Imre Bangha
University of Oxford, Oriental Studies, Faculty Member
- Oriental Studies, Indian Literature, Hindi Literature, Hindi/Urdu, Islam in India, Bengali Literature, and 26 moreUrdu Literature, Rabindranath Tagore, Bengali Language & Literature, Urdu Poetry, Bengali (বাংলা), Literary culture of Bengal, Gujarati Literature, Old Gujarati/Maru-gurjar, Körösi Csoma, Hindi, Urdu, Braj, Hindavi, Literature, Translation, Anandghan, Transmission, Manuscript, Bihar, Rajasthan, Braj Bhasha, Culture, Languages and Linguistics, Modern Indian History, Reception, and Sanskritedit
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The Bundelkhandi poet Thakur was one of the most celebrated Hindi poets of his times. His poetry was part of the lively and innovative Brajbhasha literary scene during the last phase of indigenous Hindi literature unaffected by Western... more
The Bundelkhandi poet Thakur was one of the most celebrated Hindi poets of his times. His poetry was part of the lively and innovative Brajbhasha literary scene during the last phase of indigenous Hindi literature unaffected by Western ideas. Brajbhasha court literature at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was flourishing in smaller and bigger centres and with the mediation of oral transmission and manuscript culture thrivingas never before transcended the limits of court patronage and reached down to the wide masses of learned people in the villages. Thakur was among the favourites of nineteenth-century anthologists and in the twentieth century he was known as one of the few representatives of a personal voice in the highly stylised Riti-poetry. He can today be considered as one of the most powerful protagonists of early modern sensitivity in Brajbhasha literature through his expression of individual sentiments or his search for a simple, more realistic style. His poetry also demonstrates that innovations associated with modern poets had already been adefining feature of poetry before the advent of colonial modernity.This critical edition of more than three hundred quatrains is based on readings from almost a hundred handwritten, lithographed and printed anthologies. The poems are annotated and can be read both by students or scholars of Brajbhasha. However, readers unfamiliar with this poetic idiom can also use the book since for the first time Thakur is presented to an English readership through a detailed introduction and the translation of a large body of selected poems
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For centuries, India has been of special importance to Hungarians due to its accessibility and cultural richness. As early as before the twentieth century, many Hungarians or travellers of other nationalities from historical Hungary... more
For centuries, India has been of special importance to Hungarians due to its accessibility and cultural richness. As early as before the twentieth century, many Hungarians or travellers of other nationalities from historical Hungary visited the subcontinent. In this study, along with drawing attention to some lesser-known travellers, I will examine the social backgrounds, the motives and interests of all the people who we know at present reached India before the twentieth century.
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This paper examines an instance of Jaina Hindi canon-formation in the eighteenth century. The dynamics of transmission of Jaina Hindi works can be studied more easily than that of many other sectarian and non-sectarian compositions since... more
This paper examines an instance of Jaina Hindi canon-formation in the eighteenth century. The dynamics of transmission of Jaina Hindi works can be studied more easily than that of many other sectarian and non-sectarian compositions since Jainism produced an extraordinary manuscript culture in South Asia. Jainas paid particular attention not only to writing and copying manuscripts but also to their preservation as can be seen from the richness and good maintenance of the Jaina Bhandaras in Gujarat, Rajasthan and elsewhere.
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Rabindranath Tagore (in Bengali: Rabīndranāth Ṭhākur; b. 1861–d. 1941) was born in Calcutta, the capital of British India at the time. From the late 18th century onward, his extremely large family played an important role in the economic... more
Rabindranath Tagore (in Bengali: Rabīndranāth Ṭhākur; b. 1861–d. 1941) was born in Calcutta, the capital of British India at the time. From the late 18th century onward, his extremely large family played an important role in the economic and cultural activities of the city and the whole of Bengal. Thus Rabindranath’s life and work was intimately connected to the urban humanist Bengali culture of which he was himself to become the prime representative. He was primarily known as a Bengali poet, perhaps the first really modern one. He published his earliest volumes when he was still a teenager. His very last poems he dictated in 1941 when on his deathbed. Composing poetry was his prime literary urge but by no means the only one. He successfully tried his hands at novels, short stories, plays, songs, literary essays, philosophy and liberal Hindu theology, introductory courses for Bengali grammar, travelogues, and an autobiography. Singlehandedly he created a complete modern universe of Bengali literature. Late-19th- and early-20th-century Bengali literature is dominated by the towering figure of Rabindranath. He was also an accomplished musical innovator, the creator of the so-called Rabindra-sangit: songs and dance dramas for which he also composed the music. Late in life he became known as an artist. He experimented with humanist forms of education for schoolchildren and university students. At Santiniketan (about 150 km from Calcutta in rural West Bengal) he founded a school (in 1901) and later the eponymous university (in 1921). Tagore’s global fame came as if by chance in 1913 when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. This was on the basis of Gitanjali, a small English volume of prose poems. The booklet appeared in 1912 and knew overwhelming success; at that point Tagore was launched as an international writer and Indian prophet in one, a cult figure with a global impact. In order to live up to his Nobel Prize fame he began to bring out English poetry, essays, and drama. Much of this was based on or inspired by his Bengali originals. It has often been remarked that Tagore did not do his literary reputation a good service with his English translations. In the 1920s his international fame was withering away. Translations made directly from Bengali done by William Radice in 1985 caused a resurgence of global interest in Tagore as an important writer.
