabolism and provide effective recovery in short time during the recovery period after exercise.
The aim of the study was to examine the changes in the acute blood lactate levels of elite taekwo... more The aim of the study was to examine the changes in the acute blood lactate levels of elite taekwondo players when carrying out high-intensity interval training on Spinning ® bikes. Twenty elite-level taekwondo athletes participated in the study. The subjects were selected from athletes who had been competitors for at least six years. Their average age, height and weight values were determined to be 18.89±2.07 years, 176.8 ± 8.73 cm and 70.59 ± 12.13 kg respectively. In the present study the subjects carried out high-intensity interval training using Spinning bikes based on the Tabata protocol. The loads were applied as a total of four sets of eight repetitions with the principle of 20 seconds of load followed by 10 seconds of rest with one-minute's rest given between sets. The subjects' lactate levels were measured from their fingers using the Accutrend Lactate portable lactate analyzer with the help of the strips provided. Lactate measurements were made five times: before training (Pre), after Set 1 (1S), after Set 2 (2S), after Set 3 (3S) and once the exercise was over (Post). The heart rates (HR) of the athletes were monitored by their coaches before and during exercise. The data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA in the SPSS 22 package program. A statistically significant difference was found among the baseline lactate levels, the 1S, 2S, 3S and post lactate levels in the study (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference when the 1S lactate level was compared with all the time periods except for 2S (p<0.05). The difference between the 3S and Post lactate levels was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). As a result of the study it was observed that Spinning ® training carried out using the high-intensity interval training method caused a rapid increase in acute lactic acid accumulation. In the case of performance athletes, we can say that this exercise could be part of the lactate tolerance training used to counter fatigue.
IZVLEČEK Namen te raziskave je bil oblikovati trening za stabilizacijo in ravnotežje trupa, speci... more IZVLEČEK Namen te raziskave je bil oblikovati trening za stabilizacijo in ravnotežje trupa, specifičen za taekwondo, ter ugotoviti, kako protokol vadbe za stabilizacijo trupa z uporabo žoge BOSU vpliva na dinamično in statično ravnotežje pri mladostnikih, ki trenirajo taekwondo. 24 vrhunskih mladih taekwondoistov smo naključno razdelili v dve skupini: prva je trenirala z žogo BOSU (n = 13), druga pa je bila kontrolna skupina (n = 11). Skupina, ki je vadila z žogo BOSU, je poleg svojega običajnega treninga taekwondoja 12 tednov izvajala vaje za stabilizacijo trupa, in sicer trikrat na teden. Kontrolna skupina ni imela vadbenega protokola, ampak samo običajni trening taekwondoja. Statično in dinamično ravnotežje merjencev, tako na desni kot levi nogi, smo ocenili s sistemom Biodex Balance. ANOVA je pokazala, da je žoga BOSU zmanjšala ocene napake statičnega in tudi dinamičnega ravnotežja pri nedominantni nogi ob merjenju pred treningom in po njem za 0,32 ± 0,17 (28,5 %) oz. 0,75 ± 0,47 (82,5 %) (p < 0,05). Poleg tega je vadba z žogo BOSU zmanjšala ocene napake dinamičnega ravnotežja pri dominantni nogi pri merjenju pred treningom in po njem za 40,33 % (p < 0,05). Raziskava je pokazala, da program treninga z žogo BOSU, posebej prilagojenega za taekwondu, učinkovito zmanjša ocene napak pri dominantni in nedominantni nogi. Predlaga se izvajanje treninga z žogo BOSU kot učinkovitega vadbenega programa za izboljšanje dinamičnega in statičnega ravnotežja. ABSTRACT The purposes of this study were to develop taekwondo-specific core stabilization-balance training and to determine the influence of a core stabilization-exercise protocol, using the BOSU, on dynamic and static balance performance in adolescent TKD athletes. Twenty-four elite taekwondo athletes were randomly divided into two groups: the BOSU-trained group (n = 13) and the control group (n = 11). Subjects in BOSU-trained group had core-stabilization training 3 times a week for 12 weeks in addition to the routine taekwondo training program. The control group had no training protocol in addition to the routine taekwondo training program. Static and dynamic balances of the subjects, both right and left legs were assessed with the Biodex Balance System. ANOVAs showed that the BOSU decreased both the static and the dynamic balance error scores of non-dominant leg from pre to post-training by 0.32±0.17 (28.5%) and 0.75±0.47 (82.5%); respectively (p<0.05). Furthermore, the BOSU decreased the dynamic balance error scores of dominant leg from pre to post-training by 40.33% (p<0.05). This study demonstrates that the taekwondo-specific BOSU training program is effective in decreasing the balance error scores in dominant and non-dominant leg. It is suggested that the BOSU training can be applied as an effective exercise program for enhancing dynamic and static balance performance.
This study was performed to investigate the acute effect of the submaximal aerobic exercise upon ... more This study was performed to investigate the acute effect of the submaximal aerobic exercise upon epinephrine and nor-epinephrine levels in chronic smokers and non-smoker. The study was carried out upon 10 regular (15> cigarettes/day) smoker untrained male along five years and 10 never smoker untrained male. Subjects performed an endurance exercise that continues 40 minutes at 70% maximal heart rate. There were 15cc venous blood samples extracted from the forearm pre-exercise (PRE), post-exercise (POST), post-exercise 2 hours (2h), post-exercise 24 hours (24h) to measure of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine levels. The plasma level of each hormone increased after exercise and the tendency of rise was similar between groups as it seen in which 55,6% and 54,68% for epinephrine and 27,1% and 35,7% for norepinephrine. In this respect no group-time relationship has been found (p>0,05). But in between-group analyses, basal and after exercise levels were different (p<0,05). The study revealed the fact that, smokers have higher plasma levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine before and after exercise. The results demonstrate that long-term smoking induces elevate baseline and post-aerobic submaximal exercise plasma epinephrine and nor-epinephrine levels. The sympatho-adrenal activity appears to be disrupt with long-term smoking which effect the glycolytic and fat metabolism during exercise.
