Displaying 1-10 of 393 results found.
page
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
... 40
First differences of 10^n ( A011557).
+20
68
9, 90, 900, 9000, 90000, 900000, 9000000, 90000000, 900000000, 9000000000, 90000000000, 900000000000, 9000000000000, 90000000000000, 900000000000000, 9000000000000000, 90000000000000000, 900000000000000000, 9000000000000000000, 90000000000000000000
COMMENTS
For n >=1, a(n) is equal to the number of functions f:{1,2...,n}->{1,2,...,10} such that for a fixed x in {1,2,...,n} and a fixed y in {1,2,...,10} we have f(x)<>y. - Aleksandar M. Janjic and Milan Janjic, Mar 27 2007 For n >= 1, a(n) is the number of n-digit positive integers. - Geoffrey Critzer, Apr 23 2009
REFERENCES
A. H. Beiler, Recreations in the Theory of Numbers, Dover, N.Y., 1964, pp. 194-196.
Miklos Bona, Introduction to Enumerative Combinatorics, McGraw-Hill, 2007, p. 8.
FORMULA
a(n) = 9*10^(n-1), n >= 1.
O.g.f.: 9*x/(1 - 10*x).
E.g.f.: 9*(exp(10*x) - 1)/10.
a(n) = 10*a(n-1) for n > 1. (End)
Number of partitions of n into powers of 10 (cf. A011557).
+20
11
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10
FORMULA
a(n) = p(n,1) where p(n,k) = if k<=n then p(10*[(n-k)/10],k)+p(n,10*k) else 0^n.
EXAMPLE
a(19) = #{10 + 9x1, 19x1} = 2;
a(20) = #{10 + 10, 10 + 10x1, 20x1} = 3;
a(21) = #{10 + 10 + 1, 10 + 11x1, 21x1} = 3.
MATHEMATICA
terms = 10001;
CoefficientList[Product[1/(1 - x^(10^k)) + O[x]^terms,
{k, 0, Log[10, terms] // Ceiling}], x]
PROG
(Haskell)
a179051 = p 1 where
p _ 0 = 1
p k m = if m < k then 0 else p k (m - k) + p (k * 10) m
CROSSREFS
Number of partitions of n into powers of b: A018819 (b=2), A062051 (b=3).
a(n) = 1, 7, A011557*(period 6: repeat 10, 13, 31, 49, 70, 97).
+20
1
1, 7, 10, 13, 31, 49, 70, 97, 100, 130, 310, 490, 700, 970, 1000, 1300, 3100, 4900, 7000, 9700, 10000, 13000, 31000, 49000, 70000, 97000, 100000, 130000, 310000, 490000, 700000, 970000, 1000000, 1300000, 3100000, 4900000, 7000000, 9700000, 10000000
FORMULA
G.f.: x*(10*x^2+13*x^3+31*x^4+49*x^5+60*x^6+27*x^7+1+7*x)/(1-10*x^6).
a(n) = 10^floor((n-3)/6)*(45+8*cos((n-2)*Pi)+25*cos((n-2)*Pi/3)+19*cos(2*(n-2)*Pi/3)-4*sqrt(3)*(4*sin((n-2)*Pi/3)+sin(2*(n-2)*Pi/3))) for n>2. - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jun 18 2016
MAPLE
A178508:=n->10^floor((n-3)/6)*(45+8*cos((n-2)*Pi)+25*cos((n-2)*Pi/3)+19*cos(2*(n-2)*Pi/3)-4*sqrt(3)*(4*sin((n-2)*Pi/3)+sin(2*(n-2)*Pi/3))): 1, 7, seq( A178508(n), n=3..50); # Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jun 18 2016
MATHEMATICA
Join[{1, 7}, Flatten[Table[10^n {10, 13, 31, 49, 70, 97}, {n, 0, 6}]]] (* or *) Join[{1, 7}, LinearRecurrence[{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 10}, {10, 13, 31, 49, 70, 97}, 50]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Nov 19 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) a=[1, 7, 10, 13, 31, 49, 70, 97]; for(i=1, 99, a=concat(a, 10*a[#a-5])); a \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 01 2011
EXTENSIONS
Dissassociated with sums-of-squares sequences by R. J. Mathar, Jun 07 2010
Smallest k such that A011557(n)//k//rev is prime, where rev is the string of digits of A011557(n) reversed (retaining any leading zeros) and // denotes concatenation.
+20
1
0, 3, 3, 3, 5, 8, 29, 5, 8, 15, 3, 21, 8, 3, 21, 3, 8, 18, 20, 92, 110, 51, 102, 6, 57, 23, 5, 114, 8, 32, 41, 6, 236, 6, 39, 60, 110, 62, 36, 17, 53, 21, 161, 41, 159, 57, 137, 42, 83, 114, 126, 80, 30, 36, 278, 107, 425, 111, 68, 68, 95, 29, 8, 53, 426, 48
COMMENTS
Is a(n) = 0 for any n > 0? If such an n exists, that n is a term of A000079 (cf. Greathouse, 2010). All terms are congruent to 0 or 2 modulo 3, since if k is congruent to 1 modulo 3, 1000...0//k//00...01 is divisible by 3 and thus not prime.
EXAMPLE
a(1) = 3, because 10001, 10101, and 10201 are composite and 10301 is prime.
a(6) = 29, because 29 is the smallest k such that 1000000//k//0000001 is prime. The decimal expansion of that prime is 1000000290000001.
MATHEMATICA
Table[k = 0; d = IntegerDigits[10^n]; While[! PrimeQ@ FromDigits@ Join[d, IntegerDigits@ k, Reverse@ d], k++]; k, {n, 0, 65}] (* Michael De Vlieger, Aug 26 2015 *)
PROG
(PARI) a(n) = x=10^n; k=0; while(!ispseudoprime(eval(Str(x, k, concat(Vecrev(Str(x)))))), k++); k
(Perl) use ntheory ":all"; for my $n (0..50) { my($t, $c)=(0); $t++ while $c=1 . 0 x $n . $t . 0 x $n . 1, !is_prob_prime($c); say "$n $t"; } # Dana Jacobsen, Oct 02 2015
1, 1, 2, 5, 10, 10, 20, 50, 100, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 10000, 20000, 50000, 100000, 100000, 200000, 500000, 1000000, 1000000, 2000000, 5000000, 10000000, 10000000, 20000000, 50000000
COMMENTS
3=1+2, 4=1+1+2, 6=1+5, 7=2+5, 8=1+2+5, 9=1+1+2+5, 11=1+10, 12=2+10, 13=1+2+10.
a(n) is used only once. Like weights.
FORMULA
a(1)=1, a(2)=1, a(3)=2, a(4)=5, a(n)=10*a(n-4). G.f.: x*(1+x+2*x^2+5*x^3)/(1-10*x^4). [Colin Barker, Jan 25 2012]
MATHEMATICA
LinearRecurrence[{0, 0, 0, 10}, {1, 1, 2, 5}, 40] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jan 21 2019 *)
The squares: a(n) = n^2.