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Some of the most fascinating works of old Hindi poetry originate from the princely states of Rajasthan, which because of its long tradition of patronage was one of the most important regions for literature during the Mughal era.... more
Some of the most fascinating works of old Hindi poetry originate from the princely states of Rajasthan, which because of its long tradition of patronage was one of the most important regions for literature during the Mughal era. Reconstructing the literary life of specific courts in Rajasthan is, however, a challenging task. In spite of the large amount of academic research on the history and culture of the region, material about the literary life of individual courts is uneven. A lot of research has been done on great court poets like Bihari or Matiram but far from being acquainted with the major authors of all the courts, today we are not even in a position to say which languages were used for literature in a particular court at a certain period. Many centres are famous for patronising Braj, Sanskrit or Urdu poets but were all these languages present in each court? Did they have specific roles or hierarchy? In what measure did literature in one language influence the other? Hindi ...
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The study of Ā nandghan ’s transmission presents a case to examine how early modern manuscript circulation in north India was effected when a radically new idea appeared on the literary scene. The Vaishnava renunciate Ā nandghan (c.... more
The study of Ā nandghan ’s transmission presents a case to examine how early modern manuscript circulation in north India was effected when a radically new idea appeared on the literary scene. The Vaishnava renunciate Ā nandghan (c. 1700–1757) in his quatrains wrote about love towards a person whom he called Sujān, a word having both Persianate and Indian undertones. By the use of this word, he emphasised continuity between mundane and divine love. Although this approach was rejected by his religious community and later even by Ā nandghan himself, his poetry became widely appreciated in north India and many of the most innovative Hindi poets in the coming centuries are indebted to him. The four extant early collections of his poetry were prepared under the influence of the Ā nandghan debate in Ā nandghan ’s lifetime or shortly after. Taking two other, now lost, anthologies into account the article examines the development of the corpus of Ā nandghan ’s quatrains into six collections...
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In India and in Bengal the name of Rabindranath Tagore is often adorned with the epithet visvakavi, "universal poet" referring to the fact that his works have been translated into all languages of what was in his times... more
In India and in Bengal the name of Rabindranath Tagore is often adorned with the epithet visvakavi, "universal poet" referring to the fact that his works have been translated into all languages of what was in his times considered to be the "civilised world" and that he visited many of these countries, who received him enthusiastically. Although Tagore's fame dwindled in Britain a few years after the Nobel Prize, he became one of the biggest celebrities of Germany of the early 1920s. Although he was widely translated in the twenties, many people remarked that it was the snobs who read his works and attended his lectures.The less favourable side of Tagore's reception, however, was hardly examined in East Central Europe. Most countries in the region and beyond found in Rabindranath Tagore a representative of India's friendship with them and politicians often refer to Tagore's (rather faded) fame in their homelands or mention that the poet visited the...
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Most people imagine the period between Timur's sack of Delhi and the arrival of the Mughals to be one of unrelenting darkness and disorder. The first major compendium of essays on the "long" fifteenth century, After Timur... more
Most people imagine the period between Timur's sack of Delhi and the arrival of the Mughals to be one of unrelenting darkness and disorder. The first major compendium of essays on the "long" fifteenth century, After Timur Left presents a very different picture: one of intense cultural ferment, innovations in literature and language choice, and new forms of religious organisation and expression. These cultural developments are set against a backdrop of political transformation. Once Timur returned to Samarkand in 1399, new kings and chieftains jostled for power, making new alliances and calling upon far-flung networks that stretched from Afghanistan to Bengal. Alongside the old capitals rose new towns inhabited by merchants and professionals, where long-standing local cultural and political forms were offset by transregional conversations wrought by increasingly mobile poets, preachers and warriors who travelled widely in search of employment and adventure. A generation...