Bu çalışma dinamik ve statik denge egzersizlerinin alt ekstremite üzerinde etkilerini araştırmak ... more Bu çalışma dinamik ve statik denge egzersizlerinin alt ekstremite üzerinde etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışmaya 51 erkek gönüllü voleybolcu katıldı. Denekler rastgele Dinamik Denge Egzersizi Grubu (DDE, n = 26) ve Statik Denge Egzersizi Grubu (SDE, n = 25) olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. DDE grubuna dinamik, SDE grubuna statik denge antrenman programı 8 hafta ve haftada 3 gün olmak üzere uygulandı. Her iki gruba dinamik denge ölçümü için yıldız denge testi ve statik denge ölçümü için flamingo denge testi uygulandı. Grupların kendi içinde ön test ve son test arasındaki farkları Paired Sample t Testi ve gruplar arası karşılaştırmaları Independent t testi ile değerlendirildi. Her iki grubun egzersiz sonrası dinamik ve statik denge parametrelerinde pozitif farklılık tespit edildi (p<0,05). Gruplar arası karşılaştırmada ise statik denge egzersizlerinin dinamik denge egzersizlerinden daha etkili olduğu bulundu (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak denge egzersizlerinin alt ekstremite kas stabilizasyonunu arttırdığı ve statik denge egzersizlerinin dinamik denge egzersizlerine göre denge performansı üzerinde daha etkili olduğu bulundu. Bu durum uygulanan statik denge egzersiz programıyla yıldız denge test ölçüm yöntemi arasındaki ilişki ve test yönteminin fonksiyonelliği ile açıklanabilir.
To analyze performance measures of the orienteers including, static and dynamic balance, agility,... more To analyze performance measures of the orienteers including, static and dynamic balance, agility, speed, flexibility, knee muscle strength, aerobic and anaerobic performance and to set the differences between adolescents, young adults and adults. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : 31 male orienteering players included in the study. First group consisted of adolescents aged between 15-19 years (n=9), second group consisted of young adults aged between 20-24 years (n=11), third group consisted of adults aged between 25-30 years (n=11). Isokinetic knee muscle strength testing, sit and reach test, star excursion balance test, 20 meter sprint test , flamingo balance test, vertical jump and reach test, T-drill test and 20 meters shuttle run test were performed in two sessions. R Re e-s su ul lt ts s: : MaxVO2levels and flexor and extensor peak torques of nondominant legs at 120°/sec were different among groups, respectively (p=0.006, p=0.01, p=0.003). The differences in MaxVO2 levels were between adolescents and young adults (p=0.007) and between adolescents and adults (p=0.002). The differences flexor and extensor peak torques of nondominant legs at 120 °/sec were between adolescents and young adults respectively (p=0.02, p=0.02). Extensor peak torque of nondominant legs at 120°/sec was different between young adults and adults (p=0.001). Other performance measures were not different among groups (p>0.05). C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: :It was seen that late adolescents have similar performance capacity when compared with young adults and adults except aerobic power and knee muscle strength of nondominant legs at 120°/sec. Aerobic capacity and knee muscle strength of nondominant legs should be increased by training.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the intake of an isotonic s... more [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the intake of an isotonic sports drink (500 ml water, 32 gr carbonhydrate, 120 mg calcium, 248 mg chloride, 230 mg sodium) the level of the skeletal muscle damage of orienteering athletes. [Subjects and Methods] The study was carried out on 21 male elite orienteering athletes. The athletes were divided into two groups by randomized double-blind selection. The experimental group (n=11) was given the isotonic sports drink, while the placebo group (n=10) was given 500 ml pure water. Blood samples were taken pre-competition, post-competition, 2 hours post-competition and 24 hours postcompetition. [Results] The pre-c troponin, myoglobin and creatinine kinase serum levels of the placebo group were significantly lower than the post-competition and 2 hours post-competition values. The 24 hours post-competition levels of the same analyses were also significantly lower than the post-c and 2 hours post-competition. The precompetition troponin, myoglobin and creatinine kinase levels of the experimental group were found to be significantly lower than the post-competition, 2 hours post-competition 24 hours post-competition values. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the intake of supportive sports drinks before exercising significantly prevents the observed muscle damage. The study showed that serum myoglobin levels between the experimental and the placebo group is significantly different during the 2 hours post-competition period. [Conclusion] The level of serum creatinine kinase and myoglobin accurately shows the extent of the muscle damage. However, further studies on the effect of isotonic sports drink in different training programs on the cell membrane and the muscle damage are needed.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an 8 week soccer - specific technical train... more The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an 8 week soccer - specific technical training with limited vision perception on postural control and technical parameters in 10 - 12 aged soccer players. Subjects in this study were 24 male young soccer players (age: 11.00 ± 0.56 years, height: 150.5 ± 4.23 cm, body weight: 41.49 ± 7.56 kg). Subjects were randomly divided as two groups: Training and control. Balance performance was measured by Biodex Balance System (BBS). Short pass, speed dribbling, 20 m speed with ball, ball control, juggling tests were used to measure soccer players’ technical performances with a ball. Subjects performed soccer training 3 times per week for 8 weeks. In each session, training group with limited vision perception and control group with normal vision perception committed soccer - specific technical drills for 20 min. Data were analyzed with t - test for independent samples and Mann - Whitney U between groups and paired t - test and Wilcoxon test between pretest and posttest. No signi ficant difference was found balance scores and with eyes open and eyes closed and LOS test between training and control groups after training (p>0.05). After eight week of training there are no significant difference in balance score with eyes open for both training and control groups (p>0.05). Balance scores decreased in training and control groups after the training (p<0.05). The completion time of LOS test shortened in both training and control groups after training (p<0.05). The training developed speed dribbling performance of training group (p<0.05). On the other hand, soccer players’ performance in training and control groups increased in 20 m speed with a ball after eight week training (p<0.05). In conclusion; the results of this study indicate that soccer - specific training with limited vision perception may not improves balance performance in 10 - 12 aged soccer players, but it develops speed dribbling performance.
