Shehu Musa

Introduction: Hyperlipidemia is a modifiable risk factor of an important killer disease “cardiovascular diseases”, which account for as much mortality as infectious disease, nutritional deficiency and maternal and prenatal disease combined together. Aim: To investigate the effect of oral administration of Aqueous-methanol stem bark extract of Khaya senegalensis and its solvents (hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate) extracts on lipid profile of hyperlipidemic rats. Methodology: Hyperlipidemia was induced in rats via feeding on high lipid diet (HLD) for 6 weeks. A total of fifty five (55) rats were divided into two phases: For phase one, twenty five (25) rats were placed into five groups (GI - GV) of five rats each. GI served as normal control, GII serves as hyperlipidemic control group, while GIII, GIV and GV were hyperlipidemic and administered with crude extract (E1) at a dose of 250mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg body weight respectively for two weeks. For the second phase, thirty (...

Bilharziasis is one of the parasitic diseases of public health importance affecting millions of people worldwide; more than 75% live in sub-Sahara Africa. This study was carried out in selected primary schools in eight irrigation rural communities from four local government areas of Kano State among 960 pupils within the age range of 5 – 16 years who are fully consenting to participate in the research throughout the study period. About 10ml of clean catch, midstream urine samples were collected from the subjects themselves in suitable universal containers. Samples were immediately transported in a cold box for the laboratory investigations within 3 hours of collection. Urinalysis was carried out using test strips (Combi 10 DFI Co. Ltd, Korea) for each sample particularly to detect the presence of blood, nitrites, protein and leucocytes which are important makers for Bilharziasis. Urine Samples were analyzed by Centrifugation and Microscopic techniques. Of the 960 subjects examined, ...

Kidney dysfunction in orthopaedic cases may be as a result of kidney injury due to fracture, burns, osteomyelitis, spinal injury, spinal tuberculosis, sickle cell disease and various forms of arthritis. This study aimed at evaluating the biomarkers of kidney dysfunction among patients attending National othropeadic hospital Dala Kano. It is a hospital based prospective study conducted on a total of one hundred (100) subjects; sixty (60) orthopaedic patients and forty (40) apparently Original Research Article

Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and histological analysis of lungs were carried out in twenty rats exposed to smoke from transfluthrin impregnated insecticide paper. The rats were divided into five groups (I, II, III, IV and V) of four each. Group one served as control while Group II, III, IV and V were exposed to smoke from transfluthrin impregnated paper Insecticide for 15, 30, 60, 120 minutes daily for four weeks respectively. On the 29th day, the rats were euthanized and blood sample was collected and centrifuged for analysis of biochemical parameters (MDA, AST, ALT and ALP), the animals were dissected and lung tissues were collected for histological analysis. Significant increase (p<0.05) in all parameters (MDA, AST, ALT and ALP) were observed in a time dependent pattern compared to normal control. However, histopathological analysis of the lung tissues shows no pathological changes between test groups and normal control. Thus, exposure of rat to smoke from transfluthrin impregnated paper insecticide modifies biochemical parameters (MDA, AST, ALT and ALP) but within the context of duration of this research, no significant pathology was observed in lung tissues. Transfluthrin impregnated paper insecticide should be used with caution.

Bilharziasis is one of the parasitic diseases of public health importance affecting millions of people worldwide; more than 75% live in sub-Sahara Africa. This study was carried out in selected primary schools in eight irrigation rural communities from four local government areas of Kano State among 960 pupils within the age range of 5 – 16 years who are fully consenting to participate in the research throughout the study period. About 10ml of clean catch, midstream urine samples were collected from the subjects themselves in suitable universal containers. Samples were immediately transported in a cold box for the laboratory investigations within 3 hours of collection. Urinalysis was carried out using test strips (Combi 10 DFI Co. Ltd, Korea) for each sample particularly to detect the presence of blood, nitrites, protein and leucocytes which are important makers for Bilharziasis. Urine Samples were analyzed by Centrifugation and Microscopic techniques. Of the 960 subjects examined, 554 were males while 406 were females. Three hundred and six (306) (31.88%) male pupils and 112 (11.60%) females were found to be infected with S.haematobium with the overall prevalence rate being 43.55%. With regard to age, the highest prevalence of (40.10%) was found among 11-13 years age group while the lowest prevalence of (5.21%) was found among 14-16 years age group. The intensity of bilharziasis was also ascertained in the study area, high infection was observed in 5.52% urine samples, the highest being in Kadawa Chiki (1.77%), whereas Shidar had the lowest (0.10%). The Occurrence of Bilharziasis in relation to urinalysis tests for blood across study schools indicates more infections in urine with blood (354) (36.88%) than without blood (35) (3.65%). The study area was considered as an endemic area for bilharziasis.

