Numismatic Conferences. Нумізматичні Конференції by Dmitriy Yanov
by Opriş Vasile, Mădălina Dimache, Cristian Eduard ȘTEFAN, Adelina Elena Darie, Mihai Dima, Gabriel Talmatchi, Evgeni I Paunov, Viorel Petac, Octavian Buda, Dan Pîrvulescu, Camelia-Mirela Vintila, Alina (Muşat) Streinu, Dmitriy Yanov, Sean C. Lynch, Aurel Vilcu, Elena Gavrila, Alina Pîrvulescu, and Oscar Print
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by Ukrainian Numismatic Annual. Український Нумізматичний Щорічник, Mykola Nikolaev, Vasyl Orlyk / Василь Орлик, Roksana Wawrzczak, Maks Osypenko, Andrii Boiko-Haharin . Андрій Бойко-Гагарін, Rostyslav Savvov, Зайончковский Юрий Валентинович - Zayonchkovskiy Yuriy V., Dmitriy Yanov, N_M_U_H (K), Olga Skorokhod, Валерій Ластовський, Владимир Шапринский, Artem Djesmedjyan, Imitations Barbarous, Олександр Іщук, and Дмитрий Гулецкий Актуальні проблеми нумізматики у системі спеціальних галузей історичної науки
: тези доповідей V... more Актуальні проблеми нумізматики у системі спеціальних галузей історичної науки
: тези доповідей V міжнародної науково-практичної конференції, 21–22 червня 2018 р. – Меджибіж – Переяслав-Хмельницький – Кропивницький – Київ, 2018. – 183 с.
До збірника включено тези доповідей учасників V міжнародної науково-практичної конференції з проблем нумізматики та історії грошового обігу. Тези, що увійшли до випуску, можуть бути корисними фахівцям у галузі спеціальних знань історичної науки, архівним, бібліотечним, музейним працівникам, археологам, науковцям, експертам-мистецтвознавцям, викладачам, аспірантам, студентам ВНЗ гуманітарного профілю.
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Oriental Numismatics by Dmitriy Yanov
Arheologia Moldovei, 2021
The article deals with 74 coin findings from the area of one of the largest battle of Bohdan Khme... more The article deals with 74 coin findings from the area of one of the largest battle of Bohdan Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648-1657) – the battle of Berestechko (28.06. – 10.07.1651), fought between Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army and the allied forces of Zaporozhian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars. These include three parcels containing 34, 10 and 19 coins, as well as single findings, stored in private collections. Most of the coins are the issues of the Ottoman Empire, supplemented by a small share of coins of the Crimean Khanate, city of Emden, Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Republic of Ragusa and Tsardom of Russia. Most likely, the majority of these findings belonged to a soldier of Ottoman military unit that participated in the battle of Berestechko on side of Cossack-Tatar army. Since these coins did not circulate in the region where the battle took place (Volhynia), and reflect the monetary circulation of more distant lands, where their owner came from, the circulation in the territory of the European possessions of the Ottomans and vassal Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia in the mid-17th century has been examined.
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Arheologia Moldovei, 2020
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Старожитності Лукомор'я, 2020
The article deals with 96 previously unpublished silver Ottoman akches that came to the collectio... more The article deals with 96 previously unpublished silver Ottoman akches that came to the collection of Odessa archaeological museum before Word War II. The places where they were discovered are unknown. However, some of them might have been part of large Dmitrovka hoard discovered in 1898. In addition, some of these coins could have been found during 1912 archaeological excavations of Akkerman fortress headed by Ernst von Stern. The presented coins are attributed to sultans Bayezid I (1389-1402) (1 pc.), Bayezid II (1481-1512) (23 pcs.), Selim I (1512-1520) (12 pcs), Suleyman I (1520-1566) (56 pcs.), Murad III (1574-1595) (1 pc.) and unidentified issuer (3 pcs.).