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Introduction 257 years ago, on 21 September 1743 Savāī Jaisingh, the founder of the city of Jaipur, breathed his last. According to tradition he was looking towards the Govindadeva temple, which he had established within the precincts of... more
Introduction 257 years ago, on 21 September 1743 Savāī Jaisingh, the founder of the city of Jaipur, breathed his last. According to tradition he was looking towards the Govindadeva temple, which he had established within the precincts of his city palace, and was listening to the recitation and exposition of the Bhāgavata Purāna. The Bhaṭṭ family lore holds that the person who was expounding the scripture for him was a kathāvācak called Brajnāth Bhaṭṭ. Apart from being Jaisingh’s personal friend and the teacher of Rāṇī Bāṅkāvatī, the queen of Kishangarh, Brajnāth was the author of a Hindi work on aesthetics and a compiler of Sanskrit and Hindi anthologies.
Rabindranath Tagore (in Bengali: Rabīndranāth Ṭhākur; b. 1861–d. 1941) was born in Calcutta, the capital of British India at the time. From the late 18th century onward, his extremely large family played an important role in the economic... more
Rabindranath Tagore (in Bengali: Rabīndranāth Ṭhākur; b. 1861–d. 1941) was born in Calcutta, the capital of British India at the time. From the late 18th century onward, his extremely large family played an important role in the economic and cultural activities of the city and the whole of Bengal. Thus Rabindranath’s life and work was intimately connected to the urban humanist Bengali culture of which he was himself to become the prime representative. He was primarily known as a Bengali poet, perhaps the first really modern one. He published his earliest volumes when he was still a teenager. His very last poems he dictated in 1941 when on his deathbed. Composing poetry was his prime literary urge but by no means the only one. He successfully tried his hands at novels, short stories, plays, songs, literary essays, philosophy and liberal Hindu theology, introductory courses for Bengali grammar, travelogues, and an autobiography. Singlehandedly he created a complete modern universe of ...
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... of its most enchanting points, while the Uttarakāṇḍa discards the narrative structure and comprises poems cele-brating Rama's name, virtues, or grace, descriptions of the dark Kali age, of places of pilgrimage, of the... more
... of its most enchanting points, while the Uttarakāṇḍa discards the narrative structure and comprises poems cele-brating Rama's name, virtues, or grace, descriptions of the dark Kali age, of places of pilgrimage, of the gopīs' love for Krishna, or descriptions of Shiva, prayers for ...
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This volume presents Rabindranath Tagore, the winner of the 1913 Nobel Prize for literature, as a global figure who rose above divides and spoke to people distant both in time and space. No Indian writer in a regional language has ever... more
This volume presents Rabindranath Tagore, the winner of the 1913 Nobel Prize for literature, as a global figure who rose above divides and spoke to people distant both in time and space. No Indian writer in a regional language has ever managed to reach out to so many people worldwide as did Tagore. The volume presents how he was able to cross the boundaries of language to connect to various literary cultures, how his activities are related to the meta-linguistic domains of the psychological and the mythical, and how his paintings were linked to his textual experiments. Tagore scholars from East, West, Central and Northern Europe, Indian public figures, writers and artists combine various approaches in their contributions.
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The study of Ā n a n d g h a n's transmission presents a case to examine how early modern manuscript circulation in north India was effected when a radically new idea appeared on the literary scene. The Vaishnava renunciate Ā n a n d g h... more
The study of Ā n a n d g h a n's transmission presents a case to examine how early modern manuscript circulation in north India was effected when a radically new idea appeared on the literary scene. The Vaishnava renunciate Ā n a n d g h a n (c. 1700–1757) in his quatrains wrote about love towards a person whom he called Sujān, a word having both Persianate and Indian undertones. By the use of this word, he emphasised continuity between mundane and divine love. Although this approach was rejected by his religious community and later even by Ā n a n d g h a n himself, his poetry became widely appreciated in north India and many of the most innovative Hindi poets in the coming centuries are indebted to him. The four extant early collections of his poetry were prepared under the influence of the Ā n a n d g h a n debate in Ā n a n d g h a n's lifetime or shortly after. Taking two other, now lost, anthologies into account the article examines the development of the corpus of Ā n a n d g h a n's quatrains into six collections, manipulated to present either a more religious or a more secular Ā n a n d g h a n.