(Formerly M3356 N1350)
+10
3263
0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1024, 1089, 1156, 1225, 1296, 1369, 1444, 1521, 1600, 1681, 1764, 1849, 1936, 2025, 2116, 2209, 2304, 2401, 2500
COMMENTS
To test if a number is a square, see Cohen, p. 40. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 19 2011 Begin with n, add the next number, subtract the previous number and so on ending with subtracting a 1: a(n) = n + (n+1) - (n-1) + (n+2) - (n-2) + (n+3) - (n-3) + ... + (2n-1) - 1 = n^2. - Amarnath Murthy, Mar 24 2004 Numbers with an odd number of divisors: {d(n^2) = A048691(n); for the first occurrence of 2n + 1 divisors, see A071571(n)}. - Lekraj Beedassy, Jun 30 2004 First sequence ever computed by electronic computer, on EDSAC, May 06 1949 (see Renwick link). - Russ Cox, Apr 20 2006 Numbers k such that the imaginary quadratic field Q(sqrt(-k)) has four units. - Marc LeBrun, Apr 12 2006 If a 2-set Y and an (n-2)-set Z are disjoint subsets of an n-set X then a(n-2) is the number of 3-subsets of X intersecting both Y and Z. - Milan Janjic, Sep 19 2007 Numbers a such that a^1/2 + b^1/2 = c^1/2 and a^2 + b = c. - Cino Hilliard, Feb 07 2008 (this comment needs clarification, Joerg Arndt, Sep 12 2013) Numbers k such that the geometric mean of the divisors of k is an integer. - Ctibor O. Zizka, Jun 26 2008 Equals row sums of triangle A143470. Example: 36 = sum of row 6 terms: (23 + 7 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 1). - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 17 2008 Number of divisors of 6^(n-1) for n > 0. - J. Lowell, Aug 30 2008 a(n) is the number of all partitions of the sum 2^2 + 2^2 + ... + 2^2, (n-1) times, into powers of 2. - Valentin Bakoev, Mar 03 2009 a(n) is the maximal number of squares that can be 'on' in an n X n board so that all the squares turn 'off' after applying the operation: in any 2 X 2 sub-board, a square turns from 'on' to 'off' if the other three are off. - Srikanth K S, Jun 25 2009 Zero together with the numbers k such that 2 is the number of perfect partitions of k. - Juri-Stepan Gerasimov, Sep 26 2009 Totally multiplicative sequence with a(p) = p^2 for prime p. - Jaroslav Krizek, Nov 01 2009 Besides the first term, this sequence is the denominator of Pi^2/6 = 1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + 1/16 + 1/25 + 1/36 + ... . - Mohammad K. Azarian, Nov 01 2011 Drmota, Mauduit, and Rivat proved that the Thue-Morse sequence along the squares is normal; see A228039. - Jonathan Sondow, Sep 03 2013 a(n) can be decomposed into the sum of the four numbers [binomial(n, 1) + binomial(n, 2) + binomial(n-1, 1) + binomial(n-1, 2)] which form a "square" in Pascal's Triangle A007318, or the sum of the two numbers [binomial(n, 2) + binomial(n+1, 2)], or the difference of the two numbers [binomial(n+2, 3) - binomial(n, 3)]. - John Molokach, Sep 26 2013 In terms of triangular tiling, the number of equilateral triangles with side length 1 inside an equilateral triangle with side length n. - K. G. Stier, Oct 30 2013 Number of positive roots in the root systems of type B_n and C_n (when n > 1). - Tom Edgar, Nov 05 2013 Squares of squares (fourth powers) are also called biquadratic numbers: A000583. - M. F. Hasler, Dec 29 2013 For n > 0, a(n) is the largest integer k such that k^2 + n is a multiple of k + n. More generally, for m > 0 and n > 0, the largest integer k such that k^(2*m) + n is a multiple of k + n is given by k = n^(2*m). - Derek Orr, Sep 03 2014 For n > 0, a(n) is the number of compositions of n + 5 into n parts avoiding the part 2. - Milan Janjic, Jan 07 2016 a(n), for n >= 3, is also the number of all connected subtrees of a cycle graph, having n vertices. - Viktar Karatchenia, Mar 02 2016 On every sequence of natural continuous numbers with an even number of elements, the summatory of the second half of the sequence minus the summatory of the first half of the sequence is always a square. Example: Sequence from 61 to 70 has an even number of elements (10). Then 61 + 62 + 63 + 64 + 65 = 315; 66 + 67 + 68 + 69 + 70 = 340; 340 - 315 = 25. (n/2)^2 for n = number of elements. - César Aguilera, Jun 20 2016 On every sequence of natural continuous numbers from n^2 to (n+1)^2, the sum of the differences of pairs of elements of the two halves in every combination possible is always (n+1)^2. - César Aguilera, Jun 24 2016 Suppose two circles with radius 1 are tangent to each other as well as to a line not passing through the point of tangency. Create a third circle tangent to both circles as well as the line. If this process is continued, a(n) for n > 0 is the reciprocals of the radii of the circles, beginning with the largest circle. - Melvin Peralta, Aug 18 2016 Does not satisfy Benford's law [Ross, 2012]. - N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 08 2017 Numerators of the solution to the generalization of the Feynman triangle problem, with an offset of 2. If each vertex of a triangle is joined to the point (1/p) along the opposite side (measured say clockwise), then the area of the inner triangle formed by these lines is equal to (p - 2)^2/(p^2 - p + 1) times the area of the original triangle, p > 2. For example, when p = 3, the ratio of the areas is 1/7. The denominators of the ratio of the areas is given by A002061. [Cook & Wood, 2004] - Joe Marasco, Feb 20 2017 Right-hand side of the binomial coefficient identity Sum_{k = 0..n} (-1)^(n+k+1)*binomial(n,k)*binomial(n + k,k)*(n - k) = n^2. - Peter Bala, Jan 12 2022 Conjecture: For n>0, min{k such that there exist subsets A,B of {0,1,2,...,a(n)-1} such that |A|=|B|=k and A+B contains {0,1,2,...,a(n)-1}} = n. - Michael Chu, Mar 09 2022 Number of 3-permutations of n elements avoiding the patterns 132, 213, 321. See Bonichon and Sun. - Michel Marcus, Aug 20 2022 Number of intercalates in cyclic Latin squares of order 2n (cyclic Latin squares of odd order do not have intercalates). - Eduard I. Vatutin, Feb 15 2024
REFERENCES
G. L. Alexanderson et al., The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, Problems and Solutions: 1965-1984, "December 1967 Problem B4(a)", pp. 8(157) MAA Washington DC 1985.
T. M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 2.
Albert H. Beiler, Recreations in the theory of numbers, New York, Dover, (2nd ed.) 1966. See Chapter XV, pp. 135-167.
R. P. Burn & A. Chetwynd, A Cascade Of Numbers, "The prison door problem" Problem 4 pp. 5-7; 79-80 Arnold London 1996.
H. Cohen, A Course in Computational Algebraic Number Theory, Springer, 1996, p. 40.
E. Deza and M. M. Deza, Figurate numbers, World Scientific Publishing (2012), p. 6.
M. Gardner, Time Travel and Other Mathematical Bewilderments, Chapter 6 pp. 71-2, W. H. Freeman NY 1988.
Granino A. Korn and Theresa M. Korn, Mathematical Handbook for Scientists and Engineers, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1968), p. 982.