Urinary schistosomiasis in most cases is complicated with bacterial infections because the so called normal flora of the genito-urinary tract has a better chance of entering and invading the underlying internal tissues as a result of the constant tear and scar of the epithelium by the spiny schistosomal eggs. The study was carried ou ton seasonal variations in the occurrences of Schistosoma haematobium and bacterial urinary infections among school age children in 8 irrigation rural communities of four Local Government Areas of Kano State from March 2012 to February 2013, in order to determine the incidence of S. haematobium and its co-infection with bacterial pathogens among the pupils. Ethical clearance was sought from the State Universal Basic Education Board (SUBEB). Midstream urine samples were collected in sterile universal containers and transported to the laboratory in cold box for the laboratory procession. Urine sedimentation was carried out using centrifugation method, followed by microscopic examination the of S. haematobium. Urinalysis was carried out on each sample particularly to detect the presence of important makers of urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract infections. Sample culture was carried out on Blood Agar and cystein lactose electrolyte deficiency (CLED) medium; Gram staining and biochemical analyses were carried out for characterization of the Bacterial pathogens. A total of 960 pupils were examined (480 in each of the dry and rainy seasons respectively), of which 306 (31.88%) were males and 112 (11.66%) were females; 165 (34.73%) male pupils and 57 (11.88%) females were found to be infected with S. haematobium during the dry season whereas 141 (14.69%) males and 55 (5.73%) females were found to be infected during the rainy season. The highest prevalence of 115 (23.96%) was found among the 11-13years age group in dry season while the lowest prevalence of 12 (2.50%) was found among the 14-16years age group the dry seasons. In rainy season, the 11-13 years age group had the highest prevalence (107) (22.29%) and 14-16years age group had the lowest prevalence (17) (3.54%).With regard to urinary tract pathogens, (8) (0.83%) female pupils and 4 (0.42%) male pupils were found to be infected during dry season while in rainy season, 70 (7.29%) females and 42 (4.38%) male pupils were infected. Considering co-infection, the rainy season had highest prevalence (4.38%) while dry season was found to have least prevalence (0.2%); the overall co-occurrence being 8.13%.The study shows no significant relationship between S. haematobium and urinary tract pathogens and seasonal variation has no profound effect on the occurrence of S. haematobium but plays an important role in urinary tract infections.

Introduction: Hyperlipidemia is a modifiable risk factor of an important killer disease " cardiovascular diseases " , which account for as much mortality as infectious disease, nutritional deficiency and maternal and prenatal disease combined together. Aim: To investigate the effect of oral administration of Aqueous-methanol stem bark extract of Khaya senegalensis and its solvents (hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate) extracts on lipid profile of hyperlipidemic rats. Methodology: Hyperlipidemia was induced in rats via feeding on high lipid diet (HLD) for 6 weeks. A total of fifty five (55) rats were divided into two phases: For phase one, twenty five (25) rats were placed into five groups (GI-GV) of five rats each. GI served as normal control, GII serves as hyperlipidemic control group, while GIII, GIV and GV were hyperlipidemic and administered with crude extract (E1) at a dose of 250mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg body weight respectively for two weeks. For the second phase, thirty (30) rats were placed into six (6) groups of five (5) rats. GI served as normal control, GII served as hyperlipidemic control group, while GIII, GIV GV and GVI were hyperlipidemic and administered with hexane extract (E2), chloroform extract (E3), ethyl acetate extract (E4) and the residue (E5) at a dose of 250mg/kg body weight respectively for two weeks. The animals from each group were euthanized and serum was collected for analysis lipid profile (Total Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol and Triglyceride). Results: The research found that aqueous methanol extract of Khaya senegalensis possess hypolipidemic ability with the ethyl acetate extract showing the highest potency with a significant (p<0.01) decrease in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol level when compared to hyperlipidemic control. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract from the crude extract possesses the highest hypolipidemic activity.