Among Suleyman I’s coins there are specimens (nos. 49, 61, 69, 71, 72, 76, 81) that have some slight differences from the types described in S. Srećković’s catalogue. No. 58 struck in Edirne has a new obverse variation close to type F1*c. It is a noteworthy specimen since the group of obverse types F has not so far been represented among Edirne akches of Suleyman I. Nos. 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70, 87 can contribute to the study of obverse and reverse die linkages since there are some new die combinations absent in S. Srećković’s catalogue.
Selim I’s akche no. 29 has a considerable lower fineness (500‰) compare to the other coins and slightly barbarized legend, suggesting it should be attributed to imitations – a category of silver coins patterned after Ottoman akches, which should not be confused with silver plated copper counterfeits. In contrast to no. 29, Suleyman I’s akche no. 78 has a regular, not distorted legend, but its fineness is also 500‰. Despite being illegal, there were a few cases of striking counterfeit coins on the official Ottoman mints, and this coin might be one of these. In general, of 96 pieces only 6 has fineness lower than 900‰, testifying to strict control over minting by Ottoman authorities.
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International Journal of Turkology, 2020
The article deals with two seals discovered in Izmail district of Odessa region. The first one is... more The article deals with two seals discovered in Izmail district of Odessa region. The first one is a lead seal (bulla) that copy the type of sultan Murad III’s gold sultani, minted in Egypt. It was found in the village of Kamyshovka. The second seal (stamp), found in Izmail, bears the inscription servant (?) Izmail, 1181.
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Археологія, 2019
The article deals with the currency circulation in Akkerman in the late 17th century, when the fi... more The article deals with the currency circulation in Akkerman in the late 17th century, when the first Ottoman machine-struck coins appeared in the city. Since the late 16th century the Ottoman monetary system experienced a crisis. In 1584—1586 the weight standard of akçe (basic Ottoman silver denomination) was reduced from 0.683 g to 0.384 g. Throughout the 17th century it continued reducing. In 1688 it was equal to 0.188 g. Until the 1688—1691 monetary reform the Ottomans failed to provide a sufficient volume of coinage at their mints required for resisting an influx of the European coins, because they still used traditional hand tool coinage technology.
Toward the end of Mehmed IV’s reign (1648—1687), in 1686 the Ottoman government imported from France new equipment for mechanical coinage of copper (mangirs). However, the first release of coins for circulation started only in September 1688, during the reign of Suleiman II (1687—1691).
The debasement of akçe carried out in 1584—1586 did not affect the currency circulation in Akkerman as severely as in the Principality of Moldavia, where akçes have almost completely disappeared from circulation. At the same time an influx of akçes to Akkerman continued, being considerably reduced only since the mid 17th century, as evidenced by coin finds from this city, among which only one akçe of Mehmed IV is known so far. The need of the local market for money supply was met with Egyptian paras or medinis and old issues of akçes cut to late 17th century weight standard. In addition, coins of different European states also circulated in the city. The 17th century Ottoman silver coins were driven out from circulation of Akkerman by a massive influx of machine-struck mangirs. Among the latter the finds of forgeries with barbarized legend are known. Production of these coins provided counterfeiters with considerable revenue. Issue of mangirs continued after Ahmed II’s accession to the throne in July, 1691. However, soon, in November of the same year, it was ceased and mangirs were withdrawn from circulation. Owing to their short-term issue, the finds of mangirs of Ahmed II in Akkerman are few in number comparing to those of Suleiman II (10 and 108 items respectively). Having started during Suleiman II’s monetary reform, a transitional period to adoption of the new Ottoman monetary system in Akkerman was completed in the early 18th century, indicated by the finds of machine-struck paras and zolta of this sultan.
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Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, 2017
Submitted to JONS on September, 16, 2016.
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Stratum plus, 2015
Five coins of the Empire of Trebizond and one coin of Cilician Armenia, which were found in the P... more Five coins of the Empire of Trebizond and one coin of Cilician Armenia, which were found in the Prut-Dniester region, are published. The article is a supplement to the published findings of coins of the Golden Horde period (the second half of 13th — the first two thirds of 14th centuries). The authors assume that these findings are an evidence of commercial (and other) contacts between the cities of the Prut-Dniester region and the overseas countries. They provide historical evidence that the region’s relations with the other countries had been largely supported by the Genoese merchants.