The aim of the study was to examine physical, physiological and some performance parameters of th... more The aim of the study was to examine physical, physiological and some performance parameters of the elite orienteers in our country. 39 elite orienteers (20 female orienteers and 19 male orienteers) who joined national orienteering team and improvement camp and had at least two-year experience voluntarily participated in our study. It was seen that mean age for female orienteers was 16.35±2.18 years while it was 15.63±3.07 years for male orienteers. The participant orienteers’ body weights, heights, resting heart rates, systolic / diastolic blood pressures, bodymass index (BMI), body fat percentage, body’s fat free mass (FFM), fat mass, body water, circumference and diameters were measured. Performance tests were 20 m. shuttle run, vertical jump, 20 m. sprint, T-test, hand grip strength-back strength, standing long jump, sit-up, push-up, sit-reach, reaction time, flamingo balance and star balance tests. Somatotype characteristics of the orienteers were determined through Heath-Carter method. Means and standard deviations of the participant orienteers were found using SPSS package software. It was found out that the participant female orienteers’ body fat percentage was 17.92±6.34 % while the participant male orienteers’ body fat percentage was 11.09±3.28 %. As for the participant female orienteers’ somatotype means; endomorphy was 4.40±1.19, mesomorphywas 3.12±1.29 and ectomorphy was 3.48±1.18 whereas endomorphy was 2.58±.84, mesomorphywas 3.86±.85 and ectomorphy was 4.49±1.15 for the participant male orienteers. It was found out that the participant female orienteers’ leg strength was 104.60±40.47 kg, T-test was 12.11±6.81 and mean VO2max was 43.66±4.83 (ml.kg-1.min-1) while the participant male orienteers’ leg strength was 168.39±73.22 kg;T-test was 11.47±1.04 and VO2max mean was 52.46±5.28 (ml.kg-1.min-1).It is very important to investigate body structures and performance limits of the athletes in orienteering sport which is a new and developing sportive activity and requires such physical capacities as high level of endurance, strength and speed. On the other hand; performance tests including physical and antropometric characteristics of the orienteers play a key role in determining abilities. Therefore; we are of the opinion that our study will make contribution to the early period orienteer-recruitment and the prospective studies on this field.
This study was designed to investigate the effects of hemsball training, upon reactive agility, b... more This study was designed to investigate the effects of hemsball training, upon reactive agility, balance and vertical jump tests. 80 participants, 50 of whom were the experimental group (8,82± 1,44 years) and 30 of whom (9,00 ± 1,19 years) were the control group, took part in the study. While the experimental group had 1-hour training on three days of week throughout 8 weeks, no training was done to the control group. The pre and post test results revealing both the in-group variance and differences between the groups was analyzed with the multivariate analysis of variance in repeated measurements (MANOVA) by using SPSS 19 analysis software. It was seen that the participants who played hemsball had %36,85 progress, increasing their stork balance scores from 4,45 seconds to 6,09 seconds. While this progress made a statistically significant difference (p<0.05), the same progress did not improve for the control group (p>0,05). There is not any significant in-group or intergroup difference in other tests. It was revealed that hemsball training improves balance skills in children. It is beneficial to integrate hemsball trainings into the training programs which focus on balance improvement-maintenance.
The aim of the study was to determine the rate of fat oxidation during continuous and intermitten... more The aim of the study was to determine the rate of fat oxidation during continuous and intermittent acute endurance exercise. Eleven healthy untrained men participated in this study. Subjects performed Bruce protocol test on cycle ergometer to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). The exercise intensity in which the highest fat oxidation rate occurs was determined in this exercise test for each subject. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide (VCO2) production during the exercises were followed by respiratory gas analyzer and whole-body fat oxidation was calculated by indirect calorimeter equations. Subjects performed 45min intermittent (IE) and continuous (CE) exercises in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at intensity correspondent at the highest fat oxidation rate (Fat max). The peak fat oxidation rate was equal to 40.6% of maximum oxygen consumption of subjects. The changes occurring with time in fat (F=20.67) and carbohydrate (F=19.44) oxidation rates were statistically significant (P<0.01). However, the changes of fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation with time did not show any statistically significant differences between the continuous and intermittent exercises (P>0.05). The results of the study indicate that the continuous and intermittent exercises performed at the exercise intensity ensuring maximum fat oxidation rate provide similar fat oxidation. Especially, for the individuals starting regular exercise applications newly, it can be said that similar positive results regarding fat oxidation can also be obtained by avoiding the insipidity of long lasting exercises and giving breaks.
Aims and Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the acute effect of the submaximal a... more Aims and Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the acute effect of the submaximal aerobic exercise upon adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels in chronic smokers and non-smoker. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out upon 8 regular (15> cigarettes/day) smoker untrained male along five years and 9 never smoker untrained male. Subjects performed an endurance exercise that continues 40 minutes at 70% maximal heart rate. There were 15cc venous blood samples extracted from the forearm pre-exercise (PRE), post-exercise (POST), post-exercise 2 hours (2h), post-exercise 24 hours (24h) to measure of ACTH and cortisol levels. Results: It is determined that in POST ACTH levels of smokers and non-smokers were shown a significant increase according to PRE levels (p<0,05). 2h cortisol levels of smokers and non-smokers were significantly lower than PRE levels (p<0,05). In comparison between-groups, all measurements (PRE, POST, 2h and 24h) indicated that differences in ACTH and cortisol levels of non-smokers were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The study revealed the fact that, in terms of non-smoker and smoker groups cortisol and ACTH showed similar tendency in time analysis. Smoking habit did not make a difference on the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis during exercise. The results demonstrate that it may be helpful to investigate this relationship with different types of exercises in different intensities in more controlled subsequent studies.