Jan Gullberg, Mathematics from the Birth of Numbers, W. W. Norton & Co., NY & London, 1997, §8.1 Terminology and §8.6 Figurate Numbers, pp. 264, 290-291.
Alfred S. Posamentier, The Art of Problem Solving, Section 2.4 "The Long Cell Block" pp. 10-1; 12; 156-7 Corwin Press Thousand Oaks CA 1996.
Michel Rigo, Formal Languages, Automata and Numeration Systems, 2 vols., Wiley, 2014. Mentions this sequence - see "List of Sequences" in Vol. 2.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
J. K. Strayer, Elementary Number Theory, Exercise Set 3.3 Problems 32, 33, p. 88, PWS Publishing Co. Boston MA 1996.
C. W. Trigg, Mathematical Quickies, "The Lucky Prisoners" Problem 141 pp. 40, 141, Dover NY 1985.
R. Vakil, A Mathematical Mosaic, "The Painted Lockers" pp. 127;134 Brendan Kelly Burlington Ontario 1996.
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Penguin Books, NY, 1986, Revised edition 1987. See p. 123.
LINKS
Ed Pegg, Jr., Sequence Pictures, Math Games column, Dec 08 2003 [Cached copy, with permission (pdf only)]. Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Unit.
FORMULA
G.f.: x*(1 + x) / (1 - x)^3.
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(x + x^2).
Dirichlet g.f.: zeta(s-2).
a(n) = a(-n).
Sum of all matrix elements M(i, j) = 2*i/(i+j) (i, j = 1..n). a(n) = Sum_{i = 1..n} Sum_{j = 1..n} 2*i/(i + j). - Alexander Adamchuk, Oct 24 2004 a(0) = 0, a(1) = 1, a(n) = 2*a(n-1) - a(n-2) + 2. - Miklos Kristof, Mar 09 2005 a(n) is the sum of the odd numbers from 1 to 2*n - 1.
a(0) = 0, a(1) = 1, then a(n) = a(n-1) + 2*n - 1. (End)
Binomial transform of [1, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Nov 21 2007 a(n) = binomial(n+1, 2) + binomial(n, 2).
This sequence could be derived from the following general formula (cf. A001286, A000330): n*(n+1)*...*(n+k)*(n + (n+1) + ... + (n+k))/((k+2)!*(k+1)/2) at k = 0. Indeed, using the formula for the sum of the arithmetic progression (n + (n+1) + ... + (n+k)) = (2*n + k)*(k + 1)/2 the general formula could be rewritten as: n*(n+1)*...*(n+k)*(2*n+k)/(k+2)! so for k = 0 above general formula degenerates to n*(2*n + 0)/(0 + 2) = n^2. - Alexander R. Povolotsky, May 18 2008 From a(4) recurrence formula a(n+3) = 3*a(n+2) - 3*a(n+1) + a(n) and a(1) = 1, a(2) = 4, a(3) = 9. - Artur Jasinski, Oct 21 2008 The recurrence a(n+3) = 3*a(n+2) - 3*a(n+1) + a(n) is satisfied by all k-gonal sequences from a(3), with a(0) = 0, a(1) = 1, a(2) = k. - Jaume Oliver Lafont, Nov 18 2008 a(n) = floor(n*(n+1)*(Sum_{i = 1..n} 1/(n*(n+1)))). - Ctibor O. Zizka, Mar 07 2009 a(n) = a(n-1) + a(n-2) - a(n-3) + 4, n > 2. - Gary Detlefs, Sep 07 2010 a(n+1) = Integral_{x >= 0} exp(-x)/( (Pn(x)*exp(-x)*Ei(x) - Qn(x))^2 +(Pi*exp(-x)*Pn(x))^2 ), with Pn the Laguerre polynomial of order n and Qn the secondary Laguerre polynomial defined by Qn(x) = Integral_{t >= 0} (Pn(x) - Pn(t))*exp(-t)/(x-t). - Groux Roland, Dec 08 2010 Euler transform of length-2 sequence [4, -1]. - Michael Somos, Feb 12 2011 Sum_{n >= 1} 1/a(n)^k = (2*Pi)^k*B_k/(2*k!) = zeta(2*k) with Bernoulli numbers B_k = -1, 1/6, 1/30, 1/42, ... for k >= 0. See A019673, A195055/10 etc. [Jolley eq 319]. Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^(n+1)/a(n)^k = 2^(k-1)*Pi^k*(1-1/2^(k-1))*B_k/k! [Jolley eq 320] with B_k as above.
a(n+1) = Sum_{t1+2*t2+...+n*tn = n} (-1)^(n+t1+t2+...+tn)*multinomial(t1+t2 +...+tn,t1,t2,...,tn)*4^(t1)*7^(t2)*8^(t3+...+tn). - Mircea Merca, Feb 27 2014 a(n) = floor(1/(1-cos(1/n)))/2 = floor(1/(1-n*sin(1/n)))/6, n > 0. - Clark Kimberling, Oct 08 2014 a(n) = ceiling(Sum_{k >= 1} log(k)/k^(1+1/n)) = -Zeta'[1+1/n]. Thus any exponent greater than 1 applied to k yields convergence. The fractional portion declines from A073002 = 0.93754... at n = 1 and converges slowly to 0.9271841545163232... for large n. - Richard R. Forberg, Dec 24 2014 a(n) = Sum_{j = 1..n} Sum_{i = 1..n} ceiling((i + j - n + 1)/3). - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Mar 12 2015 a(n) = Product_{j = 1..n-1} 2 - 2*cos(2*j*Pi/n). - Michel Marcus, Jul 24 2015 Product_{n >= 1} (1 + 1/a(n)) = sinh(Pi)/Pi = A156648. Sum_{n >= 0} 1/a(n!) = BesselI(0, 2) = A070910. (End) a(n) = Sum_{i = 1..2*n-1} ceiling(n - i/2). - Stefano Spezia, Apr 16 2021 a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} psi(n/gcd(n,k)).
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} psi(gcd(n,k))*phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)).
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} sigma_2(n/gcd(n,k))*mu(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)).