Публикуются пять монет Трапезундской империи и одна — Киликийской Армении, найденные на территории между Прутом и Днестром. Статья является дополнением к уже опубликованным находкам монет золотоордынского периода (второй половины XIII — первых двух третей XIV вв.). Авторы предполагают, что эти находки служат свидетельством существовавших в то время торговых и иных контактов между городами Прутско-Днестровского междуречья и заморскими государствами. Приводятся исторические свидетельства того, что связи региона с другими странами поддерживались в большой степени при участии генуэзских торговцев.
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The article deals with the problem of the influx of the Ottoman coins to Belgorod (Cetatea Albă) ... more The article deals with the problem of the influx of the Ottoman coins to Belgorod (Cetatea Albă) that preceded its conquest by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II in 1484. The majority of the early Ottoman coins found in Belgorod belongs to the copper denomination – mangir, though the copper coinage was used for internal circulation. However, in the late 14th – early 15th c. these coins could have restrictedly participated in local circulation along with Juchid copper coinage.
Since the 1430s, the role of the Ottoman silver coinage (akçes) had gradually increased in the Carpatho-Danubian area because of their high silver content and the strengthening of the Ottoman influence in the Black Sea region. At the same time, the Ottoman copper mangirs continued to come to this region as well, but the basic area of their finds is restricted to Belgorod. The majority of these coins turned out to be struck in 1450-1460s, during the second reign of Mehmed II (1451-1481), coinciding with the time of the intensive influx of the Ottoman silver akçes, interrupted by the outbreak of the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Moldavia in the early 1470s. This article suggests that the copper mangirs of Mehmed II could hardly have had an important role in the monetary circulation of Belgorod, while the increase of their finds in this city, in comparison with the previous issuers, was rather determined by the other factors.
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The article deals with the coin findings from the basin of Tiligul river, kept in the private col... more The article deals with the coin findings from the basin of Tiligul river, kept in the private collections. Coins of different periods and issuers are represented among these findings: Olbia, Macedonia, Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Latin Empire, Second Bulgarian Empire, Sultanate of Rum, Golden Horde, Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate. Special attention is paid to the issue of monetary circulation among the Noghay nomads of Edissan Horde, who inhabited the Tiligul basin in the 18th c.
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The Ottoman coins of multiple denominations of akche (basic Ottoman silver currency), called dirh... more The Ottoman coins of multiple denominations of akche (basic Ottoman silver currency), called dirhems, onliks and besliks, from the collection of Odesa Archaeological museum, are introduced in this article. The places where these coins were discovered are unknown. However, as far as they were presumably discovered somewhere in the territory between Prut and Dnister rivers, some issues concerned the circulation of these denominations in this region are examined. The dirhems, known in written sources as şhahi or padişhahi, were minted in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire, annexed by the Ottomans as a result of the conquests of Selim I (1512-1520), Suleiman I (1520-1566) and Murad III (1574-1595). Dirhems were minted according to the local weight standards, which differed from the Ottoman ones, based on akche. Although this denomination was introduced during Selim I’s or Suleiman I’s reign, they started to penetrate to the north of Danube river only after the debasement of akche in 1584 – 1586. This debasement caused the need of the larger silver currency on the market. The discoveries of dirhems, mainly issued during Murad III’s reign, both as part of the hoards and as separate findings, are known in quite large amount in south Romania, and in fewer amounts – in Moldova and in the territories of northwestern Black sea area that were under the Ottoman administration.