IL-6 and IL-1β responses to a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink in orienteering athletes , 2018
Background: This study was conducted to determine acute effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-... more Background: This study was conducted to determine acute effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) found in sports drinks, ingested just before an orienteering competition, on the levels of plasma IL-6 and IL-1β cytokine. Material and methods: The study was conducted in a randomized, double-blind design, including 23 elite orienteering athletes who volunteered to participate. Following the collection of resting specimens of blood, the experimental group (n = 12) was administered a sports drink containing CHO-E, while the placebo group (n = 11) was administered 500 ml of plain water. The subjects were asked to finish the orienteering competition. Results: IL-1β level in the 24th hour after the competition was found to be significantly lower than in precompetition and 2 hours after the competition in the placebo group (p < 0.05). The IL-6 levels of the experimental group in the 24th hour after the competition were significantly lower than those measured at the end of the competition and in the 2nd hour following the competition (p < 0.05). In intergroup comparisons, no significant differences were detected in the IL-1β and IL-6 levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions: A drink containing CHO-E might have stopped muscle contraction-associated cytokine production by increasing the tissue stability of the muscles, compensating the loss of fluid and electrolytes from athletes’ bodies. Key words: sports drink, cytokine, orienteering, IL-6, IL-1β, carbohydrate.
Examination of exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage in terms of smoking, 2019
This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute endurance exercise on cardiac and skeletal mu... more This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute endurance exercise on cardiac and skeletal muscles in smokers and non-smokers. Eight daily smokers (28.44 ± 3.94 years) and nine non-smokers (29.62 ± 3.46 years) were included. The subjects were not trained and performed continuous endurance exercise on a treadmill for 40 minutes at 70% of maximal heart rate. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline [pre-exercise (PRE)], at immediately after the exercise [post-exercise (POST)], at 2 hours after the exercise (2h), at 24 hours after the exercise (24h) to measure lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase(CK), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), cardiac troponin T (TN-T), and myoglobin levels. A progressive increase was observed in all exercise-induced muscle damage parameters of the smoker and non-smoker from PRE to 2h. CK, myoglobin and T-NT levels of smokers were significantly higher than non-smokers at 24h (p=0.039, p=0.018 p=0.008, respectively). No significant difference was found between the smoking and non-smoking groups at all time points regarding CK-MB and LDH levels (p>0.05). Acute endurance exercise leads to more skeletal and myocardial damage in smokers compared to non-smokers. Smoking may increase the risk of cardiovascular events during both exercise and daily physical activity.
The purposes of this study were to determine the influence of a jumping training protocol, using ... more The purposes of this study were to determine the influence of a jumping training protocol, using the weighted rope, on lower extremity visual and auditory reaction time performance in adolescent taekwondo (TKD) athletes. Twenty-two elite taekwondo athletes were randomly divided into two groups: the weigthed rope-trained (WRT) group (n = 11) and the control group (n = 11). Subjects in WRT group had jumping training 3 times a week for 12 weeks in addition to the routine taekwondo training program. The control group had no any training protocol in addition to the routine taekwondo training program. The visual and auditory reaction time performances of the subjects, both dominant and non-dominant legs were assessed with the Optojump System. The results of Paired Simple T test showed that the WRT decreased both the visual and the audiotory reaction time of non-dominant leg from pre to post-training (p=0.00, p=0.01 respectively). Although the pre-training audiotory and visual reaction times of dominant were similar between the groups (p>0.05), the post-training visual reaction time of dominant leg was significantly lower in the WRT group compared to control group (p=0.01). This study demonstrates that the weighted rope training program is effective in decreasing the reaction time in dominant and non-dominant leg. It is suggested that the WRT can be applied as an effective exercise program for enhancing visual and auditory reaction time performance.
This study aimed to examine the effect of acute beta-alanine consumption after maximal exercise o... more This study aimed to examine the effect of acute beta-alanine consumption after maximal exercise on blood gas responses. 18 volunteers, male athletes, participated into the study. Athletes were divided into two groups as experiment (beta-alanine) (n=9) and placebo (n=9). After maximal exercise, beta-alanine supplement was given to the experimental group while the placebo group received placebo. Blood was taken from the athletes three times as basal, post-exercise (PE) and 2 hours after ingestion supplement (PS); blood gas values have been analyzed. Statistically significant differences in many blood gas parameters were found when comparisons of in-group basal, PE and PS time courses of two groups were reviewed (p<0.05). But, there was no significant difference between the basal and PS levels of any parameters in the beta-alanine group although there were significant differences among the PE, basal and PS values as a result of beta-alanine supplementation. When all inter-group comparisons of all findings obtained were considered, a significant difference was not detected at any time periods (p>0.05).It can be said that the beta-alanine supplementation after maximal exercise had positive effects on the blood gas responses, body oxygenation status, which is important for performance and recovery, and acid-base balance of the athletes.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the exercise-induced muscle damage responses to whey pro... more Objective: This study aimed to determine the exercise-induced muscle damage responses to whey protein supplementation in soccer players. Methods: Total 22 male soccer’s participated in this study. Subjects were divided into 2 groups as experiment group (n=11) and placebo group (n=11). Blood samples were taken from the athletes’ basal, post-exercise (PE), 2 hours after supplement ingestion (PS). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and total protein values were analyzed. Results: A statistically significant difference was found when PE total protein was compared to basal and PS in the experiment (whey) and placebo group (p<0.05). Basal serum LDH level was significantly lower than PE and PS values in the whey group (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was observed that whey protein consumed after exercise did not have any positive effect on athletes’ muscle damage values which are directly affecting the recovery such as total protein, ALT, AST, LDH, and CK.