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} sigma_2(gcd(n,k))*mu(n/gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)). (End)
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} sigma_1(k) + Sum_{i=1..n} (n mod i). - Vadim Kataev, Dec 07 2022 a(n^2) + a(n^2+1) + ... + a(n^2+n) + 4* A000537(n) = a(n^2+n+1) + ... + a(n^2+2n). In general, if P(k,n) = the n-th k-gonal number, then P(2k,n^2) + P(2k,n^2+1) + ... + P(2k,n^2+n) + 4*(k-1)* A000537(n) = P(2k,n^2+n+1) + ... + P(2k,n^2+2n). - Charlie Marion, Apr 26 2024 a(n) = 1 + 3^3*((n-1)/(n+1))^2 + 5^3*((n-1)*(n-2)/((n+1)*(n+2)))^2 + 7^3*((n-1)*(n-2)*(n-3)/((n+1)*(n+2)*(n+3)))^2 + ... for n >= 1. - Peter Bala, Dec 09 2024
EXAMPLE
For n = 8, a(8) = 8 * 15 - (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13) - 7 = 8 * 15 - 49 - 7 = 64. - Bruno Berselli, May 04 2010 G.f. = x + 4*x^2 + 9*x^3 + 16*x^4 + 25*x^5 + 36*x^6 + 49*x^7 + 64*x^8 + 81*x^9 + ...
a(4) = 16. For n = 4 vertices, the cycle graph C4 is A-B-C-D-A. The subtrees are: 4 singles: A, B, C, D; 4 pairs: A-B, BC, C-D, A-D; 4 triples: A-B-C, B-C-D, C-D-A, D-A-B; 4 quads: A-B-C-D, B-C-D-A, C-D-A-B, D-A-B-C; 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16. - Viktar Karatchenia, Mar 02 2016
MATHEMATICA
CoefficientList[Series[-(x^2 + x)/(x - 1)^3, {x, 0, 50}], x] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jul 23 2018 *)
PROG
(Magma) [ n^2 : n in [0..1000]];
(PARI) {a(n) = n^2};
(Haskell)
a000290 = (^ 2)
(Python) # See Hobson link
(Python)
CROSSREFS
Cf. A092205, A128200, A005408, A128201, A002522, A005563, A008865, A059100, A143051, A143470, A143595, A056944, A001157 (inverse Möbius transform), A001788 (binomial transform), A228039, A001105, A004159, A159918, A173277, A095794, A162395, A186646 (Pisano periods), A028338 (2nd diagonal).
EXTENSIONS
Incorrect comment and example removed by Joerg Arndt, Mar 11 2010
Powers of 2: a(n) = 2^n.
(Formerly M1129 N0432)
+10
3232
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384, 32768, 65536, 131072, 262144, 524288, 1048576, 2097152, 4194304, 8388608, 16777216, 33554432, 67108864, 134217728, 268435456, 536870912, 1073741824, 2147483648, 4294967296, 8589934592
COMMENTS
2^0 = 1 is the only odd power of 2.
Number of subsets of an n-set.
There are 2^(n-1) compositions (ordered partitions) of n (see for example Riordan). This is the unlabeled analog of the preferential labelings sequence A000670. This is also the number of weakly unimodal permutations of 1..n + 1, that is, permutations with exactly one local maximum. E.g., a(4) = 16: 12345, 12354, 12453, 12543, 13452, 13542, 14532 and 15432 and their reversals. - Jon Perry, Jul 27 2003 [Proof: see next line! See also A087783.] Proof: n must appear somewhere and there are 2^(n-1) possible choices for the subset that precedes it. These must appear in increasing order and the rest must follow n in decreasing order. QED. - N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 26 2003 a(n+1) is the smallest number that is not the sum of any number of (distinct) earlier terms.
Same as Pisot sequences E(1, 2), L(1, 2), P(1, 2), T(1, 2). See A008776 for definitions of Pisot sequences. With initial 1 omitted, same as Pisot sequences E(2, 4), L(2, 4), P(2, 4), T(2, 4). - David W. WilsonNot the sum of two or more consecutive numbers. - Lekraj Beedassy, May 14 2004 Least deficient or near-perfect numbers (i.e., n such that sigma(n) = A000203(n) = 2n - 1). - Lekraj Beedassy, Jun 03 2004. [Comment from Max Alekseyev, Jan 26 2005: All the powers of 2 are least deficient numbers but it is not known if there exists a least deficient number that is not a power of 2.] Almost-perfect numbers referred to as least deficient or slightly defective (Singh 1997) numbers. Does "near-perfect numbers" refer to both almost-perfect numbers (sigma(n) = 2n - 1) and quasi-perfect numbers (sigma(n) = 2n + 1)? There are no known quasi-perfect or least abundant or slightly excessive (Singh 1997) numbers.
The sum of the numbers in the n-th row of Pascal's triangle; the sum of the coefficients of x in the expansion of (x+1)^n.
The Collatz conjecture (the hailstone sequence will eventually reach the number 1, regardless of which positive integer is chosen initially) may be restated as (the hailstone sequence will eventually reach a power of 2, regardless of which positive integer is chosen initially).
The only hailstone sequence which doesn't rebound (except "on the ground"). - Alexandre Wajnberg, Jan 29 2005 With p(n) as the number of integer partitions of n, p(i) is the number of parts of the i-th partition of n, d(i) is the number of different parts of the i-th partition of n, m(i,j) is the multiplicity of the j-th part of the i-th partition of n, one has: a(n) = Sum_{i = 1..p(n)} (p(i)! / (Product_{j=1..d(i)} m(i,j)!)). - Thomas Wieder, May 18 2005 The number of binary relations on an n-element set that are both symmetric and antisymmetric. Also the number of binary relations on an n-element set that are symmetric, antisymmetric and transitive.