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Hindi, including its older version, has been used by Indian Muslims in various contexts from at least the seventh/thirteenth century.
Research Interests: Sufism, Islam, Indian Sufism, Hindi/Urdu, Hindi, and 3 moreHindavi, Nirgun Bhakti, and Avadhi Poetry
The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India
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Early Khari Boli poetry in North India and Rekhta Literature in the Devanagari Script [in Urdu]
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This paper examines an instance of Jain Hindi canon-formation in the 18th century. The dynamics of transmission of Jain Hindi works can be studied more easily than that of many other sectarian and non-sectarian compositions since Jainism... more
This paper examines an instance of Jain Hindi canon-formation in the 18th century. The dynamics of transmission of Jain Hindi works can be studied more easily than that of many other sectarian and non-sectarian compositions since Jainism produced an extraordinary manuscript culture in South Asia. Jains paid particular attention not only to writing and copying manuscripts but also to their preservation as can be seen from the richness and good maintenance of the Jain Bhandaras in Gujarat, Rajasthan and elsewhere. A quasi-canonical collection of Ānandghan's songs, the Ānandghan-bahattarī, «The Seventy-two songs of Ānandghan», was formed about a century after the poet's lifetime. However, a high number of songs were left out of this collection. This study will show that both centripetal and centrifugal forces operated at the shaping of the canon: while scribes attempted to arrive at a complete collection of the revered poet-saint several poems were rejected for various reasons.
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Vishnudas was the first vernacular poet in Gwalior to compose powerful narratives that had the strength to survive in subsequent transmission. But while in his Rāmāyan he invoked Valmiki’s Sanskrit Rāmāyaṇa as a model and at points... more
Vishnudas was the first vernacular poet in Gwalior to compose powerful narratives that had the strength to survive in subsequent transmission. But while in his Rāmāyan he invoked Valmiki’s Sanskrit Rāmāyaṇa as a model and at points followed his version closely, in terms of actual literary form and diction Vishnudas’s Rāmāyan was also part of the word of vernacular kathās circulating orally and in manuscript form. His epic also reproduces techniques of condensation and omission that are typical of oral performance and composition. The paper also examines Vishnudas's position within the emerging Hindi literary tradition and argues that his works were poetically and linguistically linked to earlier works in Madhyadesha.
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Review of the autobiography of the Hindi woman writer Chandra Kiran Sonrexa (1920-2009).
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I. A project szanszkrit szövegekkel foglalkozó részét elsősorban a kutatás módszertana fogja egybe, mivel valamennyi kutató filológiai-szövegkritikai eszközökkel közelítette meg kutatási témáját. Dezső Csaba kutatásai a kora középkori... more
I. A project szanszkrit szövegekkel foglalkozó részét elsősorban a kutatás módszertana fogja egybe, mivel valamennyi kutató filológiai-szövegkritikai eszközökkel közelítette meg kutatási témáját. Dezső Csaba kutatásai a kora középkori kasmíri szanszkrit nyelvű irodalomhoz kapcsolódtak (Pádatáditaka, melynek kiadása és angol fordítása befejező fázisához érkezett, és a Clay Sanskrit Library-ben fog megjelenni; Kuttanímatam, az első eredményekről cikkét ld. a publikációs listában; egy szanszkrit nyelvű dráma töredékének kritikai kiadása, megjelent az Acta Antiquában). Hidas Gergely a Mahápratiszará Mahávidjárádnyí című korai buddhista tantrikus mű kritikai kiadásán dolgozott, eredményeit két tanulmányban közölte. Kiss Csaba behatóbb vizsgálódás tárgyául a Matszjéndraszamhitát választotta, ezzel kapcsolatos tanulmánya megjelenés alatt. II. A project hindí szövegekkel foglalkozó része a Kavitávalí kritikai kiadását tűzte ki céljául, a projektben résztvevő kutatókon kívül sikeresen bekapc...
A paper about the role of poetic stress in the Hindi kabitt-strophes and how Ratnakar described its rules without being aware of the concept of poetic stress.