Osman II (1618-1622) started to issue onluks – the denomination, patterned after dirhem, which was equal to 10 akche. However, while the dirhems of 16th c. were issued only on the eastern mints, the onluks were issued on the eastern mints as well as on the capital mint Kostantiniya. The fraction denomination, called beshlik, equal to 5 akche, has been issued on the eastern mints since Ahmed I’s reign (1601-1617) and on the Kostantiniya mint – since Murad IV’s reign (1623-1640). Unlike the dirhems of 16th c., the onluks and beshliks of the first half of 17th c. were not so widespread, and their main area of circulation was limited to the territories under control of Ottoman administration of Silistra-Ochakov Eyaleti. On the basis of known discoveries, we can make an assumption, that the coins from the collection of Odesa Archeological museum, represented in this article, could be discovered in the area of Lower Dnister or Lower Danube rivers.
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Знахідки монет другої половини XIV – початку XІХ ст. на території Ізмаїла (за матеріалами колекці... more Знахідки монет другої половини XIV – початку XІХ ст. на території Ізмаїла (за матеріалами колекції Ізмаїльського історико-краєзнавчого музея Придунав’я). The finds of coins of the second half of XIV – beginning of XIX centuries on the territory of Izmail (based on the materials of the Izmail local museum of Danube region).
The article focuses on the finds of coins on the territory of Izmail, which are stored in the Izmail local museum of Danube region. Part of the coins was found during the archaeological researches on the territory of the Izmail fortress in 1989 and 1991, the other part was given to the museum by private individuals. The numismatic finds in Izmail can define periods in the medieval and modern history, when this area was inhabited.
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Numismatic Conferences. Нумізматичні Конференції by Dmitriy Yanov
: тези доповідей V міжнародної науково-практичної конференції, 21–22 червня 2018 р. – Меджибіж – Переяслав-Хмельницький – Кропивницький – Київ, 2018. – 183 с.
До збірника включено тези доповідей учасників V міжнародної науково-практичної конференції з проблем нумізматики та історії грошового обігу. Тези, що увійшли до випуску, можуть бути корисними фахівцям у галузі спеціальних знань історичної науки, архівним, бібліотечним, музейним працівникам, археологам, науковцям, експертам-мистецтвознавцям, викладачам, аспірантам, студентам ВНЗ гуманітарного профілю.
Oriental Numismatics by Dmitriy Yanov
Among Suleyman I’s coins there are specimens (nos. 49, 61, 69, 71, 72, 76, 81) that have some slight differences from the types described in S. Srećković’s catalogue. No. 58 struck in Edirne has a new obverse variation close to type F1*c. It is a noteworthy specimen since the group of obverse types F has not so far been represented among Edirne akches of Suleyman I. Nos. 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70, 87 can contribute to the study of obverse and reverse die linkages since there are some new die combinations absent in S. Srećković’s catalogue.
Selim I’s akche no. 29 has a considerable lower fineness (500‰) compare to the other coins and slightly barbarized legend, suggesting it should be attributed to imitations – a category of silver coins patterned after Ottoman akches, which should not be confused with silver plated copper counterfeits. In contrast to no. 29, Suleyman I’s akche no. 78 has a regular, not distorted legend, but its fineness is also 500‰. Despite being illegal, there were a few cases of striking counterfeit coins on the official Ottoman mints, and this coin might be one of these. In general, of 96 pieces only 6 has fineness lower than 900‰, testifying to strict control over minting by Ottoman authorities.
Toward the end of Mehmed IV’s reign (1648—1687), in 1686 the Ottoman government imported from France new equipment for mechanical coinage of copper (mangirs). However, the first release of coins for circulation started only in September 1688, during the reign of Suleiman II (1687—1691).