a(n) is the largest number with shortest addition chain involving n additions. - David W. Wilson, Apr 23 2006 Beginning with a(1) = 0, numbers not equal to the sum of previous distinct natural numbers. - Giovanni Teofilatto, Aug 06 2006 For n >= 1, a(n) is equal to the number of functions f:{1, 2, ..., n} -> {1, 2} such that for a fixed x in {1, 2, ..., n} and a fixed y in {1, 2} we have f(x) != y. - Aleksandar M. Janjic and Milan Janjic, Mar 27 2007 Let P(A) be the power set of an n-element set A. Then a(n) is the number of pairs of elements {x,y} of P(A) for which x = y. - Ross La Haye, Jan 09 2008 a(n) is the number of different ways to run up a staircase with n steps, taking steps of sizes 1, 2, 3, ... and r (r <= n), where the order IS important and there is no restriction on the number or the size of each step taken. - Mohammad K. Azarian, May 21 2008 a(n) is the number of permutations on [n+1] such that every initial segment is an interval of integers. Example: a(3) counts 1234, 2134, 2314, 2341, 3214, 3241, 3421, 4321. The map "p -> ascents of p" is a bijection from these permutations to subsets of [n]. An ascent of a permutation p is a position i such that p(i) < p(i+1). The permutations shown map to 123, 23, 13, 12, 3, 2, 1 and the empty set respectively. - David Callan, Jul 25 2008 2^(n-1) is the largest number having n divisors (in the sense of A077569); A005179(n) is the smallest. - T. D. Noe, Sep 02 2008 a(n) appears to match the number of divisors of the modified primorials (excluding 2, 3 and 5). Very limited range examined, PARI example shown. - Bill McEachen, Oct 29 2008 Successive k such that phi(k)/k = 1/2, where phi is Euler's totient function. - Artur Jasinski, Nov 07 2008 This is also the (L)-sieve transform of {2, 4, 6, 8, ..., 2n, ...} = A005843. (See A152009 for the definition of the (L)-sieve transform.) - John W. Layman, Jan 23 2009 For n >= 0, a(n) is the number of leaves in a complete binary tree of height n. For n > 0, a(n) is the number of nodes in an n-cube. - K.V.Iyer, May 04 2009 Permutations of n+1 elements where no element is more than one position right of its original place. For example, there are 4 such permutations of three elements: 123, 132, 213, and 312. The 8 such permutations of four elements are 1234, 1243, 1324, 1423, 2134, 2143, 3124, and 4123. - Joerg Arndt, Jun 24 2009 a(n) written in base 2: 1,10,100,1000,10000,..., i.e., (n+1) times 1, n times 0 ( A011557(n)). - Jaroslav Krizek, Aug 02 2009 These are the 2-smooth numbers, positive integers with no prime factors greater than 2. - Michael B. Porter, Oct 04 2009 a(n) is the largest number m such that the number of steps of iterations of {r - (largest divisor d < r)} needed to reach 1 starting at r = m is equal to n. Example (a(5) = 32): 32 - 16 = 16; 16 - 8 = 8; 8 - 4 = 4; 4 - 2 = 2; 2 - 1 = 1; number 32 has 5 steps and is the largest such number. See A105017, A064097, A175125. - Jaroslav Krizek, Feb 15 2010 The powers-of-2 triangle T(n, k), n >= 0 and 0 <= k <= n, begins with: {1}; {2, 4}; {8, 16, 32}; {64, 128, 256, 512}; ... . The first left hand diagonal T(n, 0) = A006125(n + 1), the first right hand diagonal T(n, n) = A036442(n + 1) and the center diagonal T(2*n, n) = A053765(n + 1). Some triangle sums, see A180662, are: Row1(n) = A122743(n), Row2(n) = A181174(n), Fi1(n) = A181175(n), Fi2(2*n) = A181175(2*n) and Fi2(2*n + 1) = 2* A181175(2*n + 1). - Johannes W. Meijer, Oct 10 2010 The compositions of n in which each natural number is colored by one of p different colors are called p-colored compositions of n. For n>=1, a(n) equals the number of 2-colored compositions of n such that no adjacent parts have the same color. - Milan Janjic, Nov 17 2011 Equals A001405 convolved with its right-shifted variant: (1 + 2x + 4x^2 + ...) = (1 + x + 2x^2 + 3x^3 + 6x^4 + 10x^5 + ...) * (1 + x + x^2 + 2x^3 + 3x^4 + 6x^5 + ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Nov 23 2011 The number of odd-sized subsets of an n+1-set. For example, there are 2^3 odd-sized subsets of {1, 2, 3, 4}, namely {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, and {2, 3, 4}. Also, note that 2^n = Sum_{k=1..floor((n+1)/2)} C(n+1, 2k-1). - Dennis P. Walsh, Dec 15 2011 a(n) is the number of 1's in any row of Pascal's triangle (mod 2) whose row number has exactly n 1's in its binary expansion (see A007318 and A047999). (The result of putting together A001316 and A000120.) - Marcus Jaiclin, Jan 31 2012 For n>=1 apparently the number of distinct finite languages over a unary alphabet, whose minimum regular expression has alphabetic width n (verified up to n=17), see the Gruber/Lee/Shallit link. - Hermann Gruber, May 09 2012 This is the lexicographically earliest sequence which contains no arithmetic progression of length 3. - Daniel E. Frohardt, Apr 03 2013
a(n-2) is the number of bipartitions of {1..n} (i.e., set partitions into two parts) such that 1 and 2 are not in the same subset. - Jon Perry, May 19 2013 Numbers n such that the n-th cyclotomic polynomial has a root mod 2; numbers n such that the n-th cyclotomic polynomial has an even number of odd coefficients. - Eric M. Schmidt, Jul 31 2013 More is known now about non-power-of-2 "Almost Perfect Numbers" as described in Dagal. - Jonathan Vos Post, Sep 01 2013 Number of symmetric Ferrers diagrams that fit into an n X n box. - Graham H. Hawkes, Oct 18 2013 a(1), ..., a(floor(n/2)) are all values of permanent on set of square (0,1)-matrices of order n>=2 with row and column sums 2. - Vladimir Shevelev, Nov 26 2013 Numbers whose base-2 expansion has exactly one bit set to 1, and thus has base-2 sum of digits equal to one. - Stanislav Sykora, Nov 29 2013 a(n) is the largest number k such that (k^n-2)/(k-2) is an integer (for n > 1); (k^a(n)+1)/(k+1) is never an integer (for k > 1 and n > 0). - Derek Orr, May 22 2014 The mini-sequence b(n) = least number k > 0 such that 2^k ends in n identical digits is given by {1, 18, 39}. The repeating digits are {2, 4, 8} respectively. Note that these are consecutive powers of 2 (2^1, 2^2, 2^3), and these are the only powers of 2 (2^k, k > 0) that are only one digit. Further, this sequence is finite. The number of n-digit endings for a power of 2 with n or more digits id 4*5^(n-1). Thus, for b(4) to exist, one only needs to check exponents up to 4*5^3 = 500. Since b(4) does not exist, it is clear that no other number will exist. - Derek Orr, Jun 14 2014 The least number k > 0 such that 2^k ends in n consecutive decreasing digits is a 3-number sequence given by {1, 5, 25}. The consecutive decreasing digits are {2, 32, 432}. There are 100 different 3-digit endings for 2^k. There are no k-values such that 2^k ends in '987', '876', '765', '654', '543', '321', or '210'. The k-values for which 2^k ends in '432' are given by 25 mod 100. For k = 25 + 100*x, the digit immediately before the run of '432' is {4, 6, 8, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 0, 2, ...} for x = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ...