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Decimal expansion of log_10 2.
(Formerly M2196)
+10
32
3, 0, 1, 0, 2, 9, 9, 9, 5, 6, 6, 3, 9, 8, 1, 1, 9, 5, 2, 1, 3, 7, 3, 8, 8, 9, 4, 7, 2, 4, 4, 9, 3, 0, 2, 6, 7, 6, 8, 1, 8, 9, 8, 8, 1, 4, 6, 2, 1, 0, 8, 5, 4, 1, 3, 1, 0, 4, 2, 7, 4, 6, 1, 1, 2, 7, 1, 0, 8, 1, 8, 9, 2, 7, 4, 4, 2, 4, 5, 0, 9, 4, 8, 6, 9, 2, 7, 2, 5, 2, 1, 1, 8, 1, 8, 6, 1, 7, 2, 0, 4, 0, 6, 8, 4
OFFSET
0,1
COMMENTS
Log_10 (2) is the probability that 1 be first significant digit occurring in data collections (Benford's law). - Lekraj Beedassy, Jan 21 2005
When adding two sound power sources of x decibels, the resulting sound power is x + 10*log_10(2), that is x + 3.01... decibels. - Jean-François Alcover, Jun 21 2013
In engineering (all branches, but particularly electronic and electrical) power and amplitude ratios are measured rigorously in decibels (dB). This constant, with offset 1 (i.e., 3.01... = 10*A007524) is the dB equivalent of a 2:1 power ratio or, equivalently, sqrt(2):1 amplitude ratio. - Stanislav Sykora, Dec 11 2013
REFERENCES
T. Hill, "Manipulation, or the First Significant Numeral Determines the Law", in 'La Recherche', No. 2 1999 pp. 72-76 (or No. 116 1999 pp. 72-75), Paris.
M. E. Lines, A Number For Your Thought, pp. 43-52 Institute of Physics Pub. London 1990.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
I. Stewart, L'univers des nombres, "1 est plus probable que 9", pp. 57-61, Belin-Pour La Science, Paris 2000.
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Penguin Books, NY, 1986, Revised edition 1987, p. 27.
LINKS
K. Brown, Benford's Law.
C. K. Caldwell, The Prime Glossary, Benford's law.
I. Gent and T. Walsh, Benford's Law. [Broken link]
T. P. Hill, The first digital phenomenon. [Broken link]
R. Matthews, The Power of One.
S. J. Miller, Some Thoughts on benford's Law. [Broken link]
M. J. Nigrini, Benford's Law. [Broken link]
I. Peterson, Mathtrek, First Digits. [Broken link]
L. Pietronero et al., The Uneven Distribution of Numbers in Nature, arXiv:cond-mat/9808305 [cond-mat.stat-mech], 1998.
Simon Plouffe, The LOG of 2(in base 10).
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Benford's Law.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Mersenne Number.
Wikipedia, Benford's law.
Wikipedia, Decibel.
FORMULA
log_10(2) = log(2)/log(10) = log(2)/(log(2) + log(5)).
EXAMPLE
0.3010299956639811952137388947244930267681898814621085413104274611271...
MATHEMATICA
RealDigits[Log[10, 2], 10, 120][[1]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Dec 19 2011 *)
PROG
(PARI) default(realprecision, 20080); x=log(2)/log(10); d=0; for (n=0, 20000, x=(x-d)*10; d=floor(x); write("b007524.txt", n, " ", d)); \\ Harry J. Smith, Apr 15 2009
CROSSREFS
Cf. decimal expansion of log_10(m): this sequence, A114490 (m = 3), A114493 (m = 4), A153268 (m = 5), A153496 (m = 6), A153620 (m = 7), A153790 (m = 8), A104139 (m = 9), A154182 (m = 11), A154203 (m = 12), A154368 (m = 13), A154478 (m = 14), A154580 (m = 15), A154794 (m = 16), A154860 (m = 17), A154953 (m = 18), A155062 (m = 19), A155522 (m = 20), A155677 (m = 21), A155746 (m = 22), A155830 (m = 23), A155979 (m = 24).