The debasement of akçe carried out in 1584—1586 did not affect the currency circulation in Akkerman as severely as in the Principality of Moldavia, where akçes have almost completely disappeared from circulation. At the same time an influx of akçes to Akkerman continued, being considerably reduced only since the mid 17th century, as evidenced by coin finds from this city, among which only one akçe of Mehmed IV is known so far. The need of the local market for money supply was met with Egyptian paras or medinis and old issues of akçes cut to late 17th century weight standard. In addition, coins of different European states also circulated in the city. The 17th century Ottoman silver coins were driven out from circulation of Akkerman by a massive influx of machine-struck mangirs. Among the latter the finds of forgeries with barbarized legend are known. Production of these coins provided counterfeiters with considerable revenue. Issue of mangirs continued after Ahmed II’s accession to the throne in July, 1691. However, soon, in November of the same year, it was ceased and mangirs were withdrawn from circulation. Owing to their short-term issue, the finds of mangirs of Ahmed II in Akkerman are few in number comparing to those of Suleiman II (10 and 108 items respectively). Having started during Suleiman II’s monetary reform, a transitional period to adoption of the new Ottoman monetary system in Akkerman was completed in the early 18th century, indicated by the finds of machine-struck paras and zolta of this sultan.
Публикуются пять монет Трапезундской империи и одна — Киликийской Армении, найденные на территории между Прутом и Днестром. Статья является дополнением к уже опубликованным находкам монет золотоордынского периода (второй половины XIII — первых двух третей XIV вв.). Авторы предполагают, что эти находки служат свидетельством существовавших в то время торговых и иных контактов между городами Прутско-Днестровского междуречья и заморскими государствами. Приводятся исторические свидетельства того, что связи региона с другими странами поддерживались в большой степени при участии генуэзских торговцев.
Since the 1430s, the role of the Ottoman silver coinage (akçes) had gradually increased in the Carpatho-Danubian area because of their high silver content and the strengthening of the Ottoman influence in the Black Sea region. At the same time, the Ottoman copper mangirs continued to come to this region as well, but the basic area of their finds is restricted to Belgorod. The majority of these coins turned out to be struck in 1450-1460s, during the second reign of Mehmed II (1451-1481), coinciding with the time of the intensive influx of the Ottoman silver akçes, interrupted by the outbreak of the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Moldavia in the early 1470s. This article suggests that the copper mangirs of Mehmed II could hardly have had an important role in the monetary circulation of Belgorod, while the increase of their finds in this city, in comparison with the previous issuers, was rather determined by the other factors.
Osman II (1618-1622) started to issue onluks – the denomination, patterned after dirhem, which was equal to 10 akche. However, while the dirhems of 16th c. were issued only on the eastern mints, the onluks were issued on the eastern mints as well as on the capital mint Kostantiniya. The fraction denomination, called beshlik, equal to 5 akche, has been issued on the eastern mints since Ahmed I’s reign (1601-1617) and on the Kostantiniya mint – since Murad IV’s reign (1623-1640). Unlike the dirhems of 16th c., the onluks and beshliks of the first half of 17th c. were not so widespread, and their main area of circulation was limited to the territories under control of Ottoman administration of Silistra-Ochakov Eyaleti. On the basis of known discoveries, we can make an assumption, that the coins from the collection of Odesa Archeological museum, represented in this article, could be discovered in the area of Lower Dnister or Lower Danube rivers.
The article focuses on the finds of coins on the territory of Izmail, which are stored in the Izmail local museum of Danube region. Part of the coins was found during the archaeological researches on the territory of the Izmail fortress in 1989 and 1991, the other part was given to the museum by private individuals. The numismatic finds in Izmail can define periods in the medieval and modern history, when this area was inhabited.
: тези доповідей V міжнародної науково-практичної конференції, 21–22 червня 2018 р. – Меджибіж – Переяслав-Хмельницький – Кропивницький – Київ, 2018. – 183 с.
До збірника включено тези доповідей учасників V міжнародної науково-практичної конференції з проблем нумізматики та історії грошового обігу. Тези, що увійшли до випуску, можуть бути корисними фахівцям у галузі спеціальних знань історичної науки, архівним, бібліотечним, музейним працівникам, археологам, науковцям, експертам-мистецтвознавцям, викладачам, аспірантам, студентам ВНЗ гуманітарного профілю.
Among Suleyman I’s coins there are specimens (nos. 49, 61, 69, 71, 72, 76, 81) that have some slight differences from the types described in S. Srećković’s catalogue. No. 58 struck in Edirne has a new obverse variation close to type F1*c. It is a noteworthy specimen since the group of obverse types F has not so far been represented among Edirne akches of Suleyman I. Nos. 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70, 87 can contribute to the study of obverse and reverse die linkages since there are some new die combinations absent in S. Srećković’s catalogue.
