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A016627
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Decimal expansion of log(4).
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37
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1, 3, 8, 6, 2, 9, 4, 3, 6, 1, 1, 1, 9, 8, 9, 0, 6, 1, 8, 8, 3, 4, 4, 6, 4, 2, 4, 2, 9, 1, 6, 3, 5, 3, 1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 6, 8, 7, 2, 0, 5, 1, 0, 5, 0, 8, 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 0, 0, 1, 8, 9, 8, 6, 7, 8, 7, 2, 4, 3, 9, 3, 9, 3, 8, 9, 4, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 7, 2, 6, 6, 5, 3, 9, 9, 2, 8, 3, 7, 3, 7
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OFFSET
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1,2
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COMMENTS
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This constant (negated) is the 1-dimensional analog of Madelung's constant. - Jean-François Alcover, May 20 2014
log(4) - 1 is the mean ratio between the smaller length and the larger length of the two parts of a stick that is being broken at a point that is uniformly chosen at random (Mosteller, 1965). - Amiram Eldar, Jul 25 2020
This constant was the subject of the problem B5 during the 42nd Putnam competition in 1981 (see formula Sep 11 2020 and Putnam link).
Jeffrey Shallit generalizes this result obtained for base 2 to any base b (see Amer. Math. Month. link): Sum_{k>=1} digsum(k)_b / (k*(k+1)) = (b/(b-1)) * log(b) where digsum(k)_b is the sum of the digits of k when expressed in base b (for base 10 see A334388). (End)
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REFERENCES
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Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964 (and various reprintings), p. 2.
Frederick Mosteller, Fifty challenging problems of probability, Dover, New York, 1965. See problem 42, pp. 10 and 63.
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LINKS
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Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972 [alternative scanned copy].
H.-J. Seiffert, Problem B-771, Elementary Problems and Solutions, The Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4 (1994), p. 374; More Sums, Solution to Problem B-771 by Don Redmond, ibid., Vol. 33, No. 5 (1995), pp. 470-471.
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FORMULA
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log(4) = Sum_{k >= 1} H(k)/2^k where H(k) is the k-th harmonic number. - Benoit Cloitre, Jun 15 2003
Equals 2*A002162 = Sum_{n >= 1} binomial(2*n, n)/(n*4^n) [D. H. Lehmer, Am. Math. Monthly 92 (1985) 449 and Jolley eq. 262]. - R. J. Mathar, Mar 04 2009
Equals gamma(0, 1/2) - gamma(0, 1) = -(EulerGamma + polygamma(0, 1/2)), where gamma(n,x) denotes the generalized Stieltjes constants. - Peter Luschny, May 16 2018
Equals Sum_{k>=1} (3/4)^k/k.
Equals Sum_{k>=1} 1/(k*2^(k-1)) = Sum_{k>=1} 1/A001787(k).
Equals Integral_{x=0..1} log(1+1/x) dx. (End)
Equals 1 + Sum_{k>=1} zeta(2*k+1)/4^k. - Amiram Eldar, May 27 2021
Equals Sum_{k>=1} (2*k+1)*Fibonacci(k)/(k*(k+1)*2^k) (Seiffert, 1994). - Amiram Eldar, Jan 15 2022
Continued fraction: log(4) = 1 + 1/(2 + (1*2)/(2 + (2*3)/(2 + (3*4)/(2 + (4*5)/(2 + ... ))))) due to Euler. - Peter Bala, Mar 05 2024
log(4) = 2*Sum_{n >= 1} 1/(n*P(n, 5/3)*P(n-1, 5/3)), where P(n, x) denotes the n-th Legendre polynomial. The first 20 terms of the series gives the approximation log(4) = 1.386294361119890618(66...), correct to 18 decimal places. - Peter Bala, Mar 18 2024
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EXAMPLE
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1.38629436111989061883446424291635313615100026872051050824136...
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MATHEMATICA
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PROG
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(PARI) default(realprecision, 20080); x=log(4); for (n=1, 20000, d=floor(x); x=(x-d)*10; write("b016627.txt", n, " ", d)); \\ Harry J. Smith, May 16 2009, corrected May 19 2009
(PARI) A016627_vec(N)=digits(floor(log(precision(4., N))*10^(N-1))) \\ Or: default(realprecision, N); digits(log(4)\.1^N) \\ M. F. Hasler, Oct 20 2013
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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