Any association between body mass index and kidney disease has so far proved inconclusive. Therefore, this study is aimed to provide association between glomerular filtration rate and body mass index among orthopaedic patients. A total of sixty (60) patients irrespective of gender were recruited. Weight and height were measured prior to the sample collection. A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain the demographic data of the subjects. Blood samples were collected from each patient by venepuncture from the antecubital vein of the forearm using disposable syringes. Serum creatinine was determined by method of Rosano et al. Body Mass Index and Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) were calculated using creatinine-based equation of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease. Mean BMI was found to be higher in females (25.48±5.65) than their male counterparts (21.44±4.52), while eGFR was found to be higher in males (184.14±53.23) than in females (152.06±32.71). Subjects with eGFR ≥60 were observed to be more frequent (98.30%); normal weight individuals had higher frequency (48.33%). Positive correlation exists between BMI and eGFR in males whereas negative correlation was found in females which

Kidney dysfunction in orthopaedic cases may be as a result of kidney injury due to fracture, burns, osteomyelitis, spinal injury, spinal tuberculosis, sickle cell disease and various forms of arthritis. This study aimed at evaluating the biomarkers of kidney dysfunction among patients attending National othropeadic hospital Dala Kano. It is a hospital based prospective study conducted on a total of one hundred (100) subjects; sixty (60) orthopaedic patients and forty (40) apparently Original Research Article

Bilharziasis is one of the parasitic diseases of public health importance affecting millions of people worldwide; more than 75% live in sub-Sahara Africa. This study was carried out in selected primary schools in eight irrigation rural communities from four local government areas of Kano State among 960 pupils within the age range of 5 – 16 years who are fully consenting to participate in the research throughout the study period. About 10ml of clean catch, midstream urine samples were collected from the subjects themselves in suitable universal containers. Samples were immediately transported in a cold box for the laboratory investigations within 3 hours of collection. Urinalysis was carried out using test strips (Combi 10 DFI Co. Ltd, Korea) for each sample particularly to detect the presence of blood, nitrites, protein and leucocytes which are important makers for Bilharziasis. Urine Samples were analyzed by Centrifugation and Microscopic techniques. Of the 960 subjects examined, 554 were males while 406 were females. Three hundred and six (306) (31.88%) male pupils and 112 (11.60%) females were found to be infected with S.haematobium with the overall prevalence rate being 43.55%. With regard to age, the highest prevalence of (40.10%) was found among 11-13 years age group while the lowest prevalence of (5.21%) was found among 14-16 years age group. The intensity of bilharziasis was also ascertained in the study area, high infection was observed in 5.52% urine samples, the highest being in Kadawa Chiki (1.77%), whereas Shidar had the lowest (0.10%). The Occurrence of Bilharziasis in relation to urinalysis tests for blood across study schools indicates more infections in urine with blood (354) (36.88%) than without blood (35) (3.65%). The study area was considered as an endemic area for bilharziasis.

Severe acute malnutrition contributes to the mortality of about a fifth of children who die before the age of five and those that are not killed by malnutrition are more likely to be affected by infectious diseases, which may impair their physical and cognitive development. Malnutrition predisposes the previous sufferer with poor overall health that can be lifelong. Diseases such as Malaria, diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, HIV/AIDS and intestinal parasites related diseases are all observed to be attributed to malnutrition. The use of antibiotics for therapeutic management of severe acute malnutrition significantly reduced the mortality rates especially in complicated severe acute malnutrition. However, undernourished children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition should not be given antibiotics unless they show signs of clinical infection.

The depletion of superoxide catalyzed by human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was observed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of superoxide at 250-280 nm following pulse radiolysis and it showed a biphasic pattern. Tryptophan 161 is a highly conserved residue that forms a hydrophobic side of the active site cavity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), with its indole ring adjacent to and about 5 Å from the manganese. Trp 161 promotes the dissociation of product peroxide, perhaps in part through its effect on the orientation of Tyr 34.

Kidney dysfunction in orthopaedic cases may be as a result of kidney injury due to fracture, burns, osteomyelitis, spinal injury, spinal tuberculosis, sickle cell disease and various forms of arthritis among others. Kidney injury may be acute or chronic. The overall incidence of kidney dysfunction after elective or emergency surgical procedures is reported to reach 9.1%. The risk of acute kidney injury in surgical patients has been estimated to be approximately 1% of all hospitalized patients.However, biochemical markers play an important role inaccurate diagnosis and also for assessing risk and adopting therapy that improves clinical outcome. The markers of renal function include serum Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid and electrolytes used for routine investigation. Serum Malondialdehyde, calcium, phosphate and vitamin D are used for further analysis and confirmation.

Historically, the science of biotechnology started through domestication of plants and animals by early men and selective plant breeding which subsequently led to transgenesis. Fermentation of grains and fruits using yeast was initiated in Egypt and other ancient parts of the world about 2500 BC. The practice of quarantining people to prevent the spread of diseases was introduced long before the origin of diseases. Introduction of traditional medicine was carried out by the ancient Egyptians using honey to treat infections until 1928 when Alexander Fleming extracted penicillin. Furthermore, synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in 1880s. The discovery of genes as a unit of inheritance was celebrated in 1865 by Gregor Mendel. Moreover, it took another 90 years of research before scientists discovered that genes were made up of DNA Mini-review Article