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महाकवि आनंदघन (घन आनंद) का ढाई सौ साल पहले देहांत
The Great Poet Anandghan died 250 years ago)
The Great Poet Anandghan died 250 years ago)
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In the first years of the nineteenth century a British army officer called Thomas Duer Broughton became enchanted by the songs and poems that his soldiers knew by heart. He started to get them noted down and eventually his collection... more
In the first years of the nineteenth century a British army officer called Thomas Duer Broughton became enchanted by the songs and poems that his soldiers knew by heart. He started to get them noted down and eventually his collection became the first published anthology of Hindi poets. What sort of poems were memorised by Indian sipahis at that time? Surprisingly enough most of them were not folk poems but apart from some devotional quatrains and songs, were products of court poetry in the most refined period of Hindi literature, the so called rītikāl, ‘period of mannerism’.
Broughton’s anthology serves as a source to the cultural interaction between the Indians and the British. His book also indicates the extent to which a member of the British Indian elite was able to appreciate Indian culture through mannerist Hindi poems. Since in Europe the era of Romanticism was that of a widespread interest in Oriental cultures and the time of the discovery of folk art Broughton presented Braj poetry as “popular” and “rustic” and at the same time considered it to be one of the greatest achievements of universal literature. That is why he tried to bring it close to the general English reader.
Apart from Broughton’s text, the book contains reconstructed Hindi versions of the poems with their new English translation as well as a critical introduction.
Broughton’s anthology serves as a source to the cultural interaction between the Indians and the British. His book also indicates the extent to which a member of the British Indian elite was able to appreciate Indian culture through mannerist Hindi poems. Since in Europe the era of Romanticism was that of a widespread interest in Oriental cultures and the time of the discovery of folk art Broughton presented Braj poetry as “popular” and “rustic” and at the same time considered it to be one of the greatest achievements of universal literature. That is why he tried to bring it close to the general English reader.
Apart from Broughton’s text, the book contains reconstructed Hindi versions of the poems with their new English translation as well as a critical introduction.
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Research Interests: Sanskrit, Persian, Hindi, Polyglossia, Urdu, and 8 moreBabur, Akbar, Mughal, Braj Bhasha, Rekhta, Amir Khusraw, Bajid, and Literary Beginning
Arguing for Anandghan's death during the 1757 incursion of Ahmadshah Abdali in Braj.
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The article presents a leading Hungarian poet's views on Tagore from 1913 on for over two decades. The fervour Tagore and his works received diffused over East Central Europe. A close examination of his reception, however, shows that this... more
The article presents a leading Hungarian poet's views on Tagore from 1913 on for over two decades. The fervour Tagore and his works received diffused over East Central Europe. A close examination of his reception, however, shows that this enthusiasm was a qualified one.
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On the example of some texts attributed to the 15th-century poet-saint Kabīr, the paper contests the postmodern claim that each received version is a poetically beautiful, polished text. In all probability all received versions have... more
On the example of some texts attributed to the 15th-century poet-saint Kabīr, the paper contests the postmodern claim that each received version is a poetically beautiful, polished text. In all probability all received versions have undergone a long phase of oral transmission before being committed to writing and they are sometimes the outcome of textual corruption resulting in inconsistent reading or in poetic looseness and redundancy. On the basis of prosody and a comparison of variant versions, reconstruction of some earlier text is possible. It is argued that the poems may have been composed for a metrically correct recitation and when they became songs set to musical moods and rhythms they have lost their strict metrical frame under the licenses used by the singers. Amplification can also be detected on a higher level since sometimes entire lines were invented or borrowed. By detecting instances of amplification a more concise and more powerful early text can be reconstructed. The reconstruction of the early text in turn can open up a way to posit the later variants into a relationship with each other and to see ideological motivating forces behind changes such as ‘bhaktification’.
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The paper shows on the example of Vājīd, a poet once popular but neglected in colonial and nationalist historiography, that rich treasures of Indian literature still await unearthing and philological work. The extraordinary popularity of... more
The paper shows on the example of Vājīd, a poet once popular but neglected in colonial and nationalist historiography, that rich treasures of Indian literature still await unearthing and philological work. The extraordinary popularity of Vājīd (fl. 1600) in Hindi before the advent of western modernism is shown by the high number of manuscripts containing his works and by the fact that he was considered to be the best exponent of the poetic form arilla. Hardly anything of his more than hundred and twenty works is published today and he is scarcely mentioned in modern literary histories. The paper examines early sectarian and secular sources on Vājīd’s life, compares them with Vājīd’s poetry and with early manuscript material, follows up his modern reception and presents the range of this poet’s works.