Introduction and objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of electrosti... more Introduction and objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of electrostimulation and core exercises on recovery after high-intensity exercise. Methods: The participants of this study consists of 12 male bodybuilders who regularly train and between the ages 18-30. Tabata high intensity interval training (HIIT) was applied with different recovery methods to the athletes on three different days and the recovery levels of athletes were analyzed. Heart rate and blood lactate levels were measured at baseline (PRE) at immediately after the HIIT (POST), at the 1 minutes after HIIT (1min), at the 5 minutes after HIIT (5min), and at the 10 minutes after HIIT (10min). On the rest days, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum creatine kinase (CK) measurements were done to determine the muscle damage. Results: The in-group comparisons for lactate levels showed no significant difference (p>0,01). The level of lactate on the 10min was found to be significantly lower than the 5min in the core exercise group (p<0,01). Similarly in the electrostimulation group, 10m lactate levels are significantly lower than 5min (p<0,01). There were no statistically significant differences in the heart rate measurements (p<0,01). The results showed no statistically significant difference between the groups although the averages of LDH and CK showed variations (p>0,01). These results show that the lactate level reaches to the maximum level after HIIT, and the level of lactate decreases between the 5th and the 10th minutes. Discussion and conclusion: These indicate that the active recovery methods are more effective than the passive. It was found that the active recovery methods accelerate the lactate removal from the metabolism and provide effective recovery in short time during the recovery period after exercise.
The aim of the study was to examine the changes in the acute blood lactate levels of elite taekwo... more The aim of the study was to examine the changes in the acute blood lactate levels of elite taekwondo players when carrying out high-intensity interval training on Spinning ® bikes. Twenty elite-level taekwondo athletes participated in the study. The subjects were selected from athletes who had been competitors for at least six years. Their average age, height and weight values were determined to be 18.89±2.07 years, 176.8 ± 8.73 cm and 70.59 ± 12.13 kg respectively. In the present study the subjects carried out high-intensity interval training using Spinning bikes based on the Tabata protocol. The loads were applied as a total of four sets of eight repetitions with the principle of 20 seconds of load followed by 10 seconds of rest with one-minute's rest given between sets. The subjects' lactate levels were measured from their fingers using the Accutrend Lactate portable lactate analyzer with the help of the strips provided. Lactate measurements were made five times: before training (Pre), after Set 1 (1S), after Set 2 (2S), after Set 3 (3S) and once the exercise was over (Post). The heart rates (HR) of the athletes were monitored by their coaches before and during exercise. The data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA in the SPSS 22 package program. A statistically significant difference was found among the baseline lactate levels, the 1S, 2S, 3S and post lactate levels in the study (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference when the 1S lactate level was compared with all the time periods except for 2S (p<0.05). The difference between the 3S and Post lactate levels was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). As a result of the study it was observed that Spinning ® training carried out using the high-intensity interval training method caused a rapid increase in acute lactic acid accumulation. In the case of performance athletes, we can say that this exercise could be part of the lactate tolerance training used to counter fatigue.
IZVLEČEK Namen te raziskave je bil oblikovati trening za stabilizacijo in ravnotežje trupa, speci... more IZVLEČEK Namen te raziskave je bil oblikovati trening za stabilizacijo in ravnotežje trupa, specifičen za taekwondo, ter ugotoviti, kako protokol vadbe za stabilizacijo trupa z uporabo žoge BOSU vpliva na dinamično in statično ravnotežje pri mladostnikih, ki trenirajo taekwondo. 24 vrhunskih mladih taekwondoistov smo naključno razdelili v dve skupini: prva je trenirala z žogo BOSU (n = 13), druga pa je bila kontrolna skupina (n = 11). Skupina, ki je vadila z žogo BOSU, je poleg svojega običajnega treninga taekwondoja 12 tednov izvajala vaje za stabilizacijo trupa, in sicer trikrat na teden. Kontrolna skupina ni imela vadbenega protokola, ampak samo običajni trening taekwondoja. Statično in dinamično ravnotežje merjencev, tako na desni kot levi nogi, smo ocenili s sistemom Biodex Balance. ANOVA je pokazala, da je žoga BOSU zmanjšala ocene napake statičnega in tudi dinamičnega ravnotežja pri nedominantni nogi ob merjenju pred treningom in po njem za 0,32 ± 0,17 (28,5 %) oz. 0,75 ± 0,47 (82,5 %) (p < 0,05). Poleg tega je vadba z žogo BOSU zmanjšala ocene napake dinamičnega ravnotežja pri dominantni nogi pri merjenju pred treningom in po njem za 40,33 % (p < 0,05). Raziskava je pokazala, da program treninga z žogo BOSU, posebej prilagojenega za taekwondu, učinkovito zmanjša ocene napak pri dominantni in nedominantni nogi. Predlaga se izvajanje treninga z žogo BOSU kot učinkovitega vadbenega programa za izboljšanje dinamičnega in statičnega ravnotežja. ABSTRACT The purposes of this study were to develop taekwondo-specific core stabilization-balance training and to determine the influence of a core stabilization-exercise protocol, using the BOSU, on dynamic and static balance performance in adolescent TKD athletes. Twenty-four elite taekwondo athletes were randomly divided into two groups: the BOSU-trained group (n = 13) and the control group (n = 11). Subjects in BOSU-trained group had core-stabilization training 3 times a week for 12 weeks in addition to the routine taekwondo training program. The control group had no training protocol in addition to the routine taekwondo training program. Static and dynamic balances of the subjects, both right and left legs were assessed with the Biodex Balance System. ANOVAs showed that the BOSU decreased both the static and the dynamic balance error scores of non-dominant leg from pre to post-training by 0.32±0.17 (28.5%) and 0.75±0.47 (82.5%); respectively (p<0.05). Furthermore, the BOSU decreased the dynamic balance error scores of dominant leg from pre to post-training by 40.33% (p<0.05). This study demonstrates that the taekwondo-specific BOSU training program is effective in decreasing the balance error scores in dominant and non-dominant leg. It is suggested that the BOSU training can be applied as an effective exercise program for enhancing dynamic and static balance performance.