Selim I’s akche no. 29 has a considerable lower fineness (500‰) compare to the other coins and slightly barbarized legend, suggesting it should be attributed to imitations – a category of silver coins patterned after Ottoman akches, which should not be confused with silver plated copper counterfeits. In contrast to no. 29, Suleyman I’s akche no. 78 has a regular, not distorted legend, but its fineness is also 500‰. Despite being illegal, there were a few cases of striking counterfeit coins on the official Ottoman mints, and this coin might be one of these. In general, of 96 pieces only 6 has fineness lower than 900‰, testifying to strict control over minting by Ottoman authorities.
Toward the end of Mehmed IV’s reign (1648—1687), in 1686 the Ottoman government imported from France new equipment for mechanical coinage of copper (mangirs). However, the first release of coins for circulation started only in September 1688, during the reign of Suleiman II (1687—1691).
The debasement of akçe carried out in 1584—1586 did not affect the currency circulation in Akkerman as severely as in the Principality of Moldavia, where akçes have almost completely disappeared from circulation. At the same time an influx of akçes to Akkerman continued, being considerably reduced only since the mid 17th century, as evidenced by coin finds from this city, among which only one akçe of Mehmed IV is known so far. The need of the local market for money supply was met with Egyptian paras or medinis and old issues of akçes cut to late 17th century weight standard. In addition, coins of different European states also circulated in the city. The 17th century Ottoman silver coins were driven out from circulation of Akkerman by a massive influx of machine-struck mangirs. Among the latter the finds of forgeries with barbarized legend are known. Production of these coins provided counterfeiters with considerable revenue. Issue of mangirs continued after Ahmed II’s accession to the throne in July, 1691. However, soon, in November of the same year, it was ceased and mangirs were withdrawn from circulation. Owing to their short-term issue, the finds of mangirs of Ahmed II in Akkerman are few in number comparing to those of Suleiman II (10 and 108 items respectively). Having started during Suleiman II’s monetary reform, a transitional period to adoption of the new Ottoman monetary system in Akkerman was completed in the early 18th century, indicated by the finds of machine-struck paras and zolta of this sultan.
Публикуются пять монет Трапезундской империи и одна — Киликийской Армении, найденные на территории между Прутом и Днестром. Статья является дополнением к уже опубликованным находкам монет золотоордынского периода (второй половины XIII — первых двух третей XIV вв.). Авторы предполагают, что эти находки служат свидетельством существовавших в то время торговых и иных контактов между городами Прутско-Днестровского междуречья и заморскими государствами. Приводятся исторические свидетельства того, что связи региона с другими странами поддерживались в большой степени при участии генуэзских торговцев.
Since the 1430s, the role of the Ottoman silver coinage (akçes) had gradually increased in the Carpatho-Danubian area because of their high silver content and the strengthening of the Ottoman influence in the Black Sea region. At the same time, the Ottoman copper mangirs continued to come to this region as well, but the basic area of their finds is restricted to Belgorod. The majority of these coins turned out to be struck in 1450-1460s, during the second reign of Mehmed II (1451-1481), coinciding with the time of the intensive influx of the Ottoman silver akçes, interrupted by the outbreak of the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Moldavia in the early 1470s. This article suggests that the copper mangirs of Mehmed II could hardly have had an important role in the monetary circulation of Belgorod, while the increase of their finds in this city, in comparison with the previous issuers, was rather determined by the other factors.