KEYWORD
nonn,cons
EXTENSIONS
Definition corrected by Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Apr 13 2006
Final digits of sequence corrected using the b-file. - N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 30 2009
STATUS
approved
Decimal expansion of log_10(3).
+10
26
4, 7, 7, 1, 2, 1, 2, 5, 4, 7, 1, 9, 6, 6, 2, 4, 3, 7, 2, 9, 5, 0, 2, 7, 9, 0, 3, 2, 5, 5, 1, 1, 5, 3, 0, 9, 2, 0, 0, 1, 2, 8, 8, 6, 4, 1, 9, 0, 6, 9, 5, 8, 6, 4, 8, 2, 9, 8, 6, 5, 6, 4, 0, 3, 0, 5, 2, 2, 9, 1, 5, 2, 7, 8, 3, 6, 6, 1, 1, 2, 3, 0, 4, 2, 9, 6, 8, 3, 5, 5, 6, 4, 7, 6
OFFSET
0,1
LINKS
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Motzkin Number
EXAMPLE
0.477121254...
MATHEMATICA
RealDigits[Log[10, 3], 10, 100][[1]] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 10 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) log(3)/log(10) \\ Michel Marcus, Jan 25 2015
CROSSREFS
Cf. A114473.
Cf. decimal expansion of log_10(m): A007524 (m=2), this sequence, A114493 (m=4), A153268 (m=5), A153496 (m=6), A153620 (m=7), A153790 (m=8), A104139 (m=9), A154182 (m=11), A154203 (m=12), A154368 (m=13), A154478 (m=14), A154580 (m=15), A154794 (m=16), A154860 (m=17), A154953 (m=18), A155062 (m=19), A155522 (m=20), A155677 (m=21), A155746 (m=22), A155830 (m=23), A155979 (m=24).
KEYWORD
nonn,cons
AUTHOR
Eric W. Weisstein, Dec 01 2005
STATUS
approved
Decimal expansion of log_10 (6).
+10
25
7, 7, 8, 1, 5, 1, 2, 5, 0, 3, 8, 3, 6, 4, 3, 6, 3, 2, 5, 0, 8, 7, 6, 6, 7, 9, 7, 9, 7, 9, 6, 0, 8, 3, 3, 5, 9, 6, 8, 3, 1, 8, 7, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 8, 0, 4, 4, 0, 6, 1, 4, 0, 2, 9, 3, 1, 0, 1, 4, 3, 2, 3, 3, 7, 3, 4, 2, 0, 5, 8, 0, 8, 5, 6, 3, 2, 5, 2, 9, 8, 9, 5, 6, 0, 7, 7, 6, 5, 8, 0, 2, 4, 7, 3
OFFSET
0,1
EXAMPLE
.77815125038364363250876679797960833596831874565280440614029...
MATHEMATICA
RealDigits[Log[10, 6], 10, 100][[1]] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 10 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) log(6)/log(10) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 04 2020
CROSSREFS
Cf. decimal expansion of log_10(m): A007524 (m=2), A114490 (m=3), A114493 (m=4), A153268 (m=5), this sequence, A153620 (m=7), A153790 (m=8), A104139 (m=9), A154182 (m=11), A154203 (m=12), A154368 (m=13), A154478 (m=14), A154580 (m=15), A154794 (m=16), A154860 (m=17), A154953 (m=18), A155062 (m=19), A155522 (m=20), A155677 (m=21), A155746 (m=22), A155830 (m=23), A155979 (m=24).
KEYWORD
nonn,cons
AUTHOR
N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 30 2009
STATUS
approved
Decimal expansion of log_10 (7).
+10
25
8, 4, 5, 0, 9, 8, 0, 4, 0, 0, 1, 4, 2, 5, 6, 8, 3, 0, 7, 1, 2, 2, 1, 6, 2, 5, 8, 5, 9, 2, 6, 3, 6, 1, 9, 3, 4, 8, 3, 5, 7, 2, 3, 9, 6, 3, 2, 3, 9, 6, 5, 4, 0, 6, 5, 0, 3, 6, 3, 4, 9, 5, 3, 7, 1, 8, 2, 5, 3, 4, 3, 9, 9, 0, 2, 0, 7, 9, 1, 6, 6, 0, 6, 6, 1, 1, 1, 5, 2, 7, 8, 4, 7, 4, 8, 8, 5, 7, 3
OFFSET
0,1
EXAMPLE
.84509804001425683071221625859263619348357239632396540650363...