This study was performed to investigate the acute effect of the submaximal aerobic exercise upon ... more This study was performed to investigate the acute effect of the submaximal aerobic exercise upon epinephrine and nor-epinephrine levels in chronic smokers and non-smoker. The study was carried out upon 10 regular (15> cigarettes/day) smoker untrained male along five years and 10 never smoker untrained male. Subjects performed an endurance exercise that continues 40 minutes at 70% maximal heart rate. There were 15cc venous blood samples extracted from the forearm pre-exercise (PRE), post-exercise (POST), post-exercise 2 hours (2h), post-exercise 24 hours (24h) to measure of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine levels. The plasma level of each hormone increased after exercise and the tendency of rise was similar between groups as it seen in which 55,6% and 54,68% for epinephrine and 27,1% and 35,7% for norepinephrine. In this respect no group-time relationship has been found (p>0,05). But in between-group analyses, basal and after exercise levels were different (p<0,05). The study revealed the fact that, smokers have higher plasma levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine before and after exercise. The results demonstrate that long-term smoking induces elevate baseline and post-aerobic submaximal exercise plasma epinephrine and nor-epinephrine levels. The sympatho-adrenal activity appears to be disrupt with long-term smoking which effect the glycolytic and fat metabolism during exercise.
Bu çalışma dinamik ve statik denge egzersizlerinin alt ekstremite üzerinde etkilerini araştırmak ... more Bu çalışma dinamik ve statik denge egzersizlerinin alt ekstremite üzerinde etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışmaya 51 erkek gönüllü voleybolcu katıldı. Denekler rastgele Dinamik Denge Egzersizi Grubu (DDE, n = 26) ve Statik Denge Egzersizi Grubu (SDE, n = 25) olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. DDE grubuna dinamik, SDE grubuna statik denge antrenman programı 8 hafta ve haftada 3 gün olmak üzere uygulandı. Her iki gruba dinamik denge ölçümü için yıldız denge testi ve statik denge ölçümü için flamingo denge testi uygulandı. Grupların kendi içinde ön test ve son test arasındaki farkları Paired Sample t Testi ve gruplar arası karşılaştırmaları Independent t testi ile değerlendirildi. Her iki grubun egzersiz sonrası dinamik ve statik denge parametrelerinde pozitif farklılık tespit edildi (p<0,05). Gruplar arası karşılaştırmada ise statik denge egzersizlerinin dinamik denge egzersizlerinden daha etkili olduğu bulundu (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak denge egzersizlerinin alt ekstremite kas stabilizasyonunu arttırdığı ve statik denge egzersizlerinin dinamik denge egzersizlerine göre denge performansı üzerinde daha etkili olduğu bulundu. Bu durum uygulanan statik denge egzersiz programıyla yıldız denge test ölçüm yöntemi arasındaki ilişki ve test yönteminin fonksiyonelliği ile açıklanabilir.
To analyze performance measures of the orienteers including, static and dynamic balance, agility,... more To analyze performance measures of the orienteers including, static and dynamic balance, agility, speed, flexibility, knee muscle strength, aerobic and anaerobic performance and to set the differences between adolescents, young adults and adults. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : 31 male orienteering players included in the study. First group consisted of adolescents aged between 15-19 years (n=9), second group consisted of young adults aged between 20-24 years (n=11), third group consisted of adults aged between 25-30 years (n=11). Isokinetic knee muscle strength testing, sit and reach test, star excursion balance test, 20 meter sprint test , flamingo balance test, vertical jump and reach test, T-drill test and 20 meters shuttle run test were performed in two sessions. R Re e-s su ul lt ts s: : MaxVO2levels and flexor and extensor peak torques of nondominant legs at 120°/sec were different among groups, respectively (p=0.006, p=0.01, p=0.003). The differences in MaxVO2 levels were between adolescents and young adults (p=0.007) and between adolescents and adults (p=0.002). The differences flexor and extensor peak torques of nondominant legs at 120 °/sec were between adolescents and young adults respectively (p=0.02, p=0.02). Extensor peak torque of nondominant legs at 120°/sec was different between young adults and adults (p=0.001). Other performance measures were not different among groups (p>0.05). C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: :It was seen that late adolescents have similar performance capacity when compared with young adults and adults except aerobic power and knee muscle strength of nondominant legs at 120°/sec. Aerobic capacity and knee muscle strength of nondominant legs should be increased by training.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the intake of an isotonic s... more [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the intake of an isotonic sports drink (500 ml water, 32 gr carbonhydrate, 120 mg calcium, 248 mg chloride, 230 mg sodium) the level of the skeletal muscle damage of orienteering athletes. [Subjects and Methods] The study was carried out on 21 male elite orienteering athletes. The athletes were divided into two groups by randomized double-blind selection. The experimental group (n=11) was given the isotonic sports drink, while the placebo group (n=10) was given 500 ml pure water. Blood samples were taken pre-competition, post-competition, 2 hours post-competition and 24 hours postcompetition. [Results] The pre-c troponin, myoglobin and creatinine kinase serum levels of the placebo group were significantly lower than the post-competition and 2 hours post-competition values. The 24 hours post-competition levels of the same analyses were also significantly lower than the post-c and 2 hours post-competition. The precompetition troponin, myoglobin and creatinine kinase levels of the experimental group were found to be significantly lower than the post-competition, 2 hours post-competition 24 hours post-competition values. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the intake of supportive sports drinks before exercising significantly prevents the observed muscle damage. The study showed that serum myoglobin levels between the experimental and the placebo group is significantly different during the 2 hours post-competition period. [Conclusion] The level of serum creatinine kinase and myoglobin accurately shows the extent of the muscle damage. However, further studies on the effect of isotonic sports drink in different training programs on the cell membrane and the muscle damage are needed.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an 8 week soccer - specific technical train... more The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an 8 week soccer - specific technical training with limited vision perception on postural control and technical parameters in 10 - 12 aged soccer players. Subjects in this study were 24 male young soccer players (age: 11.00 ± 0.56 years, height: 150.5 ± 4.23 cm, body weight: 41.49 ± 7.56 kg). Subjects were randomly divided as two groups: Training and control. Balance performance was measured by Biodex Balance System (BBS). Short pass, speed dribbling, 20 m speed with ball, ball control, juggling tests were used to measure soccer players’ technical performances with a ball. Subjects performed soccer training 3 times per week for 8 weeks. In each session, training group with limited vision perception and control group with normal vision perception committed soccer - specific technical drills for 20 min. Data were analyzed with t - test for independent samples and Mann - Whitney U between groups and paired t - test and Wilcoxon test between pretest and posttest. No signi ficant difference was found balance scores and with eyes open and eyes closed and LOS test between training and control groups after training (p>0.05). After eight week of training there are no significant difference in balance score with eyes open for both training and control groups (p>0.05). Balance scores decreased in training and control groups after the training (p<0.05). The completion time of LOS test shortened in both training and control groups after training (p<0.05). The training developed speed dribbling performance of training group (p<0.05). On the other hand, soccer players’ performance in training and control groups increased in 20 m speed with a ball after eight week training (p<0.05). In conclusion; the results of this study indicate that soccer - specific training with limited vision perception may not improves balance performance in 10 - 12 aged soccer players, but it develops speed dribbling performance.