}, respectively. Thus, we see the digit before '432' will never be a 5. So, this sequence is complete. - Derek Orr, Jul 03 2014 a(n) is the number of permutations of length n avoiding both 231 and 321 in the classical sense which are breadth-first search reading words of increasing unary-binary trees. For more details, see the entry for permutations avoiding 231 at A245898. - Manda Riehl, Aug 05 2014 This is a B_2 sequence: for i < j, differences a(j) - a(i) are all distinct. Here 2*a(n) < a(n+1) + 1, so a(n) - a(0) < a(n+1) - a(n). - Thomas Ordowski, Sep 23 2014 a(n) counts n-walks (closed) on the graph G(1-vertex; 1-loop, 1-loop). - David Neil McGrath, Dec 11 2014 a(n-1) counts walks (closed) on the graph G(1-vertex; 1-loop, 2-loop, 3-loop, 4-loop, ...). - David Neil McGrath, Jan 01 2015 b(0) = 4; b(n+1) is the smallest number not in the sequence such that b(n+1) - Prod_{i=0..n} b(i) divides b(n+1) - Sum_{i=0..n} b(i). Then b(n) = a(n) for n > 2. - Derek Orr, Jan 15 2015 a(n) counts the permutations of length n+2 whose first element is 2 such that the permutation has exactly one descent. - Ran Pan, Apr 17 2015 a(0)-a(30) appear, with a(26)-a(30) in error, in tablet M 08613 (see CDLI link) from the Old Babylonian period (c. 1900-1600 BC). - Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 03 2015 Number of monotone maps f : [0..n] -> [0..n] which are order-increasing (i <= f(i)) and idempotent (f(f(i)) = f(i)). In other words, monads on the n-th ordinal (seen as a posetal category). Any monad f determines a subset of [0..n] that contains n, by considering its set of monad algebras = fixed points { i | f(i) = i }. Conversely, any subset S of [0..n] containing n determines a monad on [0..n], by the function i |-> min { j | i <= j, j in S }. - Noam Zeilberger, Dec 11 2016 Consider n points lying on a circle. Then for n>=2 a(n-2) gives the number of ways to connect two adjacent points with nonintersecting chords. - Anton Zakharov, Dec 31 2016 Satisfies Benford's law [Diaconis, 1977; Berger-Hill, 2017] - N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 07 2017 Also the number of independent vertex sets and vertex covers in the n-empty graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Sep 21 2017 Also the number of maximum cliques in the n-halved cube graph for n > 4. - Eric W. Weisstein, Dec 04 2017 Number of pairs of compositions of n corresponding to a seaweed algebra of index n-1. - Nick Mayers, Jun 25 2018 The multiplicative group of integers modulo a(n) is cyclic if and only if n = 0, 1, 2. For n >= 3, it is a product of two cyclic groups. - Jianing Song, Jun 27 2018 k^n is the determinant of n X n matrix M_(i, j) = binomial(k + i + j - 2, j) - binomial(i+j-2, j), in this case k=2. - Tony Foster III, May 12 2019 a(n-1) is the number of subsets of {1,2,...,n} which have an element that is the size of the set. For example, for n = 4, a(3) = 8 and the subsets are {1}, {1,2}, {2,3}, {2,4}, {1,2,3}, {1,3,4}, {2,3,4}, {1,2,3,4}. - Enrique Navarrete, Nov 21 2020 a(n) is the number of self-inverse (n+1)-order permutations with 231-avoiding. E.g., a(3) = 8: [1234, 1243, 1324, 1432, 2134, 2143, 3214, 4321]. - Yuchun Ji, Feb 26 2021 For any fixed k > 0, a(n) is the number of ways to tile a strip of length n+1 with tiles of length 1, 2, ... k, where the tile of length k can be black or white, with the restriction that the first tile cannot be black. - Greg Dresden and Bora Bursalı, Aug 31 2023
REFERENCES
Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964 (and various reprintings), p. 1016.
Mohammad K. Azarian, A Generalization of the Climbing Stairs Problem, Mathematics and Computer Education Journal, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 24-28, Winter 1997.
Jan Gullberg, Mathematics from the Birth of Numbers, W. W. Norton & Co., NY & London, 1997, §4.5 Logarithms and §8.1 Terminology, pp. 150, 264.
Paul J. Nahin, An Imaginary Tale: The Story of sqrt(-1), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 1998, pp. 69-70.
J. Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, Wiley, 1958, p. 124.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
V. E. Tarakanov, Combinatorial problems on binary matrices, Combin. Analysis, MSU, 5 (1980), 4-15. (Russian)
S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, 2002; p. 55.
LINKS
Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972 [alternative scanned copy]. Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, De arithmetica, Book 1, section 9. Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, AbundanceEric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, ErfEric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, HypercubeEric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Subset
FORMULA
a(n) = 2^n.
a(0) = 1; a(n) = 2*a(n-1).
G.f.: 1/(1 - 2*x).
E.g.f.: exp(2*x).
a(n)= Sum_{k = 0..n} binomial(n, k).
a(n) is the number of occurrences of n in A000523. a(n) = A001045(n) + A001045(n+1). a(n) = 1 + Sum_{k = 0..(n - 1)} a(k). The Hankel transform of this sequence gives A000007 = [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...]. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 25 2004 a(n + 1) = a(n) XOR 3*a(n) where XOR is the binary exclusive OR operator. - Philippe Deléham, Jun 19 2005 a(n) = StirlingS2(n + 1, 2) + 1. - Ross La Haye, Jan 09 2008 a(n+2) = 6a(n+1) - 8a(n), n = 1, 2, 3, ... with a(1) = 1, a(2) = 2. - Yosu Yurramendi, Aug 06 2008 a(n) = ka(n-1) + (4 - 2k)a(n-2) for any integer k and n > 1, with a(0) = 1, a(1) = 2. - Jaume Oliver Lafont, Dec 05 2008 a(n) = Sum_{l_1 = 0..n + 1} Sum_{l_2 = 0..n}...Sum_{l_i = 0..n - i}...Sum_{l_n = 0..1} delta(l_1, l_2, ..., l_i, ..., l_n) where delta(l_1, l_2, ..., l_i, ..., l_n) = 0 if any l_i <= l_(i+1) and l_(i+1) != 0 and delta(l_1, l_2, ..., l_i, ..., l_n) = 1 otherwise. - Thomas Wieder, Feb 25 2009 If p[i] = i - 1 and if A is the Hessenberg matrix of order n defined by: A[i, j] = p[j - i + 1], (i <= j), A[i, j] = -1, (i = j + 1), and A[i, j] = 0 otherwise. Then, for n >= 1, a(n-1) = det A. - Milan Janjic, May 02 2010 If p[i] = Fibonacci(i-2) and if A is the Hessenberg matrix of order n defined by: A[i, j] = p[j - i + 1], (i <= j), A[i, j] = -1, (i = j + 1), and A[i, j] = 0 otherwise. Then, for n >= 2, a(n-2) = det A. - Milan Janjic, May 08 2010 The sum of reciprocals, 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ... + 1/(2^n) + ... = 2. - Mohammad K. Azarian, Dec 29 2010 a(n) = Hypergeometric([-n], [], -1). - Peter Luschny, Nov 01 2011 G.f.: A(x) = B(x)/x, B(x) satisfies B(B(x)) = x/(1 - x)^2. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Nov 10 2011 2^n = Sum_{k = 1..floor((n+1)/2)} C(n+1, 2k-1). - Dennis P. Walsh, Dec 15 2011 Sum_{n >= 1} mobius(n)/a(n) = 0.1020113348178103647430363939318... - R. J. Mathar, Aug 12 2012 E.g.f.: 1 + 2*x/(U(0) - x) where U(k) = 6*k + 1 + x^2/(6*k+3 + x^2/(6*k + 5 + x^2/U(k+1) )); (continued fraction, 3-step). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 04 2012 a(n) = det(|s(i+2,j)|, 1 <= i,j <= n), where s(n,k) are Stirling numbers of the first kind. - Mircea Merca, Apr 04 2013 a(n) = det(|ps(i+1,j)|, 1 <= i,j <= n), where ps(n,k) are Legendre-Stirling numbers of the first kind ( A129467). - Mircea Merca, Apr 06 2013 G.f.: W(0), where W(k) = 1 + 2*x*(k+1)/(1 - 2*x*(k+1)/( 2*x*(k+2) + 1/W(k+1) )); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Aug 28 2013 a(n-1) = Sum_{t_1 + 2*t_2 + ... + n*t_n = n} multinomial(t_1 + t_2 + ... + t_n; t_1, t_2, ..., t_n). - Mircea Merca, Dec 06 2013 Construct the power matrix T(n,j) = [A^*j]*[S^*(j-1)] where A(n)=(1,1,1,...) and S(n)=(0,1,0,0,...) (where * is convolution operation). Then a(n-1) = Sum_{j=1..n} T(n,j). - David Neil McGrath, Jan 01 2015 Exponential convolution of A000012 with themselves. Sum_{n>=0} a(n)/n! = exp(2) = A072334. Sum_{n>=0} (-1)^n*a(n)/n! = exp(-2) = A092553. (End) G.f.: (r(x) * r(x^2) * r(x^4) * r(x^8) * ...) where r(x) = A090129(x) = (1 + 2x + 2x^2 + 4x^3 + 8x^4 + ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Sep 13 2016 a(n)= n + 1 + Sum_{k=3..n+1} (2*k-5)*J(n+2-k), where Jacobsthal number J(n) = A001045(n). - Michael A. Allen, Jan 12 2022 Integral_{x=0..Pi} cos(x)^n*cos(n*x) dx = Pi/a(n) (see Nahin, pp. 69-70). - Stefano Spezia, May 17 2023
EXAMPLE
There are 2^3 = 8 subsets of a 3-element set {1,2,3}, namely { -, 1, 2, 3, 12, 13, 23, 123 }.