MATHEMATICA
RealDigits[Log[10, 7], 10, 100][[1]] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 10 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) log(7)/log(10) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 04 2020
CROSSREFS
Cf. decimal expansion of log_10(m): A007524 (m=2), A114490 (m=3), A114493 (m=4), A153268 (m=5), A153496 (m=6), this sequence, A153790 (m=8), A104139 (m=9), A154182 (m=11), A154203 (m=12), A154368 (m=13), A154478 (m=14), A154580 (m=15), A154794 (m=16), A154860 (m=17), A154953 (m=18), A155062 (m=19), A155522 (m=20), A155677 (m=21), A155746 (m=22), A155830 (m=23), A155979 (m=24).
KEYWORD
nonn,cons
AUTHOR
N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 30 2009
STATUS
approved
Decimal expansion of log_10 (11).
+10
25
1, 0, 4, 1, 3, 9, 2, 6, 8, 5, 1, 5, 8, 2, 2, 5, 0, 4, 0, 7, 5, 0, 1, 9, 9, 9, 7, 1, 2, 4, 3, 0, 2, 4, 2, 4, 1, 7, 0, 6, 7, 0, 2, 1, 9, 0, 4, 6, 6, 4, 5, 3, 0, 9, 4, 5, 9, 6, 5, 3, 9, 0, 1, 8, 6, 7, 9, 7, 5, 3, 0, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 4, 9, 3, 4, 7, 5, 7, 1, 2, 9, 4, 7, 8, 6, 3, 8, 5, 7, 3, 1, 1, 7
OFFSET
1,3
EXAMPLE
1.0413926851582250407501999712430242417067021904664530945965...
MATHEMATICA
RealDigits[Log[10, 11], 10, 100][[1]] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 10 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) log(11)/log(10) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 04 2020
CROSSREFS
Cf. decimal expansion of log_10(m): A007524 (m=2), A114490 (m=3), A114493 (m=4), A153268 (m=5), A153496 (m=6), A153620 (m=7), A153790 (m=8), A104139 (m=9), this sequence, A154203 (m=12), A154368 (m=13), A154478 (m=14), A154580 (m=15), A154794 (m=16), A154860 (m=17), A154953 (m=18), A155062 (m=19), A155522 (m=20), A155677 (m=21), A155746 (m=22), A155830 (m=23), A155979 (m=24).
KEYWORD
nonn,cons
AUTHOR
N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 30 2009
STATUS
approved
Decimal expansion of log_10(9).
+10
24
9, 5, 4, 2, 4, 2, 5, 0, 9, 4, 3, 9, 3, 2, 4, 8, 7, 4, 5, 9, 0, 0, 5, 5, 8, 0, 6, 5, 1, 0, 2, 3, 0, 6, 1, 8, 4, 0, 0, 2, 5, 7, 7, 2, 8, 3, 8, 1, 3, 9, 1, 7, 2, 9, 6, 5, 9, 7, 3, 1, 2, 8, 0, 6, 1, 0, 4, 5, 8, 3, 0, 5, 5, 6, 7, 3, 2, 2, 2, 4, 6, 0, 8, 5, 9, 3, 6, 7, 1, 1, 2, 9, 5, 2, 3, 2, 6, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 9, 2, 9
OFFSET
0,1
FORMULA
Equals A016632 / A002392 . - R. J. Mathar, Mar 11 2008
EXAMPLE
log_10(9) = 0.95424250943932487459005580651...