The aim of the study was to examine physical, physiological and some performance parameters of th... more The aim of the study was to examine physical, physiological and some performance parameters of the elite orienteers in our country. 39 elite orienteers (20 female orienteers and 19 male orienteers) who joined national orienteering team and improvement camp and had at least two-year experience voluntarily participated in our study. It was seen that mean age for female orienteers was 16.35±2.18 years while it was 15.63±3.07 years for male orienteers. The participant orienteers’ body weights, heights, resting heart rates, systolic / diastolic blood pressures, bodymass index (BMI), body fat percentage, body’s fat free mass (FFM), fat mass, body water, circumference and diameters were measured. Performance tests were 20 m. shuttle run, vertical jump, 20 m. sprint, T-test, hand grip strength-back strength, standing long jump, sit-up, push-up, sit-reach, reaction time, flamingo balance and star balance tests. Somatotype characteristics of the orienteers were determined through Heath-Carter method. Means and standard deviations of the participant orienteers were found using SPSS package software. It was found out that the participant female orienteers’ body fat percentage was 17.92±6.34 % while the participant male orienteers’ body fat percentage was 11.09±3.28 %. As for the participant female orienteers’ somatotype means; endomorphy was 4.40±1.19, mesomorphywas 3.12±1.29 and ectomorphy was 3.48±1.18 whereas endomorphy was 2.58±.84, mesomorphywas 3.86±.85 and ectomorphy was 4.49±1.15 for the participant male orienteers. It was found out that the participant female orienteers’ leg strength was 104.60±40.47 kg, T-test was 12.11±6.81 and mean VO2max was 43.66±4.83 (ml.kg-1.min-1) while the participant male orienteers’ leg strength was 168.39±73.22 kg;T-test was 11.47±1.04 and VO2max mean was 52.46±5.28 (ml.kg-1.min-1).It is very important to investigate body structures and performance limits of the athletes in orienteering sport which is a new and developing sportive activity and requires such physical capacities as high level of endurance, strength and speed. On the other hand; performance tests including physical and antropometric characteristics of the orienteers play a key role in determining abilities. Therefore; we are of the opinion that our study will make contribution to the early period orienteer-recruitment and the prospective studies on this field.
This study was designed to investigate the effects of hemsball training, upon reactive agility, b... more This study was designed to investigate the effects of hemsball training, upon reactive agility, balance and vertical jump tests. 80 participants, 50 of whom were the experimental group (8,82± 1,44 years) and 30 of whom (9,00 ± 1,19 years) were the control group, took part in the study. While the experimental group had 1-hour training on three days of week throughout 8 weeks, no training was done to the control group. The pre and post test results revealing both the in-group variance and differences between the groups was analyzed with the multivariate analysis of variance in repeated measurements (MANOVA) by using SPSS 19 analysis software. It was seen that the participants who played hemsball had %36,85 progress, increasing their stork balance scores from 4,45 seconds to 6,09 seconds. While this progress made a statistically significant difference (p<0.05), the same progress did not improve for the control group (p>0,05). There is not any significant in-group or intergroup difference in other tests. It was revealed that hemsball training improves balance skills in children. It is beneficial to integrate hemsball trainings into the training programs which focus on balance improvement-maintenance.
The aim of the study was to determine the rate of fat oxidation during continuous and intermitten... more The aim of the study was to determine the rate of fat oxidation during continuous and intermittent acute endurance exercise. Eleven healthy untrained men participated in this study. Subjects performed Bruce protocol test on cycle ergometer to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). The exercise intensity in which the highest fat oxidation rate occurs was determined in this exercise test for each subject. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide (VCO2) production during the exercises were followed by respiratory gas analyzer and whole-body fat oxidation was calculated by indirect calorimeter equations. Subjects performed 45min intermittent (IE) and continuous (CE) exercises in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at intensity correspondent at the highest fat oxidation rate (Fat max). The peak fat oxidation rate was equal to 40.6% of maximum oxygen consumption of subjects. The changes occurring with time in fat (F=20.67) and carbohydrate (F=19.44) oxidation rates were statistically significant (P<0.01). However, the changes of fat and carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation with time did not show any statistically significant differences between the continuous and intermittent exercises (P>0.05). The results of the study indicate that the continuous and intermittent exercises performed at the exercise intensity ensuring maximum fat oxidation rate provide similar fat oxidation. Especially, for the individuals starting regular exercise applications newly, it can be said that similar positive results regarding fat oxidation can also be obtained by avoiding the insipidity of long lasting exercises and giving breaks.
Aims and Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the acute effect of the submaximal a... more Aims and Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the acute effect of the submaximal aerobic exercise upon adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels in chronic smokers and non-smoker. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out upon 8 regular (15> cigarettes/day) smoker untrained male along five years and 9 never smoker untrained male. Subjects performed an endurance exercise that continues 40 minutes at 70% maximal heart rate. There were 15cc venous blood samples extracted from the forearm pre-exercise (PRE), post-exercise (POST), post-exercise 2 hours (2h), post-exercise 24 hours (24h) to measure of ACTH and cortisol levels. Results: It is determined that in POST ACTH levels of smokers and non-smokers were shown a significant increase according to PRE levels (p<0,05). 2h cortisol levels of smokers and non-smokers were significantly lower than PRE levels (p<0,05). In comparison between-groups, all measurements (PRE, POST, 2h and 24h) indicated that differences in ACTH and cortisol levels of non-smokers were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The study revealed the fact that, in terms of non-smoker and smoker groups cortisol and ACTH showed similar tendency in time analysis. Smoking habit did not make a difference on the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis during exercise. The results demonstrate that it may be helpful to investigate this relationship with different types of exercises in different intensities in more controlled subsequent studies.