Osman II (1618-1622) started to issue onluks – the denomination, patterned after dirhem, which was equal to 10 akche. However, while the dirhems of 16th c. were issued only on the eastern mints, the onluks were issued on the eastern mints as well as on the capital mint Kostantiniya. The fraction denomination, called beshlik, equal to 5 akche, has been issued on the eastern mints since Ahmed I’s reign (1601-1617) and on the Kostantiniya mint – since Murad IV’s reign (1623-1640). Unlike the dirhems of 16th c., the onluks and beshliks of the first half of 17th c. were not so widespread, and their main area of circulation was limited to the territories under control of Ottoman administration of Silistra-Ochakov Eyaleti. On the basis of known discoveries, we can make an assumption, that the coins from the collection of Odesa Archeological museum, represented in this article, could be discovered in the area of Lower Dnister or Lower Danube rivers.
The article focuses on the finds of coins on the territory of Izmail, which are stored in the Izmail local museum of Danube region. Part of the coins was found during the archaeological researches on the territory of the Izmail fortress in 1989 and 1991, the other part was given to the museum by private individuals. The numismatic finds in Izmail can define periods in the medieval and modern history, when this area was inhabited.
Chronological distribution of the Ottoman coins demonstrates that the issues minted during the monetary crisis in the 17th century (until the monetary reform of Suleiman II) predominate over the issues minted during the period of Ottoman monetary prosperity, i.e. from the late 15th till the late 16th centuries (13 and 31 sp. accordingly). On the contrary, the examined finds from the area of Moldavian Principality show that the Ottoman akçes have almost disappeared from the local monetary circulation shortly after the debasement carried in 1584-1586. However, it should be noted that it was hoards that have been first of all examined by the scholars while the single finds have been lost for the scientific use due to the circumstances of their discovery by private persons. Thus, despite the debased Ottoman coins have no longer been used for hoarding, they have probably still remained in circulation in the sphere of small daily transactions. Moreover, the increased amount of coins minted in the 17th century (when compared with the previous period) could be associated with the increase of local Nogay and Tatar nomadic population as a result of several waves of migration to this region during the 16th and 17th centuries that continued in the 18th century.
Attention should be also drawn to the coins minted during Osman III’s reign (1754-1757) which could not be considered as frequent finds in the examined region.
The article focuses on the earliest lists of the life of Demetrius of Thessalonica-the so-called «Martyrdom» (passiones) of St. Demetrius, and their translations into Old Church Slavonic, in the context of honoring the saint among the Slavs, especially in Ukraine. Each of the three editions of "martyrdom" develops and supplements the previous new evidence, which largely influences the formation of the cult of Demetrius as a military saint, one of the most respected saints throughout the Christian world.
The article deals with 59 findings of Ottoman type coins minted in the Kingdom of K’akheti during the period of Ottoman protectorate over this state in late 16th – early 17th centuries. Despite being quite short-term, this period reflected in a broad variety of diverse coin types, minted in K’akheti. The introduced coin findings comprise 19 types struck at K’akhetian mints – Zagem and Kakhed, as well as 5 types of unidentified or unspecified mint, which actually might have been one of these two mints. Of these, 13 types are published for the first time. In addition, there are 9 new variations of already examined types. The presented coins are of significant importance for reconstruction of obverse and reverse legends, since the most of discussed types substantially differ from the regular Ottoman types. They also enable making several assumptions regarding the evolution of weight standard, system of denominations, chronological sequence of types. Most of the coins belong to the denomination conditionally called dirhem. However, there is one low-weight coin (type Zagem-4) which is either some kind of a local fraction, or the Ottoman akche. Besides, the copper coins bearing the names of Ottoman sultans, most probably struck at the K’akhetian mints, are published for the first time. Among the silver dirhems type Zagem-11 is noteworthy. Apart from being rather distinctive and unique compare to the regular Ottoman types, it is eminent due to the fact that some of the coins of this type bear the countermark ‘Adl Zagem, the attribution and chronology of which have not been clearly determined yet.
AFE-UKR database is a part of Antike Fundmünzen in Europa (AFE-RGK) project. It is based on Linked Open Data methodologies. At the moment, it consists primarily of coins from museum collections, but plans include incorporating all available data on Roman coin findings from publications and web resources to create a comprehensive database of Roman coin finds in Ukraine, facilitating further study of their circulation.