MATHEMATICA
RealDigits[N[Log[10, 9], 150]] (* Stefan Steinerberger, Mar 14 2006 *)
PROG
(PARI) log(9)/log(10) \\ R. J. Mathar, Mar 11 2008
CROSSREFS
Cf. decimal expansion of log_10(m): A007524 (m = 2), A114490 (m = 3), A114493 (m = 4), A153268 (m = 5), A153496 (m = 6), A153620 (m = 7), A153790 (m = 8), this sequence, A154182 (m = 11), A154203 (m = 12), A154368 (m = 13), A154478 (m = 14), A154580 (m = 15), A154794 (m = 16), A154860 (m = 17), A154953 (m = 18), A155062 (m = 19), A155522 (m = 20), A155677 (m = 21), A155746 (m = 22), A155830 (m = 23), A155979 (m = 24).
KEYWORD
nonn,cons,easy
AUTHOR
Lekraj Beedassy, Mar 07 2005
EXTENSIONS
More terms from Stefan Steinerberger, Mar 14 2006
More terms from R. J. Mathar, Mar 11 2008
STATUS
approved
Decimal expansion of log_10(4).
+10
24
6, 0, 2, 0, 5, 9, 9, 9, 1, 3, 2, 7, 9, 6, 2, 3, 9, 0, 4, 2, 7, 4, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 4, 4, 8, 9, 8, 6, 0, 5, 3, 5, 3, 6, 3, 7, 9, 7, 6, 2, 9, 2, 4, 2, 1, 7, 0, 8, 2, 6, 2, 0, 8, 5, 4, 9, 2, 2, 2, 5, 4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 7, 8, 5, 4, 8, 8, 4, 9, 0, 1, 8, 9, 7, 3, 8, 5, 4, 5, 0, 4, 2, 3, 6, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 4, 0, 8, 1
OFFSET
0,1
COMMENTS
In engineering (all branches, but particularly electronic and electrical) power and amplitude ratios are measured rigorously in decibels (dB). This constant, with offset 1 (i.e., 6.02... = 10*A114493) is the dB equivalent of a 2:1 amplitude ratio or, equivalently, 4:1 power ratio. - Stanislav Sykora, Dec 11 2013
LINKS
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Catalan Number
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Central Binomial Coefficient
Wikipedia, Decibel
FORMULA
A016627 divided by A002392. Two times A007524. - R. J. Mathar, Feb 21 2013
EXAMPLE
0.602059991...
MAPLE
log10(4.0) ; # R. J. Mathar, Feb 21 2013
MATHEMATICA
RealDigits[Log[10, 4], 10, 100][[1]] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 10 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) log(4)/log(10) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 04 2020
CROSSREFS
Cf. decimal expansion of log_10(m): A007524 (m=2), A114490 (m=3), this sequence, A153268 (m=5), A153496 (m=6), A153620 (m=7), A153790 (m=8), A104139 (m=9), A154182 (m=11), A154203 (m=12), A154368 (m=13), A154478 (m=14), A154580 (m=15), A154794 (m=16), A154860 (m=17), A154953 (m=18), A155062 (m=19), A155522 (m=20), A155677 (m=21), A155746 (m=22), A155830 (m=23), A155979 (m=24).
KEYWORD
nonn,cons,easy
AUTHOR
Eric W. Weisstein, Dec 01 2005
STATUS
approved
Decimal expansion of log_10 (15).
+10
24
1, 1, 7, 6, 0, 9, 1, 2, 5, 9, 0, 5, 5, 6, 8, 1, 2, 4, 2, 0, 8, 1, 2, 8, 9, 0, 0, 8, 5, 3, 0, 6, 2, 2, 2, 8, 2, 4, 3, 1, 9, 3, 8, 9, 8, 2, 7, 2, 8, 5, 8, 7, 3, 2, 3, 5, 1, 9, 4, 3, 8, 1, 7, 9, 1, 7, 8, 1, 2, 0, 9, 6, 3, 5, 0, 9, 2, 3, 6, 6, 1, 3, 5, 5, 6, 0, 4, 1, 1, 0, 3, 5, 2, 9, 4, 3, 0, 1, 2
OFFSET
1,3
FORMULA
Equals A016638 / A002392 = (1+A152914)/(1+A152675). - R. J. Mathar, Jul 29 2024
EXAMPLE
1.1760912590556812420812890085306222824319389827285873235194...