MAPLE
A000079 := n->2^n; [ seq(2^n, n=0..50) ];
isA000079 := proc(n)
local fs;
fs := numtheory[factorset](n) ;
if n = 1 then
true ;
elif nops(fs) <> 1 then
false;
elif op(1, fs) = 2 then
true;
else
false ;
end if;
MATHEMATICA
Table[2^n, {n, 0, 50}]
CoefficientList[Series[1/(1 - 2 x), {x, 0, 20}], x] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Sep 21 2017 *)
PROG
(PARI) unimodal(n)=local(x, d, um, umc); umc=0; for (c=0, n!-1, x=numtoperm(n, c); d=0; um=1; for (j=2, n, if (x[j]<x[j-1], d=1); if (x[j]>x[j-1] && d==1, um=0); if (um==0, break)); if (um==1, print(x)); umc+=um); umc
(Haskell)
a000079 = (2 ^)
a000079_list = iterate (* 2) 1
(Magma) [n le 2 select n else 5*Self(n-1)-6*Self(n-2): n in [1..40]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Feb 17 2014 (Scala) (List.fill(20)(2: BigInt)).scanLeft(1: BigInt)(_ * _) // Alonso del Arte, Jan 16 2020 (Python)
def a(n): return 1<<n
CROSSREFS
Cf. A000225, A038754, A133464, A140730, A037124, A001787, A001788, A001789, A003472, A054849, A002409, A054851, A140325, A140354, A000041, A152537, A001405, A007318, A000120, A000265, A000593, A001227, A077020, A077021. The following are parallel families: A000079 (2^n), A004094 (2^n reversed), A028909 (2^n sorted up), A028910 (2^n sorted down), A036447 (double and reverse), A057615 (double and sort up), A263451 (double and sort down); A000244 (3^n), A004167 (3^n reversed), A321540 (3^n sorted up), A321539 (3^n sorted down), A163632 (triple and reverse), A321542 (triple and sort up), A321541 (triple and sort down).
Repunits: (10^n - 1)/9. Often denoted by R_n.
+10
1180
0, 1, 11, 111, 1111, 11111, 111111, 1111111, 11111111, 111111111, 1111111111, 11111111111, 111111111111, 1111111111111, 11111111111111, 111111111111111, 1111111111111111, 11111111111111111, 111111111111111111, 1111111111111111111, 11111111111111111111
COMMENTS
R_n is a string of n 1's.
Base-4 representation of Jacobsthal bisection sequence A002450. E.g., a(4)= 1111 because A002450(4)= 85 (in base 10) = 64 + 16 + 4 + 1 = 1*(4^3) + 1*(4^2) + 1*(4^1) + 1. - Paul Barry, Mar 12 2004 Except for the first two terms, these numbers cannot be perfect squares, because x^2 != 11 (mod 100). - Zak Seidov, Dec 05 2008 Let A be the Hessenberg matrix of order n, defined by: A[1,j]=1, A[i,i]:=10, (i>1), A[i,i-1]=-1, and A[i,j]=0 otherwise. Then, for n>=1, a(n)=det(A). - Milan Janjic, Feb 21 2010 The terms 0 and 1 are the only squares in this sequence, as a(n) == 3 (mod 4) for n>=2. - Nehul Yadav, Sep 26 2013 For n>=2 the multiplicative order of 10 modulo the a(n) is n. - Robert G. Wilson v, Aug 20 2014 The above is a special case of the statement that the order of z modulo (z^n-1)/(z-1) is n, here for z=10. - Joerg Arndt, Aug 21 2014 Let d be a divisor of a(n). Let m*d be any multiple of d. Split the decimal expansion of m*d into 2 blocks of contiguous digits a and b, so we have m*d = 10^k*a + b for some k, where 0 <= k < number of decimal digits of m*d. Then d divides a^n - (-b)^n (see McGough). For example, 271 divides a(5) and we find 2^5 + 71^5 = 11*73*271*8291 and 27^5 + 1^5 = 2^2*7*31*61*271 are both divisible by 271. Similarly, 4*271 = 1084 and 10^5 + 84^5 = 2^5*31*47*271*331 while 108^5 + 4^5 = 2^12*7*31*61*271 are again both divisible by 271. (End)
Starting with the second term this sequence is the binary representation of the n-th iteration of the Rule 220 and 252 elementary cellular automaton starting with a single ON (black) cell. - Robert Price, Feb 21 2016 0, 1 and 11 are only terms that are of the form x^2 + y^2 + z^2 where x, y, z are integers. In other words, a(n) is a member of A004215 for all n > 2. - Altug Alkan, May 08 2016 Except for the initial terms, the binary representation of the x-axis, from the left edge to the origin, of the n-th stage of growth of the two-dimensional cellular automaton defined by "Rule 737", based on the 5-celled von Neumann neighborhood, initialized with a single black (ON) cell at stage zero. - Robert Price, Mar 17 2017 The term "repunit" was coined by Albert H. Beiler in 1964. - Amiram Eldar, Nov 13 2020
REFERENCES
Albert H. Beiler, Recreations in the Theory of Numbers: The Queen of Mathematics Entertains, New York: Dover Publications, 1964, chapter XI, p. 83.
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers, Penguin Books, 1987, pp. 197-198.
Samuel Yates, Peculiar Properties of Repunits, J. Recr. Math. 2, 139-146, 1969.
Samuel Yates, Prime Divisors of Repunits, J. Recr. Math. 8, 33-38, 1975.
LINKS
Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, On Repunits, Politecnico di Torino (Italy, 2019). Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Repunit.