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Papers by Gökhan İpekoğlu
Material and methods: The study was conducted in a randomized, double-blind design, including 23 elite orienteering athletes who volunteered to participate. Following the collection of resting specimens of blood, the experimental group (n = 12) was administered a sports drink containing CHO-E, while the placebo group (n = 11) was administered 500 ml of plain water. The subjects were asked to finish the orienteering competition.
Results: IL-1β level in the 24th hour after the competition was found to be significantly lower than in precompetition and 2 hours after the competition in the placebo group (p < 0.05). The IL-6 levels of the experimental group in the 24th hour after the competition were significantly lower than those measured at the end of the competition and in the 2nd hour following the competition (p < 0.05). In intergroup
comparisons, no significant differences were detected in the IL-1β and IL-6 levels (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: A drink containing CHO-E might have stopped muscle contraction-associated cytokine production by increasing the tissue stability of the muscles, compensating the loss of fluid and electrolytes from athletes’ bodies.
Key words: sports drink, cytokine, orienteering, IL-6, IL-1β, carbohydrate.
supplementation in soccer players. Methods: Total 22 male soccer’s participated in this study. Subjects were divided
into 2 groups as experiment group (n=11) and placebo group (n=11). Blood samples were taken from the athletes’
basal, post-exercise (PE), 2 hours after supplement ingestion (PS). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and total protein values were analyzed.
Results: A statistically significant difference was found when PE total protein was compared to basal and PS in the
experiment (whey) and placebo group (p<0.05). Basal serum LDH level was significantly lower than PE and PS
values in the whey group (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was observed that whey protein consumed after exercise did not
have any positive effect on athletes’ muscle damage values which are directly affecting the recovery such as total
protein, ALT, AST, LDH, and CK.
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out upon 8 regular (15> cigarettes/day) smoker untrained male along five years and 9 never smoker untrained male. Subjects performed an endurance exercise that continues 40 minutes at 70% maximal heart rate. There were 15cc venous blood samples extracted from the forearm pre-exercise (PRE), post-exercise (POST), post-exercise 2 hours (2h), post-exercise 24 hours (24h) to measure of ACTH and cortisol levels.
Results: It is determined that in POST ACTH levels of smokers and non-smokers were shown a significant increase according to PRE levels (p<0,05). 2h cortisol levels of smokers and non-smokers were significantly lower than PRE levels (p<0,05). In comparison between-groups, all measurements (PRE, POST, 2h and 24h) indicated that differences in ACTH and cortisol levels of non-smokers were not significant (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The study revealed the fact that, in terms of non-smoker and smoker groups cortisol and ACTH showed similar tendency in time analysis. Smoking habit did not make a difference on the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis during exercise. The results demonstrate that it may be helpful to investigate this relationship with different types of exercises in different intensities in more controlled subsequent studies.
Material and methods: The study was conducted in a randomized, double-blind design, including 23 elite orienteering athletes who volunteered to participate. Following the collection of resting specimens of blood, the experimental group (n = 12) was administered a sports drink containing CHO-E, while the placebo group (n = 11) was administered 500 ml of plain water. The subjects were asked to finish the orienteering competition.
Results: IL-1β level in the 24th hour after the competition was found to be significantly lower than in precompetition and 2 hours after the competition in the placebo group (p < 0.05). The IL-6 levels of the experimental group in the 24th hour after the competition were significantly lower than those measured at the end of the competition and in the 2nd hour following the competition (p < 0.05). In intergroup
comparisons, no significant differences were detected in the IL-1β and IL-6 levels (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: A drink containing CHO-E might have stopped muscle contraction-associated cytokine production by increasing the tissue stability of the muscles, compensating the loss of fluid and electrolytes from athletes’ bodies.
Key words: sports drink, cytokine, orienteering, IL-6, IL-1β, carbohydrate.
supplementation in soccer players. Methods: Total 22 male soccer’s participated in this study. Subjects were divided
into 2 groups as experiment group (n=11) and placebo group (n=11). Blood samples were taken from the athletes’
basal, post-exercise (PE), 2 hours after supplement ingestion (PS). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and total protein values were analyzed.
Results: A statistically significant difference was found when PE total protein was compared to basal and PS in the
experiment (whey) and placebo group (p<0.05). Basal serum LDH level was significantly lower than PE and PS
values in the whey group (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was observed that whey protein consumed after exercise did not
have any positive effect on athletes’ muscle damage values which are directly affecting the recovery such as total
protein, ALT, AST, LDH, and CK.
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out upon 8 regular (15> cigarettes/day) smoker untrained male along five years and 9 never smoker untrained male. Subjects performed an endurance exercise that continues 40 minutes at 70% maximal heart rate. There were 15cc venous blood samples extracted from the forearm pre-exercise (PRE), post-exercise (POST), post-exercise 2 hours (2h), post-exercise 24 hours (24h) to measure of ACTH and cortisol levels.
Results: It is determined that in POST ACTH levels of smokers and non-smokers were shown a significant increase according to PRE levels (p<0,05). 2h cortisol levels of smokers and non-smokers were significantly lower than PRE levels (p<0,05). In comparison between-groups, all measurements (PRE, POST, 2h and 24h) indicated that differences in ACTH and cortisol levels of non-smokers were not significant (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The study revealed the fact that, in terms of non-smoker and smoker groups cortisol and ACTH showed similar tendency in time analysis. Smoking habit did not make a difference on the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis during exercise. The results demonstrate that it may be helpful to investigate this relationship with different types of exercises in different intensities in more controlled subsequent studies.