MATHEMATICA
RealDigits[Log[10, 15], 10, 100][[1]] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 11 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) log(15)/log(10) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 17 2018
CROSSREFS
Cf. decimal expansion of log_10(m): A007524 (m=2), A114490 (m=3), A114493 (m=4), A153268 (m=5), A153496 (m=6), A153620 (m=7), A153790 (m=8), A104139 (m=9), A154182 (m=11), A154203 (m=12), A154368 (m=13), A154478 (m=14), this sequence, A154794 (m=16), A154860 (m=17), A154953 (m=18), A155062 (m=19), A155522 (m=20), A155677 (m=21), A155746 (m=22), A155830 (m=23), A155979 (m=24).
KEYWORD
nonn,cons
AUTHOR
N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 30 2009
STATUS
approved
Decimal expansion of log_10 (8).
+10
22
9, 0, 3, 0, 8, 9, 9, 8, 6, 9, 9, 1, 9, 4, 3, 5, 8, 5, 6, 4, 1, 2, 1, 6, 6, 8, 4, 1, 7, 3, 4, 7, 9, 0, 8, 0, 3, 0, 4, 5, 6, 9, 6, 4, 4, 3, 8, 6, 3, 2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 9, 3, 1, 2, 8, 2, 3, 8, 3, 3, 8, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 2, 3, 2, 7, 3, 5, 2, 8, 4, 6, 0, 7, 8, 1, 7, 5, 6, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 8, 5, 1, 6
OFFSET
0,1
EXAMPLE
.90308998699194358564121668417347908030456964438632562393128...
MATHEMATICA
RealDigits[Log[10, 8], 10, 100][[1]] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 10 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) log(8)/log(10) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 04 2020
CROSSREFS
Cf. decimal expansion of log_10(m): A007524 (m=2), A114490 (m=3), A114493 (m=4), A153268 (m=5), A153496 (m=6), A153620 (m=7), this sequence, A104139 (m=9), A154182 (m=11), A154203 (m=12), A154368 (m=13), A154478 (m=14), A154580 (m=15), A154794 (m=16), A154860 (m=17), A154953 (m=18), A155062 (m=19), A155522 (m=20), A155677 (m=21), A155746 (m=22), A155830 (m=23), A155979 (m=24).
KEYWORD
nonn,cons
AUTHOR
N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 30 2009
STATUS
approved
Decimal expansion of log_10 (12).
+10
22
1, 0, 7, 9, 1, 8, 1, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 7, 6, 2, 4, 8, 2, 7, 7, 2, 2, 5, 0, 5, 6, 9, 2, 7, 0, 4, 1, 0, 1, 3, 6, 2, 7, 3, 6, 5, 0, 8, 6, 2, 7, 1, 1, 4, 9, 1, 2, 9, 4, 7, 4, 5, 0, 7, 2, 0, 5, 6, 2, 5, 5, 9, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 1, 3, 3, 2, 5, 1, 0, 1, 4, 2, 0, 1, 6, 8, 2, 2, 8, 5, 9, 8, 8, 3, 9, 8, 8, 6, 4
OFFSET
1,3
FORMULA
Equals A007524 + A153596. - R. J. Mathar, Jan 07 2021
EXAMPLE
1.0791812460476248277225056927041013627365086271149129474507...
MATHEMATICA
RealDigits[Log[10, 12], 10, 100][[1]] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 11 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) log(12)/log(10) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 04 2020
CROSSREFS
Cf. decimal expansion of log_10(m): A007524 (m=2), A114490 (m=3), A114493 (m=4), A153268 (m=5), A153496 (m=6), A153620 (m=7), A153790 (m=8), A104139 (m=9), A154182 (m=11), this sequence, A154368 (m=13), A154478 (m=14), A154580 (m=15), A154794 (m=16), A154860 (m=17), A154953 (m=18), A155062 (m=19), A155522 (m=20), A155677 (m=21), A155746 (m=22), A155830 (m=23), A155979 (m=24).
KEYWORD
nonn,cons
AUTHOR
N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 30 2009
STATUS
approved

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