FORMULA
a(n) = 10*a(n-1) + 1, a(0)=0.
a(n) = 11*a(n-1) - 10*a(n-2), a(0)=0, a(1)=1. - Lekraj Beedassy, Jun 07 2006
MATHEMATICA
Join[{0}, Table[FromDigits[PadRight[{}, n, 1]], {n, 20}]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Mar 04 2012 *)
PROG
(PARI) x='x+O('x^99); concat(0, Vec(x/((1-10*x)*(1-x)))) \\ Altug Alkan, Apr 10 2016 (Sage) [lucas_number1(n, 11, 10) for n in range(21)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 27 2009 (Haskell)
a002275 = (`div` 9) . subtract 1 . (10 ^)
a002275_list = iterate ((+ 1) . (* 10)) 0
(Maxima)
a[0]:0$
a[1]:1$
a[n]:=11*a[n-1]-10*a[n-2]$
(Python)
CROSSREFS
Cf. A000042, A046053, A095370, A002276, A002277, A002278, A002279, A002280, A002281, A002282, A059988, A065444, A075415, A178635, A102380, A204845, A204846, A204847, A204848, A083278, A206244, A125134, A004023.
KEYWORD
easy,nonn,nice,core,changed
The characteristic function of {0}: a(n) = 0^n.
(Formerly M0002)
+10
1058
1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
COMMENTS
Changing the offset to 1 gives the arithmetical function a(1) = 1, a(n) = 0 for n > 1, the identity function for Dirichlet multiplication (see Apostol). - N. J. A. SloaneChanging the offset to 1 makes this the decimal expansion of 1. - N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 13 2014 Hankel transform (see A001906 for definition) of A000007 (powers of 0), A000012 (powers of 1), A000079 (powers of 2), A000244 (powers of 3), A000302 (powers of 4), A000351 (powers of 5), A000400 (powers of 6), A000420 (powers of 7), A001018 (powers of 8), A001019 (powers of 9), A011557 (powers of 10), A001020 (powers of 11), etc. - Philippe Deléham, Jul 07 2005 This is the identity sequence with respect to convolution. - David W. Wilson, Oct 30 2006 The alternating sum of the n-th row of Pascal's triangle gives the characteristic function of 0, a(n) = 0^n. - Daniel Forgues, May 25 2010 The number of maximal self-avoiding walks from the NW to SW corners of a 1 X n grid. - Sean A. Irvine, Nov 19 2010 Historically there has been some disagreement as to whether 0^0 = 1. Graphing x^0 seems to support that conclusion, but graphing 0^x instead suggests that 0^0 = 0. Euler and Knuth have argued in favor of 0^0 = 1. For some calculators, 0^0 triggers an error, while in Mathematica, 0^0 is Indeterminate. - Alonso del Arte, Nov 15 2011 Another consequence of changing the offset to 1 is that then this sequence can be described as the sum of Moebius mu(d) for the divisors d of n. - Alonso del Arte, Nov 28 2011 With the convention 0^0 = 1, 0^n = 0 for n > 0, the sequence a(n) = 0^|n-k|, which equals 1 when n = k and is 0 for n >= 0, has g.f. x^k. A000007 is the case k = 0. - George F. Johnson, Mar 08 2013 A fixed point of the run length transform. - Chai Wah Wu, Oct 21 2016
REFERENCES
T. M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 30.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, 2002; p. 55.
FORMULA
As a function of Bernoulli numbers (cf. A027641: (1, -1/2, 1/6, 0, -1/30, ...)), triangle A074909 (the beheaded Pascal's triangle) * B_n as a vector = [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Mar 05 2012 a(n) = Sum_{k = 0..n} exp(2*Pi*i*k/(n+1)) is the sum of the (n+1)th roots of unity. - Franz Vrabec, Nov 09 2012 Inverse binomial transform of A000012. (End)
MAPLE
A000007 := proc(n) if n = 0 then 1 else 0 fi end: seq( A000007(n), n=0..20);
spec := [A, {A=Z} ]: seq(combstruct[count](spec, size=n+1), n=0..20);
MATHEMATICA
Table[If[n == 0, 1, 0], {n, 0, 99}]
Table[Boole[n == 0], {n, 0, 99}] (* Michael Somos, Aug 25 2012 *) Join[{1}, LinearRecurrence[{1}, {0}, 102]] (* Ray Chandler, Jul 30 2015 *)
PROG
(PARI) {a(n) = !n};
(Magma) [1] cat [0:n in [1..100]]; // Sergei Haller, Dec 21 2006
(Haskell)
a000007 = (0 ^)
a000007_list = 1 : repeat 0
(Python)
Product of decimal digits of n.
+10
303
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
COMMENTS
Moebius transform of A093811(n). a(n) = A093811(n) * A008683(n), where operation * denotes Dirichlet convolution, namely b(n) * c(n) = Sum_{d|n} b(d) * c(n/d). Simultaneously holds Dirichlet multiplication: a(n) * A000012(n) = A093811(n). - Jaroslav Krizek, Mar 22 2009 a(n) = 0 asymptotically almost surely, namely for all n except for the set of numbers without digit '0'; this set is of density zero, since it is less and less probable to have no '0' as the number of digits of n grows. (See also A054054.) - M. F. Hasler, Oct 11 2015
FORMULA
a(n) > 0 if and only if A054054(n) > 0. a(n) = d in {1, ..., 9} if n = (10^k - 1)/9 + (d - 1)*10^m = A002275(k) + (d - 1)* A011557(m) for some k > m >= 0. The statement holds with "if and only if" for d in {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}. For d = 4, 6, 8 or 9, one has a(n) = d if n = (10^k - 1)/9 + (a - 1)*10^m + (b - 1)*10^p with integers k > m > p >= 0 and a, b > 0 such that d = a*b. - M. F. Hasler, Oct 11 2015 G.f.: Sum_{n >= 0} Product_{j = 0..n} Sum_{k = 1..9} k*x^(k*10^j).
G.f. satisfies A(x) = (x + 2*x^2 + ... + 9*x^9)*(1 + A(x^10)). (End)
MAPLE
if n = 0 then
0;
else
mul( d, d=convert(n, base, 10)) ;
end if;
PROG
(PARI) A007954(n)= { local(resul = n % 10); n \= 10; while( n > 0, resul *= n %10; n \= 10; ); return(resul); } \\ R. J. Mathar, May 23 2006, edited by M. F. Hasler, Apr 23 2015 (PARI) A007954(n)=prod(i=1, #n=Vecsmall(Str(n)), n[i]-48) \\ (...eval(Vec(...)), n[i]) is about 50% slower; (...digits(n)...) about 6% slower. \\ M. F. Hasler, Dec 06 2009 (Haskell)
a007954 n | n < 10 = n
| otherwise = m * a007954 n' where (n', m) = divMod n 10
(Scala) (0 to 99).map(_.toString.toCharArray.map(_ - 48).scanRight(1)(_ * _).head) // Alonso del Arte, Apr 14 2020 (Python)
from math import prod
def a(n): return prod(map(int, str(n)))
EXTENSIONS
Error in term 25 corrected, Nov 15 1995
Search completed in 0.202 seconds
| 