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Review of ‘Reading the Rāmcaritmānas: A Companion to
the Awadhi Ramayana of Tulsidas by Rupert Snell with Neha Tiwari, Delhi: Primus Books, 2023’
the Awadhi Ramayana of Tulsidas by Rupert Snell with Neha Tiwari, Delhi: Primus Books, 2023’
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Literary Cultures in Early Modern North India: Current Research grows out of over a 40-year tradition of the triennial International Conferences on Early Modern Literatures in North India (ICEMLNI), initiated to share 'Bhakti in current... more
Literary Cultures in Early Modern North India: Current Research grows out of over a 40-year tradition of the triennial International Conferences on Early Modern Literatures in North India (ICEMLNI), initiated to share 'Bhakti in current research.' This volume brings together a selection of contributions from some of the leading scholars as well as emerging researchers in the field originally presented at the 13th ICEMLNI (University of Warsaw, 18-22 July 2018). Considering innovative methodologies and tools, the volume presents the current state of research on early modern sources and offers new inputs into our understanding of this period in the cultural history of India. This collection of essays is in the tradition of 'Bhakti in current research' volumes produced from 1980 onward but reflecting our current understanding of early modern textualities. The book operates on the premises that the centuries preceding the colonial conquest of India, which in scholarship influenced by orientalist concepts, has often been referred to as medieval. However these languages already participated in modernity through increased circulation of ideas, new forms of knowledge, new concepts of the individual, of the community, and of religion. The essays cover multiple languages (Indian vernaculars, Sanskrit, Apabhramsha, Persian), different media (texts, performances, paintings, music) and traditions (Hindu, Jain, Muslim, Sant, Sikh), analyzing them as individual phenomena that function in a wider network of connections at textual, intertextual, and knowledge-system levels.
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Study and critical edition of the Brajbhasha poetry of Thakur from Bundelkhand
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A kötet a bengáli és magyar irodalmi kapcsolatok részletes áttekintése és elemzése különös tekintettel Tagore magyar fogadtatására. Mivel sokáig a bengáli irodalom jelentette számunkra az élő indiai kultúrát, ezért a könyv egyben tükör is... more
A kötet a bengáli és magyar irodalmi kapcsolatok részletes áttekintése és elemzése különös tekintettel Tagore magyar fogadtatására. Mivel sokáig a bengáli irodalom jelentette számunkra az élő indiai kultúrát, ezért a könyv egyben tükör is a magyar-indiai irodalmi kapcsolatokra általában. Az egyik központi kérdés, hogy a magyar szerzők mennyire álltak a nyugati orientalizmus hatása alatt, és hogy létezett-e sajátosan magyar hozzáállás.
A könyv áttekinti egymás szövegeinek fordítását és azok fogadtatását, a magyar utazók véleményét a bengáli kultúráról, Tagore magyarországi visszhangját, és a költő magyarországi programját. A kötet közöl továbbá számos vonatkozó dokumentumot vagy azok magyar vonatkozását.
A könyv áttekinti egymás szövegeinek fordítását és azok fogadtatását, a magyar utazók véleményét a bengáli kultúráról, Tagore magyarországi visszhangját, és a költő magyarországi programját. A kötet közöl továbbá számos vonatkozó dokumentumot vagy azok magyar vonatkozását.
Research Interests: Comparative Literature, Cultural Encounters, Bengali Literature, Hungarian Literature, Orientalism, and 11 moreOriental Studies, Rabindranath Tagore, History of Oriental studies, Magyar nyelv és irodalom, Alexander Csoma de Koros, Utazási irodalom / Travel writing, Kőrösi-Csoma Sándor, keletkutatás, magyarság, Hungarian Orientalism, Baktay Ervin, and Germanus Gyula
Szakdolgozat -
Mírá Báí (Mīrā Bāī) India legkedveltebb költőnője. Bár mintegy ötszáz évvel ezelőtt élt, dalai ma is népszerűek mind a legegyszerűbb emberek, mind a tanultak körében. Egész Indiában ismerik őket Madrasztól Bengálig.
Mírá Báí (Mīrā Bāī) India legkedveltebb költőnője. Bár mintegy ötszáz évvel ezelőtt élt, dalai ma is népszerűek mind a legegyszerűbb emberek, mind a tanultak körében. Egész Indiában ismerik őket Madrasztól Bengálig.